This document provides an overview of fuels and coal. It discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It defines fuel and describes the classification and calorific value of fuels. The document focuses on coal, describing its formation, composition, grades, uses, and carbonization process. It explains the products of coal carbonization like coal gas, producer gas, water gas and their uses. It also summarizes the fractionation of coal tar and uses of coal tar based chemicals. Finally, it briefly discusses coal gasification processes like Bergius process and Fischer-Tropsch process and coal liquefaction.

1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
M.R.COLLEGE( AUTONOMOUS)
VIZIANAGARAM.
Presentation on Fuels
By
Babji valluri
Assistant professor

2. Review of Energy sources
 Energy is the capacity/ ability to do work
 In simple / general
 Holding a pen
 Speaking
 Walking....etc

3. Renewable energy sources
 Energy from a source that is not depleted
when used
 Wind or Solar power.
 Renewable energy definition: Any naturally
occurring, theoretically inexhaustible source
of energy, as biomass, solar, wind, tidalwave,
and hydroelectric power, that is not derived
from fossil or nuclear fuel.


4. Non-Renewable Energy Sources
 Non-renewable energy comes from sources
that will run out or will not be replenished in
our lifetimes—or even in many, many
lifetimes.
 Most non-renewable energy sources are
fossil fuel s: coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels.

5. Fuel
 Fuel is combustible substance containing
carbon as a main constituent.
 on proper burning, it gives large amount of
heat which can be used economically for
domestic and industrial purposes.
 Example: wood, charcoal, coal, petrol, diesel,
producer gas, biogas etc......

6. Classification:
 Natural fuels
 Solids: wood, coal, dung, lignite
 Liquids: Crude oil
 Gas: Natural gas

7. Classification cont....
 Artificial fuels:
 Solids: Coke, charcoal
 Liquids: kerosene, petrol, diesel,Tar
 Gas: Coal gas, biogas, LPG, CNG, water
gas, producer gas etc....

8. Calorific value:
 The total quantity of heat liberated when a
unit mass ( or volume ) of the fuel is burnt
completely in presence of oxygen or air.
 Units of Heat:
 Calorie ( Cal/g)
 Kilo calorie (K cal/g)
 British thermal unit (BThU/lb)

10. Formation of Coal

11. Formation of coal
 How is Coal Formed - Geography for Kids -
EducationalVideos by Mocomi.mp4

15. Uses of coal
 42 percent of the world's electricity comes
from coal, making the electric industry the
largest consumer of coal worldwide.
 Metallurgical coal ( coke) is most widely used
by the steel industry, with 70 percent of the
world's steel output dependent on coal(
production of iron ore).
 Cement Manufacturing.

16. Uses of Coal
 Alumina refineries
 Paper manufacturing and chemical
pharmaceuticals industries.
 Refined coal tar is used in the manufacturing
of creosote oil, napthalene, phenol and
benzene.

17. Average composition of coal

18. Composition of Coal
 Carbon 75%
 Oxygen 8%
 Hydrogen 5%
 Nitrogen 1.5%
 Sulphur 0.5%
 Ash 10%

19. Different grades of coal
 Anthracite (86-88% fixed carbon)
 Bituminous coals (78-86% fixed carbon)
(low volatile type)
(69-78% ) medium volatile
( < 69% High volatile
 Sub bituminous coals or Black lignite
 Peat

20. Anthracite coal
 Is a fossil coal with the highest % of fixed carbon.
 It has lustrous dark brown or black surface.
 It burns with a very small luminous flame
 It contains low volatile matter.
 It has a high calorific value which about 14000-
15000 Btu/lb.
 The ash content in it are fairly high.
 It does not emit any smoke.
 It is very useful for metallurgy purposes and
domestic purposes.

22. Bituminous Coals
 It is commercial rank coal
 It burns with smoky yellow flame
 It s distillation product is coke which has
bituminous nature.
 Bituminous coal is black in colour and harder
than lignite.
 The calorific value of bituminous coals quite
high (11000-15000 BThu/lb) because of low
moisture content

23. Bituminous Coals cont.....
 All bituminous coals are not suitable for
production of coke.
 Coals suitable for coking are highly
bituminous and very small proportion of
sulphur and ash.

