This document summarizes the isolation and characterization of phytochemicals from the roots of Withania somnifera. Key points include:
- W. somnifera roots contain several pharmacologically active withanolides and their glycosides.
- A multi-step extraction and fractionation process using solvent partitioning and column chromatography was used to isolate various withanolides.
- HPLC analysis showed enrichment of markers like withanoside IV, withaferin A, and withanolide A in certain fractions.
- Future work aims to isolate withanolide B and generate enriched fractions of markers for further study.
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton.They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.
Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores
Analytical profile of medicinal plant by Puja GhoshPuja Ghosh
This document provides analytical profiles for the standardization of two medicinal plants - Emblica officinalis and Psoralea corylifolia. It describes the purpose of analytical profiling which is for quality control, standardization, and authentication of herbal raw materials. For each plant, it details morphological characteristics, physicochemical analysis parameters, phytochemical screening, TLC and HPTLC fingerprints, and HPLC analysis of marker compounds. The major chemical constituents and marker compounds of each plant are also stated.
The document discusses drug discovery and development. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, drug discovery process, and drug development process. It then describes the main stages of new drug development, including drug discovery, preclinical development, and clinical development. Specific examples of discovered drugs are provided, such as artemisinin from Artemisia annua used to treat malaria, and andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata which has anti-inflammatory properties. The biosynthesis process of andrographolide is also summarized. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the drug discovery and development process from target identification to clinical trials.
The document discusses various types of nutraceuticals, including inorganic mineral supplements like calcium, magnesium, and zinc; vitamin supplements; digestive enzymes; dietary fibers; cereals and grains; antioxidants; polyunsaturated fatty acids; health drinks from natural sources like fruits, tea, and soy; and wines. It provides examples and health benefits of each category in 1-3 sentences and covers a wide range of nutraceutical topics over 12 pages.
Immobilization is "the imprisonment of an enzyme in a distinct phase that allows exchange with, but is separated from the bulk phase in which the substrate, effector or inhibitor molecules are dispersed and monitored"
Plants are natural sources of valuable secondary metabolites used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, the food industry, etc.
There is an increasing demand to obtain these metabolites through more productive plant tissue applications and cell culture methods.
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Marine natural products can be defined as biologically active products such as secondary metabolites, enzymes, lipids, and heteropolysaccharides.
Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from the marine.
Marine macroalgae/seaweed is used as a crude drug to treat iodine deficiency-Goitre, hypothyroidism, for Example- Nori seaweed, Kombu, etc.
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton.They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.
Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores
Analytical profile of medicinal plant by Puja GhoshPuja Ghosh
This document provides analytical profiles for the standardization of two medicinal plants - Emblica officinalis and Psoralea corylifolia. It describes the purpose of analytical profiling which is for quality control, standardization, and authentication of herbal raw materials. For each plant, it details morphological characteristics, physicochemical analysis parameters, phytochemical screening, TLC and HPTLC fingerprints, and HPLC analysis of marker compounds. The major chemical constituents and marker compounds of each plant are also stated.
The document discusses drug discovery and development. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, drug discovery process, and drug development process. It then describes the main stages of new drug development, including drug discovery, preclinical development, and clinical development. Specific examples of discovered drugs are provided, such as artemisinin from Artemisia annua used to treat malaria, and andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata which has anti-inflammatory properties. The biosynthesis process of andrographolide is also summarized. In conclusion, the document provides an overview of the drug discovery and development process from target identification to clinical trials.
The document discusses various types of nutraceuticals, including inorganic mineral supplements like calcium, magnesium, and zinc; vitamin supplements; digestive enzymes; dietary fibers; cereals and grains; antioxidants; polyunsaturated fatty acids; health drinks from natural sources like fruits, tea, and soy; and wines. It provides examples and health benefits of each category in 1-3 sentences and covers a wide range of nutraceutical topics over 12 pages.
