The document provides an introduction to robotics, discussing the differences between computers and humans, the definition of human-like computers or robots, and the history and origins of the word "robot". It describes Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics and different types of robots, including industrial, military, medical, educational, exploratory, domestic, entertainment, and those seen in movies. The document also covers robot components, how robot control loops work, advantages and disadvantages of robots, and projections for future increases in robot processing power and intelligence.

1. IInnttrroo ttoo RROOBBOOTTIICCSS
(There is more to robots than you know!)

2. CCoommppuutteerr vvss.. HHuummaann
 Machine
 Performs precisely defined tasks with speed and
accuracy
 Not gifted with common sense
 Human
 Capable of understanding and reasoning
 More likely to understand the results and determine what
to do next
 Not gifted with complex computations

3. HHuummaannlliikkee CCoommppuutteerr ((RRoobboottss))
 The ideal hybrid
 Continues without human intervention when
faced with unforeseen situations
 Possesses or simulate the ability to reason
 To qualify as a robot, a machine has to be able
to do two things:
1. get information from its surroundings
2. do something physical–such as move or
manipulate objects.

4. RRoobboottiiccss HHiissttoorryy
The idea of a robot is not new. For thousands of years
man has been imagining intelligent mechanized
devices that perform human-like tasks. He has built
automatic toys and mechanisms and imagined robots
in drawings, books, plays and science fiction movies.

5. RRoobboottiiccss HHiissttoorryy
What is the definition of a 'robot'?
"A reprogrammable, multifunctional
manipulator designed to move material,
parts, tools, or specialized devices
through various programmed motions for
the performance of a variety of tasks"
Robot Institute of America, 1979
Where did the word 'robot' come from?
In fact, the term "robot" was first used in 1920 in a play
called "R.U.R." Or "Rossum's universal robots" by the
Czech writer Karel Capek. The plot was simple: man makes
robot then robot kills man! Many movies that followed
continued to show robots as harmful, menacing machines.

6. RRoobboottiiccss HHiissttoorryy
Robotics Terminology
The term 'robotics' refers to the study and
use of robots. The term was coined and
first used by the Russian-born American
scientist and writer Isaac Asimov (born
Jan. 2, 1920, died Apr. 6, 1992). Asimov
wrote prodigiously on a wide variety of
subjects. He was best known for his many
works of science fiction.
The most famous include I Robot (1950), The Foundation Trilogy
(1951-52), Foundation's Edge (1982), and The Gods Themselves
(1972), which won both the Hugo and Nebula awards. He also wrote
the three “Laws of Robotics for which he is also famous.

7. LLaaww OOff RRoobboottiiccss
Asimov proposed the “Laws of Robotics”
 Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
 Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law
 Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with a higher order law
 Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm"

8. TTyyppeess ooff RRoobboottss
11.. IInndduussttrriiaall RRoobboottss
 materials handling
 pick and place
 factory automation
 Welding
 improving productivity
11.. MMiilliittaarryy
 Packbot
 Bomb disposal
 Search and rescue
11.. MMeeddiiccaall
 remote surgery
 minimally invasive surgery
11.. EEdduuccaattiioonn
 LEGO Mindstorms
 Arduino

9. TTyyppeess ooff RRoobboottss ((ccoonntt’’dd))
55.. EExxpplloorraattoorryy
 Mars rover
 Deep sea ROV’S
 Unassisted aerial vehicles
55.. DDoommeessttiicc
 Roomba
 Automatic lawn mowers
55.. EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt
 ASIMO
 QRIO
 AiBo
 Animatronics
 RoboSapien
55.. MMoovviieess
 R2D2
 C3PO
 Terminator
 Transformers

10. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff RRoobboottss
 Robots are programmable computers designed to
perform a variety of tasks by moving parts, tools or
specialized devices.
 NNoonn-- aaddaappttiivvee rroobboottss - no way of sensing the environment, so
do the job regardless of any environmental factors
 AAddaappttiivvee RRoobboottss - get feedback from a sensor to alter the
operation of the device.
 Robots can also be classified according to whether they
are stationary or mobile.
 MMoobbiillee robots are free to move around,
 SSttaattiioonnaarryy robots remain in 1 place but have arms that move.