25. Sub-Bituminous Coals 0r
Lignite
 Lignite or Brown coal is an immature coal.
 It has the composition between peat and
Bituminous coals.
 Amorphous, fibrous and woody in texture.
 It has high water content as moisture.
 Burns with long brown flame
 It has the calorific value of 6000-7500 Bthu/lb

27. Carbonisation of coal
 Destructive distillation of coal
 The process of converting coal in to coke is
called carbonisation of coal.
 Destructive distillation of coal is carried out at
temp 850oF and 1300o F in absence of air.
 The products of coking of coal is Coke, Coal
Tar, Ammonical Liquor, Coal Gas.
 Destructive distillation of coal.mp4

28. Coal gas
 Coal gas is produced from the destructive
distillation of coal.
 It is colour less gas with a characteristic odour.
 It is lighter than air and burns with a long smoky
flame.
 Composition of coal gas
 H2- 60%
 CH4 25%
 CO 10%
 N2, CO2, O2,C2H4,C2H2,C6H6 -5%
 Calorific value: 4900 kcal

29. USES:
 Illuminate in cities and towns
 As fuel
 Reducing agent in metallurgical operations

30. Producer gas
 Producer gas :
 It is a mixture of Carbon monoxide and Nitrogen.
 This is cheap industrial fuel.
 Temperature is used : 1000-14000 c
 Composition:
 CO 22-30% and H2 8-12%
 N2 52-55%
 CO2 3%
 Calorific value : 1300 kcal/m3
 IV A Group elements(PRODUCER GAS -22).mp4

31. Producer gas
 C+O2 CO2+ 97000 cal (endo)
 CO2 +C 2CO -37000 cal (exo)

32. Water gas
 It is a mixture of CO and H2
 H2 51%
 CO 41%
 Calorific value 2800 kcal
 Uses: source of hydrogen gas
 An illuminating gas
 A fuel gas
 The flame is short but very hot

33. Coal tar distillation
 Fractionation of coal tar
 Light oil : 80-1700c Benzene , toluene, xylene
 Further distillation of light oil:
 Middle oil : 170-2300c
 Phenols (181), cresols (190-203),
 Xylenols(211-225)

34.  Creosote or Heavy oil: 230-2700c
 It is greenish yellow fluorescent liquid which
is heavier than water and is not separated
into its components.
 It distilled between 230-270
 Contains phenols, naphthalene, cresols,
naphthols and higher phenols
 It is extremely used as a preservative fungi
and non toxic to human system.

35.  Anthracene : 270-3000c
 Anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene,
fluorine, carbazole tet
 Pitch (residue left in still) 92-94% C
 Soft pitch : in paints, protective coatings and
water proofing
 Moderately soft pitch: water proofing and binder
material in road making
 Hard pitch: filter for rubber goods and coating of
moulds.

36. Fractionation of coal tar
 Distillation of CoalTar.mp4

37. Uses of coal tar based chemicals:
 Benzene:
 Also known as: Benzol, Mineral Naphtha, Phenyl Hydride,
Annulene
 Benzene is a widely used industrial chemical. Benzene is found
in crude oil and is a major part of gasoline. It's used to make
plastics, resins, synthetic fibers, rubber lubricants, dyes,
detergents, drugs and pesticides. Benzene is produced
naturally by volcanoes and forest fires.
 In homes, benzene may be found in glues, adhesives, cleaning
products, paint strippers, tobacco smoke and gasoline. Most
benzene in the environment comes from our use of petroleum
products.
 Benzene quickly evaporates from water or soil. If benzene
leaks from buried storage tanks or landfills, it can contaminate
nearby drinking water wells. Benzene can move long distances
in groundwater.

38. Toluene
 Also known as:Toluol, Methylbenzene, Phenylmethane
 It's a colourless liquid with a sweet smell and taste. It
evaporates quickly.Toluene is found naturally in crude oil,
and is used in oil refining and the manufacturing of paints,
lacquers, explosives (TNT) and glues.
 In homes, toluene may be found in paint thinners,
paintbrush cleaners, nail polish, glues, inks and stain
removers.Toluene is also found in car exhaust and the
smoke from cigarettes.
 When toluene is spilled on the ground or improperly
disposed of, it can seep into soil and contaminate nearby
wells and streams.Toluene can remain unchanged for a
long time in soil or water that is not in contact with air.

39. Xylene
 Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used in industry and
medical technology as a solvent.
 It is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid or gas occurring naturally in
petroleum, coal. It has a chemical formula of C6 H4 (CH 3)2 and is
referred to as “dimethyl benzene”.
 It exists in three isomeric forms: ortho-, meta- and para-xylene
 Xylene is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, paint and
leather industries.
 It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel, gasoline and
cigarette smoke. In dentistry, xylene is used in histological
laboratories for tissue processing, staining and cover slipping and
also in endodontic retreatment as a guttapercha solvent.
 Its high solvency factor allows maximum displacement of alcohol
and renders the tissue transparent, enhancing paraffin
infiltration. In staining procedures, its excellent dewaxing and
clearing capabilities contribute to brilliantly stained slides.