Immobilization is "the imprisonment of an enzyme in a distinct phase that allows exchange with, but is separated from the bulk phase in which the substrate, effector or inhibitor molecules are dispersed and monitored"
Plants are natural sources of valuable secondary metabolites used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, the food industry, etc.
There is an increasing demand to obtain these metabolites through more productive plant tissue applications and cell culture methods.
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Marine natural products can be defined as biologically active products such as secondary metabolites, enzymes, lipids, and heteropolysaccharides.
Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from the marine.
Marine macroalgae/seaweed is used as a crude drug to treat iodine deficiency-Goitre, hypothyroidism, for Example- Nori seaweed, Kombu, etc.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
This document discusses fermentation technology and its applications in biotechnology. It describes how fermentation is used to produce various industrial products like metabolites, biomass, recombinant proteins, and modified compounds. Specific examples of products discussed include single-cell proteins from microbes, ergot alkaloids from fungi, and enzymes of pharmaceutical interest. The stages of fermentation for production of ergot alkaloids and enzymes are also summarized.
Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin.pdfKipaPape
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN.
WHO AND AYUSH GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY MONITORING OF NATURAL MEDICINE.
SPONTANEOUS REPORTING SCHEMES FOR BIODRUG ADVERSE REACTIONS
BIO DRUG-DRUG AND BIO DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLES
This document discusses various tissue culture techniques used in plant biotechnology, including organogenesis, embryogenesis, synthetic seed production, somaclonal variation, protoplast fusion, hairy root culture, micropropagation, and gene transfer. Organogenesis involves inducing organ development from cultured plant tissues. Embryogenesis refers to embryo formation, which can occur somatically from undifferentiated callus cells. Synthetic seeds are artificially encapsulated plant materials that can be used for propagation. Somaclonal variation results from phenotypic changes during long-term culture. Protoplast fusion combines genetic material from two distinct plant species. Hairy root culture uses transformed roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes for metabolite production. Micropropagation is high
This document summarizes information about the garlic plant. It describes garlic's botanical classification, parts used, and key chemical constituents like allicin. The document outlines garlic's uses as an anti-cancer agent and for treating various respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. It also discusses garlic's dosage, toxicity, administration routes, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, and references several sources for the information provided.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology involve the scientific study of how different ethnic groups use plants for medicinal purposes. The document discusses the impact of ethnobotany on herbal drug evaluation and traditional medicine. It describes how ethnobotany helps identify new plant-based drugs and molecular models through processes like bioassay-guided purification and structure elucidation. Ethnopharmacology plays a key role in evaluating traditionally used herbal medicines and validating their therapeutic effects through controlled clinical studies.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
Here are short answers to your questions on carotenoids:
1. Carotenoids are yellow, orange or red pigments found in plants and algae. They are lipophilic and soluble in oils. Upon heating, acid or light, they may isomerize.
2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
4. Lyc
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Biological screening of herbal drugs for anti cancer activityshafna hussain
This document summarizes several methods for screening potential anti-cancer compounds in vitro and in vivo. It describes assays to test compounds' effects on cell viability, growth, and metabolism in cell cultures, including trypan blue dye uptake, [3H]thymidine uptake, and MTT dye conversion assays. For in vivo models, it mentions using chemically-induced cancer in rats to test compounds' effects on tumor doubling time and growth. Common carcinogens mentioned are dimethylhydrazine and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea used to induce colorectal and breast cancers in rat models respectively.
MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIT 2, MPG, SEM 2. NOTES Different tissue culture techniques: Organogenesis and embryogenesis, synthetic seed and monoclonal variation
Protoplast fusion, Hairy root multiple shoot cultures and their applications.
Micro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Sterilization methods involved in tissue culture, gene transfer in plants and their applications.