11. TThhee PPuurrppoossee ooff RRoobboottss
Robots are also used for the following tasks:
• Dirty Tasks
• Repetitive tasks
• Dangerous tasks
• Impossible tasks
• Assist the handicapped

12. RRoobboott CCoommppoonneennttss
 Processor: The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and
the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc.
 Sensors: To collect information about the internal state of the
robot or To communicate with the outside environment
 Software: Operating system, robotic software and the collection
of routines.
 Rover or Manipulator : Main body of robot
(Links, Joints, other structural element of the robot)
 Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor, stepper
motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder)
 End Effecter: The part that is connected to the last joint hand)
of a manipulator
 Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the
motion of the actuators.

13. TThhee rroobboott ccoonnttrrooll lloooopp
 Sense Think
 Act

14. Speech, Vision
Acceleration,
Temperature
Position ,Distance
Touch, Force
Magnetic field ,Light
Sound ,Position
Task planning
Plan Classification
Learn
Process data
Path planning
Motion planning
Sense Think
Act
Output information Move, Speech
Text, Visuals Wheels Legs
Arms Tracks

15. Advantages VS. Disadvantages ooff RRoobboottss
 Robots increase productivity, safety, efficiency,
quality, and consistency of products.
Advantages Disadvantages
 Robots can work in hazardous environments.
 Robots need no environmental comfort.
 Robots work continuously without experiencing fatigue of problem.
 Robots have repeatable precision at all times.
 Robots can be much more accurate than human.
 Robots replace human workers creating economic problems.
 Robots can process multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously.
 Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies.
 Robots, although superior in certain senses, have limited
capabilities in Degree of freedom, Dexterity, Sensors, Vision
system, real time response.
 Robots are costly, due to Initial cost of equipment, Installation costs,
Need for Peripherals, Need for training, Need for programming

16. Advantages Disadvantages

17. Millions ooff IInnssttrruuccttiioonnss ppeerr SSeeccoonndd
((MMIIPPSS))
 Research scientist Hans Moravec sees a 4-
stage evolution towards universal robots,
robots with human-level intelligence flexible
enough to do a broad range of tasks. Key to
this evolution is a steady increase in
computer power, defined in terms of millions
of instructions per second, or MIPS.

18. YYeeaarr:: 22001100
PPrroocceessssiinngg ppoowweerr:: 33,,000000 MMIIPPSS
IInntteelllliiggeennccee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt:: LLiizzaarrdd
RRoobboottss wwiillll hhaavvee bbaassiicc nnaavviiggaattiioonn sskkiillllss aanndd ccoouulldd bbee uusseedd ffoorr cclleeaanniinngg oorr ddeelliivveerryy
aanndd ttaakkee oonn eexxppaannddeedd rroolleess iinn ffaaccttoorriieess..

19. YYeeaarr:: 22002200
PPrroocceessssiinngg ppoowweerr:: 110000,,000000 MMIIPPSS
IInntteelllliiggeennccee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt:: MMoouussee
RRoobboottss wwiillll bbee aabbllee ttoo lleeaarrnn oonn tthhee jjoobb,, aaddaappttiinngg tthheeiirr oowwnn pprrooggrraammss ttoo ppeerrffoorrmm
mmoorree ssuucccceessssffuullllyy.. RRoobboottss wwiillll ddoo tthhee ssaammee jjoobbss aass bbeeffoorree,, bbuutt mmoorree rreelliiaabbllyy aanndd
fflleexxiibbllyy..

20. QQuueessttiioonn
If you could have a robot that would do any
task you like, a companion to do all the work
that you prefer not to, would you? And if so,
how do you think this might affect you as a
person?

21. QQuueessttiioonn
Are there any kind of robots that shouldn't be
created? Or that you wouldn't want to see
created? Why?

22. AAssssiiggnnmmeenntt
Think of a job that you would like for a robot
to do for you. Be ready to discuss whether
this is a robot that could and should be built.
Name your robot
Draw a picture of your robot (color optional)
Explain what your robot will do
Could your robot be built
Should your robot be built

23. RRoobboottiiccss TTeerrmmiinnoollooggyy
Robot - Mechanical device that performs
human tasks, either automatically or by
remote control. (From the Czech word
robota.)
Robotics - Study and application of robot
technology.
Telerobotics - Robot that is operated
remotely.

24. RRoobboottiiccss TTeerrmmiinnoollooggyy
AAuu--ttoonn--oo--mmoouuss
1. Not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent:
2. Independent in mind or judgment; self-directed.
AAnnddrrooiidd AAnn""ddrrooiidd (([[aa^^]]nn""ddrrooiidd))
 A machine or automaton in the form of a human being
 Possessing human features. n.
 An automaton that is created from biological materials and
resembles a human being. Also called humanoid.