40. Phenol
 Most of the phenol produced world wide are
used in the preparation of plastics.
 Commercially phenol is used in the
preparation of resins.
 Also used in the preparation of Sunscreen
creams, hair colouring solutions and in
cosmetic industries.

41. Naphthalene:
 Also known as:WhiteTar,Tar Camphor, Mothballs, Moth
Flakes, Naphthalin
 Naphthalene is either a white solid or a liquid with a strong
odor like mothballs.
 It’s used to make dyes, explosives, plastics, lubricants, and
is found naturally in crude oil.
 Used in the preparation of pesticides, synthetic skin
cleaning agents and in paints.
 Naphthalene evaporates quickly. Some of the naphthalene
that ends up in lakes, streams, or soil evaporates into the
air. Naphthalene that seeps through soil into groundwater
can remain unchanged for many years.

42. Anthracene:
 This is first time noticed in coal tar.

43. Coal gasification:
 The production of fuels by destructive
hydrogenation of coal was first developed by
Bergius in Germany.
 Bergius Process: In this process low grade
coals (bituminous and brown coals) are
converting in liquid and gaseous fuels by
hydrogenating them in the presence of iron
oxide catalyst.

44.  The powdered coal (free from
impurities) is mixed with 5% heavy
oil and iron oxide catalyst
 The paste is heated with hydrogen at
450-4900c about 2 hours and at a
pressure of 3000 psi or 200-250 atm.
 A mixture of hydrocarbons thus
obtained is fractionally distilled to
get petrol.
 In the modern process, the catalyst
has been changed to tin and lead, and
the reaction is carried out in liquid
and finally in the vapour phase.

45.  The vapour and gases leave the converter at the top,
from where they passed into cooler, where gases are
separated.
 The product light oil is then separated by distillation
into gasoline (b.p.200 c) and gas oil (b.p. 200-230) and
the residue is recycled with the fresh coal.
 A typical gasoline fraction contains 74% paraffins, 22%
aromatics and 4% olefins.
 About one tonne of gasoline may be obtained from
1.5-2 tonnes of coal.

47. Fischer-Tropsch process
 This method was first developed by Fischer
andTropsch in 1962.
 Earlier in 1902 Sabatier and Sandernes who
demonstrated that methane can be prepared
by passing carbon monoxide and hydrogen
over finely divided nickel or iron catalyst
about 2500c
 CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O

48.  It is essentially a catalytic reduction of carbon
monoxide with hydrogen to straight chain
alkanes and olefins.
 Fischer andTropsch showed that the
hydrogenation can be modified further by
certain catalyst to produce a complex mixture
of aliphatic products.
n CO +2n H2 CnH2n + nH2O
n CO + (2n+1) H2 CnH2n+2 +n H2O

49.  In this process the water obtained from
soft coke, semi coke and natural gas is
hydrogenated to form a liquid fuel, which
on fractionation is separated into synthetic
motor fuel known as Kogasin I and higher
boiling fraction Kogasin II an excellent
Diesel engine fuel with a cetane number
of 85.

51.  A mixture of CO+H2 in the ratio of 1:2 is
passed over an iron oxide to remove sulphur
and its compounds.
 The purified mixture is then passed over a
catalyst consisting Cobalt (100 parts),
thoria(5), magnesia(8) and kiesulghar(200) at
200-2500c through a converter.
 The reaction is believed to involve formation
of cobalt carbide and cleavage of the carbide
by hydrogen to cobalt and methylene
radicals.The methylene radicals polymerise
in the prescence of hydrogen to straight
chain alkanes and alkenes.

52.  The product is condensed to separate the
gases and the liquid is fractionated to get the
synthetic gasoline Kogasin I and Kogasin II
(Diesel)
 Because of the predominance of straight
chain hydrocarbons, the octane number of
gasoline is only 40.
 So, it is reformed and then mixed with tetra
ethyl lead.

53. Liquefaction of Coal
 When coal is pyrolysed in an atmosphere of
hydrogen at temp of 300-500 c and pressure 200-
250 atm in presence of molybdenum as catalyst.
 Hydrogen reacts with carbon of the coal and to
form hydrocarbons, ammonia and water.
 The hydrocarbons thus formed react with more
hydrogen to produce saturated hydrocarbons.
The latter decompose at high temperature and
pressure to produce liquid hydrocarbon, gas and
coke.

54. triethanolamine
60-90 min