ADVANCE PHARMACOGNOSY 2, UNIT2, PCG SEM2 NOTES
Introduction
Types of Adulteration/substitution of Herbal Drugs
Causes and Measures of Adulteration
Sampling Procedure
Determination of Foreign Matter
DNA Fingerprinting Techniques in Identification of Drugs of Natural
Detection of Heavy Metals, Pesticidal Residue, Phytotoxin
Microbial Contamination in herbs and their formulation
Introduction to Phytopharmaceuticals- Carotenoids.pptxSaema5
This document discusses phytopharmaceuticals and carotenoids. It defines phytopharmaceuticals as purified plant-derived medicinal drugs. Carotenoids are plant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their red, orange, and yellow colors. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons found in photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and some animals. The document describes the isolation of carotenoids from carrots using extraction and column chromatography. It also outlines the characteristic features and medicinal uses of carotenoids, which include their antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Sebaceous Gland: small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals
Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and hence to the surface of the skin.
There are more sebaceous glands in the proximity of hair
It is found all over the body except the palms of the hand and soles of the feet.
It is more in the face and head, and few in the forelimbs.
Sweat Gland: a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin.
Such glands are found over most of the body and have a simple coiled tubular structure.
It is of two types
Eccrine gland- Most of the body
Apocrine gland- under arms.
In-vitro evaluation techniques of anticancer, anti oxidant, anti microbial ZakiyaUsmani
This document discusses various in vitro methods used to evaluate potential anti-cancer and antioxidant compounds, as well as antimicrobial activity. It describes cytotoxicity assays such as MTT, SRB, clonogenic assays and dye exclusion tests that are used to study anti-cancer activity against cell lines. Methods to evaluate antioxidant activity in vitro include DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Diffusion and dilution methods are discussed for determining antimicrobial activity of compounds in vitro prior to animal studies.
Adulteration is the debasement of Genuine materials3.
It may be deliberated or accidentally done.
In crude drugs, this practice includes the substitution of the original crude drug, fully or partially with sub-stranded substances.
Sub-stranded substances include- Inferiority and spoilage.
Inferiority- Natural sub-stranded condition whose natural constituent is below the minimum standard.
Spoilage- sub-stranded condition produced by microbial or pest infestation.
comparsion of anti-inflammatory activity of bauhina variegata is presented k.shanthi 4th B.pharmacy,chilkur balaji college of pharmacy ,hyderabad,telanganna
The study investigated the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Fagonia indica through biochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses as well as testing antibacterial properties. Biochemical analysis found the aqueous fraction contained the highest reducing sugars and methanol fraction the highest proteins. Phytochemical analysis identified tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and ascorbic acid in different fractions. Antioxidant analysis revealed the methanol extract had the highest total phenolics and antioxidants as well as strongest DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. The antibacterial assay tested fractions against Streptococcus pyogenes using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods.
Plants Drug Cultivation:
General introduction to importance pharmacognosy.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Current good agricultural practices.
Current good cultivation practices
Current good collection practices.
Conservation of medicinal plants-Ex-situ & In-situ conservation of medicinal plants.
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
This document discusses fermentation technology and its applications in biotechnology. It describes how fermentation is used to produce various industrial products like metabolites, biomass, recombinant proteins, and modified compounds. Specific examples of products discussed include single-cell proteins from microbes, ergot alkaloids from fungi, and enzymes of pharmaceutical interest. The stages of fermentation for production of ergot alkaloids and enzymes are also summarized.
Pharmacovigilance of drugs of natural origin.pdfKipaPape
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN.
WHO AND AYUSH GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY MONITORING OF NATURAL MEDICINE.
SPONTANEOUS REPORTING SCHEMES FOR BIODRUG ADVERSE REACTIONS
BIO DRUG-DRUG AND BIO DRUG-FOOD INTERACTIONS WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLES
This document discusses various tissue culture techniques used in plant biotechnology, including organogenesis, embryogenesis, synthetic seed production, somaclonal variation, protoplast fusion, hairy root culture, micropropagation, and gene transfer. Organogenesis involves inducing organ development from cultured plant tissues. Embryogenesis refers to embryo formation, which can occur somatically from undifferentiated callus cells. Synthetic seeds are artificially encapsulated plant materials that can be used for propagation. Somaclonal variation results from phenotypic changes during long-term culture. Protoplast fusion combines genetic material from two distinct plant species. Hairy root culture uses transformed roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes for metabolite production. Micropropagation is high
This document summarizes information about the garlic plant. It describes garlic's botanical classification, parts used, and key chemical constituents like allicin. The document outlines garlic's uses as an anti-cancer agent and for treating various respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. It also discusses garlic's dosage, toxicity, administration routes, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, and references several sources for the information provided.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology involve the scientific study of how different ethnic groups use plants for medicinal purposes. The document discusses the impact of ethnobotany on herbal drug evaluation and traditional medicine. It describes how ethnobotany helps identify new plant-based drugs and molecular models through processes like bioassay-guided purification and structure elucidation. Ethnopharmacology plays a key role in evaluating traditionally used herbal medicines and validating their therapeutic effects through controlled clinical studies.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
Here are short answers to your questions on carotenoids:
1. Carotenoids are yellow, orange or red pigments found in plants and algae. They are lipophilic and soluble in oils. Upon heating, acid or light, they may isomerize.
2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
4. Lyc
Marine natural products: General methods of isolation and
purification, Study of Marine toxins, Recent advances in research
in marine drugs, Problems faced in research on marine drugs
such as taxonomical identification, chemical screening and their
solution.
Biological screening of herbal drugs for anti cancer activityshafna hussain
This document summarizes several methods for screening potential anti-cancer compounds in vitro and in vivo. It describes assays to test compounds' effects on cell viability, growth, and metabolism in cell cultures, including trypan blue dye uptake, [3H]thymidine uptake, and MTT dye conversion assays. For in vivo models, it mentions using chemically-induced cancer in rats to test compounds' effects on tumor doubling time and growth. Common carcinogens mentioned are dimethylhydrazine and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea used to induce colorectal and breast cancers in rat models respectively.
MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIT 2, MPG, SEM 2. NOTES Different tissue culture techniques: Organogenesis and embryogenesis, synthetic seed and monoclonal variation
Protoplast fusion, Hairy root multiple shoot cultures and their applications.
Micro propagation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Sterilization methods involved in tissue culture, gene transfer in plants and their applications.
ADVANCE PHARMACOGNOSY 2, UNIT2, PCG SEM2 NOTES
Introduction
Types of Adulteration/substitution of Herbal Drugs
Causes and Measures of Adulteration
Sampling Procedure
Determination of Foreign Matter
DNA Fingerprinting Techniques in Identification of Drugs of Natural
Detection of Heavy Metals, Pesticidal Residue, Phytotoxin
Microbial Contamination in herbs and their formulation
Introduction to Phytopharmaceuticals- Carotenoids.pptxSaema5
This document discusses phytopharmaceuticals and carotenoids. It defines phytopharmaceuticals as purified plant-derived medicinal drugs. Carotenoids are plant pigments that give fruits and vegetables their red, orange, and yellow colors. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons found in photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and some animals. The document describes the isolation of carotenoids from carrots using extraction and column chromatography. It also outlines the characteristic features and medicinal uses of carotenoids, which include their antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Sebaceous Gland: small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals
Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and hence to the surface of the skin.
There are more sebaceous glands in the proximity of hair
It is found all over the body except the palms of the hand and soles of the feet.
It is more in the face and head, and few in the forelimbs.
Sweat Gland: a small gland that secretes sweat, situated in the dermis of the skin.
Such glands are found over most of the body and have a simple coiled tubular structure.
It is of two types
Eccrine gland- Most of the body
Apocrine gland- under arms.
In-vitro evaluation techniques of anticancer, anti oxidant, anti microbial ZakiyaUsmani
This document discusses various in vitro methods used to evaluate potential anti-cancer and antioxidant compounds, as well as antimicrobial activity. It describes cytotoxicity assays such as MTT, SRB, clonogenic assays and dye exclusion tests that are used to study anti-cancer activity against cell lines. Methods to evaluate antioxidant activity in vitro include DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Diffusion and dilution methods are discussed for determining antimicrobial activity of compounds in vitro prior to animal studies.
Adulteration is the debasement of Genuine materials3.
It may be deliberated or accidentally done.
In crude drugs, this practice includes the substitution of the original crude drug, fully or partially with sub-stranded substances.
Sub-stranded substances include- Inferiority and spoilage.
Inferiority- Natural sub-stranded condition whose natural constituent is below the minimum standard.
Spoilage- sub-stranded condition produced by microbial or pest infestation.
comparsion of anti-inflammatory activity of bauhina variegata is presented k.shanthi 4th B.pharmacy,chilkur balaji college of pharmacy ,hyderabad,telanganna
The study investigated the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Fagonia indica through biochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses as well as testing antibacterial properties. Biochemical analysis found the aqueous fraction contained the highest reducing sugars and methanol fraction the highest proteins. Phytochemical analysis identified tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and ascorbic acid in different fractions. Antioxidant analysis revealed the methanol extract had the highest total phenolics and antioxidants as well as strongest DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. The antibacterial assay tested fractions against Streptococcus pyogenes using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods.
The document summarizes a study on the antioxidant effects of water and ethanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata leaves. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The ethanol extract contained higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids than the water extract. Both extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in the ferric reducing and DPPH assays, with the ethanol extract demonstrating stronger activity.
This document summarizes the assessment of phytochemicals and biological potentials of different extracts of Lepidium iberis L. The study evaluated various extracts of L. iberis for phytochemical composition and biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, anticholinesterase, and antidiabetic properties. Several extracts showed high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The crude extract and fractions F3 and F4 exhibited the most potent anticholinesterase and antileishmanial effects. Additionally, L. iberis extracts displayed hemaggultination activity and moderate antidiabetic potential. In conclusion, L. iberis is a rich source of secondary metabolites and
Flash chromatography guided fractionation and antibacterial activity studies ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that fractionated extracts of Angelica archangelica roots using flash chromatography and tested the fractions for antibacterial activity. Several fractions showed promising antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 125-500 μg/ml against four bacterial strains. The most active fractions were from methanol extracts. All ethyl acetate fractions exhibited activity. Further investigation of these fractions could uncover bioactive compounds responsible for the plant's traditional medicinal uses.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cassia tora, L. Seedsiosrjce
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective activity and fatty acid composition of Cassia tora L. seeds. Researchers extracted the seeds with hexane, ethanol, and a combination to obtain total, defatted, and lipid extracts. GC-MS analysis of the lipid extract identified 27 fatty acids. Rats were treated with extracts or Silymarin after carbon tetrachloride induction of hepatic injury. Biomarkers and histology showed the extracts comparable to Silymarin in protecting liver function, with the total extract more effective. The study demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of C. tora seed extracts.
Invitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pedali...SriramNagarajan17
The document describes an investigation of the antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Pedalium murex. The extract showed significant free radical scavenging activities when evaluated using DPPH, superoxide anion scavenging, and iron chelating assays, compared to standard references rutin, quercetin, and EDTA. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent antioxidant effects in all three assays, with IC50 values of 260 μg/ml, 93 μg/ml, and 420 μg/ml respectively. The results indicate that the methanolic extract of P. murex possesses considerable antioxidant properties, which may be due to the presence of phytochemicals like terpenoids and flavonoids
Isolation and Identification of Flavonoids from leaves of BauhiniarufescensLam.Sulieman Bahar
This study aimed to isolate and identify flavonoids from the leaves of Bauhinia rufescensLam. The methanolic extract was fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity. Two phenolic compounds were isolated from the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions: chlorogenic acid and rutin. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods including NMR, IR, UV, and MS. The study isolated and identified flavonoids that may contribute to the traditional medicinal uses of B. rufescens leaves.
1. The study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Thunbergia grandiflora and perform HPTLC fingerprinting and quantification of bioactive compounds.
2. Preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids and terpenoids. In-vitro assays demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
3. HPTLC fingerprinting was conducted and total phenolic content was found to be 233.6 mg GAE/g extract while total flavonoid content was 275.3 mg QE/g
Phytochemical screening and antiemetic activity of Lepidagatis cristata root ...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antiemetic potential of the ethanol extract of Lepidagathis cristata root. Preliminary phytochemical screening found alkaloids, phytosterols, diterpenes, amino acids, proteins, and flavonoids in the extract. The extract was tested for antiemetic activity in chicks at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, with metoclopramide used as the standard. The extract showed a dose-dependent reduction in the number of retches induced by copper sulfate, with 73.8% inhibition at 200 mg/kg comparable to metoclopramide. The study concluded the extract has protective effects against
The document summarizes a study that investigated the neuropharmacological effects of the aqueous extract and fractions of Anchomanes difformis rhizome in mice. The study found that the extract and fractions significantly reduced novelty-induced rearing and grooming behaviors, suggesting sedative and anxiolytic effects. They also reduced immobility time in depression tests and increased time spent in open arms of a maze, indicating antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Acute toxicity tests found the extract and fractions were safe up to 5000 mg/kg. Overall, the results provide evidence that supports the traditional use of A. difformis for treating mental illness.
The document describes a study that investigated the neuropharmacological effects of the aqueous extract and fractions of Anchomanes difformis rhizome in mice. The study found that the extract and fractions significantly reduced novelty-induced rearing and grooming behaviors, suggesting sedative and anxiolytic effects. They also reduced immobility time in behavioral despair tests, indicating antidepressant effects. Acute toxicity tests found the extract and fractions were safe up to 5000 mg/kg. Overall, the results provide evidence that supports the traditional use of A. difformis for treating mental illness.
Bioassay Guided Fractionation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Lupeol fro...inventionjournals
The present study was designed to isolate active compound(s) through activity guided isolation using α-amylase inhibitory activity of crude extract and fractions of Faidherbia albida . The crude and fractions were subjected to inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The ethylacetate fraction showed 91.63% inhibition of the enzyme, column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction afforded the Compound EFAE 5 which inhibited the enzyme by 82.88% and showed significant α-amylase inhibition. Spectral analysis of the isolated compound confirmed it to be Lupeol by comparison of the spectral data with literature.
This document discusses quality control testing methods for determining foreign matter, heavy metals, pesticide residues, phototoxins, and microbial contamination in herbal formulations.
Key tests include determining heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy, pesticide residues using chromatography methods like gas chromatography, and phototoxins like furanocoumarins in celery seed using extraction and chromatography techniques. Acceptable limits for contaminants are set by organizations like WHO.
The document discusses methods for determining various contaminants in herbal formulations, including:
- Foreign matter, heavy metals, pesticide residues, phototoxins, and microbial contamination. Methods include inspection, atomic absorption spectroscopy, chromatography, and plate counting.
- Acceptable limits for contaminants are specified by organizations like WHO. Pesticide residues are determined by extracting samples and analyzing by gas chromatography.
- Phototoxins like furocoumarins are isolated from plants using solvent extraction and identified using thin layer chromatography or column chromatography.
This document discusses improving the organic production of vegetables. It describes various organic inputs that can be used such as compost, vermicompost, plant and fruit extracts. Specifically, it discusses the preparation and benefits of fermented plant juice, fermented fruit juice, fish amino acid, and manure tea. It also evaluates the nutrient content and shelf life of these organic liquid supplements. The document provides guidance on applying biopesticides derived from various plants to control pests organically. It evaluates the effects of different botanical extracts on vegetable yields and pest populations. Overall, the document provides information on developing organic vegetable production systems.
GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera Philoxeroides and Altern...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative GC-MS analysis of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson. The shade dried aerial parts of plant powder A. philoxeroides and A. bettzickiana were extracted with ethanol. The GC-MS analysis shows different peaks with low and high molecular weight determining the presence of many bioactive compounds. The phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Alternanthera bettzickiana have been screened by using GC-MS analysis. A. bettzickiana ethanol extracts showed higher phytoconstituents when compared to the ethanol extracts of A.philoxeroides. This study helps to explore the potential compounds and the presence of these compounds may proceed to find out various therapeutic activities.
Characteristics of immobilized bacterial D-hydantoinase on alginateAhmed Shawky
This document summarizes research on immobilizing the enzyme D-hydantoinase from Bacillus theorgensis on alginate beads. Key findings include:
1) D-hydantoinase was isolated from B. theorgensis and its activity was enhanced by surfactants Triton X-100 and Tween-20. The enzyme was activated by certain metal ions and ATP, and inhibited by chelating agents and some metal ions.
2) D-hydantoinase was successfully immobilized on alginate beads. Increasing the concentration of sodium alginate up to 3% and immobilization time up to 5 hours led to higher immobilization yields.
3) The
Characteristics of immobilized bacterial D-hydantoinase on alginate
PPT-2 MODIFIED(1)
1. Presented By- Ruchi Saharan
S.Y M.Pharm( Pharmacognosy),GCP
Department of Phytochemistry
NRPL
Isolation & characterisation
of Phytoconstituents from
Withania somnifera Root
2. Introduction
• Withania somnifera has been an important herb in the ayurvedic & indigenous medicinal
system for centuries in India.[1]
• It is described as an herbal tonic & health food in Vedas and considered as ‘Indian Ginseng’ in
traditional Indian system of medicine.[2]
• Medicinally important plant known for variety of pharmacologically important withanolides
& their glycosides.
• Ashwagandha plant is especially attractive for studying the enzymes involved in steriodal
transformation like glycosylation because it is a rich source for variety of glycosylated
steroidal lactones called withanosides present in roots & leaves.[3]
• Withanosides mainly comprises of withanolides with one or more glucose units attached to C-
3 or C-27 position.
2
5. Macroscopic[5],[6]
• The sout fleshy roots when dry are cylindrical, gradually tapering down, straight,
unbranched, 10-17.5cm long & 6-12mm in diameter.
• The main roots bear fibre-like secondary roots.
• The outer surface of the roots is brownish white and interior in creamy white when
broken.
• They have a short and uneven fracture, a strong odour and mucilaginous bitter &
acrid taste.
5
6. Microscopic [5],[6]
• The young roots has a single layered epidermis followed by parenchymatous cortex
of 4-5 layers of cells, the endodermis being conspicuous by the presence of
casparian stipes.
• The cork cambium arises in the outermost layer of the cortex.
• The endodermis persists even after the secondary growth has been taken place.
6
7. Geographical Distribution[7]
• Withania somnifera is widely distributed around the world from Southern
Mediterranean regions to the canary island and from south to East Africa, from
Palestine to north India.
• India the plant can be seen growing wild in the North Western regions
extending to the mountains regions of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu
up to an altitude of 1,500m.
7
9. WITHANOLIDES [8]
• These are group of naturally occuring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton in
which C-22 & C-26 are appropriably oxidised to form a α- lactone ring, occuring
almost exclusively in the solanaceae family.
• Two new and seven known withanolides along with β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, β-
sitosterol glucoside, stigmasterol glucoside, α + β glucose were isolated from the
roots of Withania somnifera.
• Among the known compounds, Viscosa lactone B, stigmasterol, stigmasterol
glucoside and α + β glucose are being reported from the roots of W. somnifera for
the first time.
• One of the new compounds contained the rare 16β-acetoxy-17(20)-ene the other
contained unusual 6α-hydroxy-5,7α-epoxy functional groups in the withasteroid
skeleton.
9
12. Traditional and medicinal uses[11]
Roots of the plant withania somnifera reportedly exhibits:
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antitumor
• Antistress
• Antioxidant
• Immunomodulatory
• Haematopoietic
• Aphrodisiac
• Dyspepsia
• Sedative
Carminative
• Diuretic
• Bactericide 12
13. Objectives
• To isolate Root specific marker which are absent in leaves /aerial part.
• Isolation of Withanolide-B & other Withanolides from enriched fractions.
• Isolation of new marker apart from our regular compounds.
• Publication on Root specific markers & others.
13
14. Previous work done
• Yogendra et.al-PLT-129
• The compound isolated was a derivative of withanolide which is having conjugated
diene ring system. The proposed structure was
• The compound isolated is specific to roots only (Confirmed by HPLC).
14
O
O
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
16. 16
Withania somnifera
methanolic extract 3Kg
Ethyl acetate layer
35.33%
(1060g)
Butanol layer
37.0%
(1110g)
Water layer
20.67%
(620.5g)
Mixed layer
2.0%
(60.1g)
Total quantity= 2.85Kg
HPLC analysis was carried out on all the above fractions
Partition with 45L of solvents
20. Column chromatography on Ethyl acetate fraction... Column -1
1Kg of Ethyl acetate fraction + 2Kg of silica (120- 200) mixed adsorbed dried it.
Column charged with silica (60-120) 3Kg(1:3) Using wet packing.
sample is packed & 100% PE was elulated to deffat drug
Subsequently the mobile phase was (PE : EA) in the ratio of
90 : 10, 80 :20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40.......
20
26. Future Plan of work
• Fractions-10,11,12,13 from Column -1 were selected for next Silica column to
isolate Withanolide B & to generate enriched fractions for WSR-03, 01 & other
withanolides.
26
63. References
1. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia A Joint Publication of Regional Research institute (Jammu Tawai) and
Indian Drug Manufacturer’s Association (Mumbai); 1999.
2. Owais M, Sharad KS, Shehbaz A, Saleemuddin M. Antibacterial efficacy of withania somnifera an
indigenous medicinal plant against experimental murine salmonellosis. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:229-
235.
3. Bhaskara RM, Lokendra KS, Pankaj C, Rajender SS, Rakesh T. Purification & characterization of a
novel glucosyltransferase specific to 27- hydroxyl steriodal lactose from withania somnifera and its role
in stress responses Biochimica Biophysica Acta.2007; 1774: 1199-1207.
4. Withania somnifera Master Document; Natural Remedies Private Ltd.Bengaluru.
5. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Vol. I, Depat. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi (2007) 7-8.
6. Standardisation of Single Drugs of Unani Medicine. Part III, 1st ed. Central Council for Research in
Unani Medicine (CCRUM), New Delhi (2007) 9-14.
7. Shah CS and Qadri JS. Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 9th ed. BS Shah Prakashan, New Delhi (1993).
8. Singh S, Kumar S, withania somnifera: The Indian Ginseng, Ashwagandha. Central Institute of
Medical an Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India; 1998
63
64. 9. Wilk, S Orlowski, M wilk, Pearce. Novel in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of Prolyendo peptidase. Journal of
Neurochemistry life sci. 1983; 33: 2149- 2157.
10. Steroids-Chemical constituents of Withania somnifera Dunal through TLC & HPLC. Monika christian
et.al. IRJP.ISSN 2321-2845,2321,3299.
11. Mark E , Allan W, Nicholas, John PR. High presssure liquid chromatography of derivatives & microbial
metabolites of withaferin- A. J . Chrom. 1977; 137; 465-467.
12. Traditional And Medicinal Uses of Withania Somnifera. M. Umadevi1 et.al. The Pharma Innovation .
2012, vol.1 No.9 : 102-110
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