Robotics is the science and technology of robots, their design, manufacture, and application. The term "robot" was coined in a 1920 play and was first used in print in a 1941 science fiction story. Historically, robots have evolved from mechanical creations in ancient times to modern digitally operated programmable robots. A robot typically has actuators, sensors, and software to sense its environment and manipulate things. Robots are used widely in manufacturing, military applications, space exploration, medicine, and other fields. While robots currently don't pose threats, some fears exist about future highly intelligent robots that may develop their own goals. The future of robotics is predicted to include household robots and medical robots performing surgery.

1. Robotics: Present & Beyond
Md. Hasnaeen Rizvi Rahman

2. Overview
 Robotics - the science and
technology of robots, their
design, manufacture, and
application.
 Requires a working
knowledge of electronics,
mechanics and software
accompanied by a large
working knowledge of
many subjects.
Asimo by Honda

3. History
 "Robot" coined by science fiction
author Karel Čapek, a Nobel
Prize nominee, in his 1920
theater play R.U.R. (Rossum's
Universal Robots)
 Robota meaning "self labor" or
"hard work" in Czech
 “Robotics” was first used in print by
Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction
short story "Liar!", published in May
1941.
 He was unaware that he was coining
the term for a new field.
Asimov
Capek

4. History continued
 In the Iliad, the god Hephaestus made talking handmaidens out of gold.
 Archytas of Tarentum is credited with creating a mechanical Pigeon in 400 BC.
 Al-Jazari (1136-1206), an Arab Muslim inventor, designed and constructed a
number of automatic machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata
powered by water, and the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206.
Al-Jazari Inventions

5. History continued
 One of the first recorded designs
of a humanoid robot was made by
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) in
around 1495.
 The first truly modern robot, digitally
operated, programmable, and
teachable, was invented by George
Devol in 1954 and was ultimately
called the Unimate.
Leonardo’s Robot
Devol
The Ultimate

6. Definition
 A robot is a mechanical or virtual, artificial agent.
 It is usually a system, which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a
sense that it has intent or agency of its own.
 The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual
software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots to
differentiate.
 A typical robot will have several, though not necessarily all of the following
properties:
 is not 'natural' i.e. artificially created
 can sense its environment, and manipulate or interact with things in it
 has some ability to make choices based on the environment, often using
automatic control or a preprogrammed sequence
 is programmable

7. Definition continued
 The structure of a robot
 is usually mostly mechanical.
 can be called a kinematic chain (like the
skeleton of the human body).
 the chain is formed of links (its bones),
actuators (its muscles).
 joints which can allow one or more
degrees of freedom.
 Most contemporary robots use open serial
chains in which each link connects the one
before to the one after it.
 These robots are called serial robots
(resemble human arm).
 Some robots, such as the Stewart platform,
use closed parallel kinematic chains.
 Structures that mimic the mechanical
structure of humans, various animals and
insects, are comparatively rare, but is an
active area of research (e.g. biomechanics).

8. Components of robots - Actuation
 The actuators are the 'muscles' of a
robot.
 the parts which convert stored energy
into movement.
 By far the most popular actuators are
electric motors.
 Popular forms of actuators are:
 Motors
 Stepper motors
 Ultrasonic motors
 Air muscles
 Electroactive polymers
 Elastic nanotubes

9. Components of robots - Manipulation
 This is the process of manipulating objects in
the external environment
 pick up, modify, destroy or otherwise have an
effect.
 ‘Hands' of a robot are often referred to as
end effectors.
 The arm is referred to as a manipulator.
 Some manipulation technologies:
 Grippers
 Vacuum grippers
 Magnetic grippers
 General purpose effectors: fully humanoid
hands, with as many as 20 degrees of freedom
and hundreds of tactile sensor
Gripper

10. Components of robots - Locomotion
 Rolling Robots
 Usually have four wheels
 Possibly, complex wheeled
robots, with only one or
two wheels.
 Track Robot: Another type of
rolling robot is one that has tracks
like tanks, e.g. NASA's Urban
Robot, Urbie
Two-wheeled balancing: Segway,
dynamic balancing algorithm, NASA's
Robonaut
Ballbot by Carnegie Mellon
University that balances on a ball
instead of legs or wheels

11. Components of robots - Locomotion
 Walking Robots
 difficult and dynamic problem to
solve
 two legged robots already
available
 none as robust as human
 can walk well on flat floors, and
can occasionally walk up stairs
 none can walk over rocky, uneven
terrain
 Algorithms used - ZMP Technique,
Hopping, Dynamic Balancing,
Passive Dynamics, etc.
 Other methods of locomotion
 Flying – normal autopilot based
aeroplanes, Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAV), cruise missiles,
etc.
 Snaking
 Skating
 Swimming

12. Components of robots - Human interaction
 Speech recognition – difficult
task for a computer, mostly
because of the great variability of
speech.
 Gestures – e.g. human hand
gestures
 Facial expression – a robot like
Kismet can produce a range of
facial expressions, allowing it to
have meaningful social exchanges
with humans.
 Personality – Aibo, Pleo, etc.
Kismet
Pleo

13. Contemporary uses
 Robots are used in industrial,
military, exploration, home making,
and academic and research
applications.
 Jobs which require increased
productivity, accuracy, and
endurance.
 Car production, Packaging, Electronics,
Automated Guided Vehicles, etc.

14. Contemporary uses
 Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks
 Robots in the home
 Telerobots
 Military robots
Home cleaner
Surgeon
Military robots

15. Contemporary uses
 Unconventional robots
 Nanorobots
 Soft robots
 Reconfigurable robots – robots which can alter their physical form to suit a particular
task, consisting of a small number of cube shaped units, which can move relative to
their neighbours.
 Swarm robots
 Evolutionary robots
 Virtual reality
Modular robots
Nano robot car
Swarm robots

16. Contemporary uses
The Mobile Servicing System or Canadarm2 is a robotic system and associated equipment on the
International Space Station that plays a key role in station assembly and maintenance: moving equipment
and supplies around the station, supporting astronauts working in space, and servicing instruments and
other payloads attached to the space station.

17. Robotics simulators
 Used to create embedded applications for a robot
 without depending "physically" on the actual robot
 these applications can be transferred on the real robot (or
rebuilt) without modifications
 Based on lower level middleware like Physics engine (ODE,
PhysX) and graphics rendering engine (OGRE)
 The Microsoft Robotics Studio is a Windows-based
environment for robot control and simulation.
 aimed at academic, hobbyist, and commercial developers
 handles a wide variety of robot hardware

18. Robotics simulators
 Features include:
 a visual programming tool, Microsoft Visual Programming Language, for creating and
debugging robot applications
 web-based and windows-based interfaces
 3D simulation (including hardware acceleration)
 a lightweight services-oriented runtime
 easy access to a robot's sensors and actuators via a .NET-based concurrent library
implementation
 support for a number of languages including C# and Visual Basic .NET, JScript, and
IronPython
 Location technologies including GPS
 Speech technologies including text to speech and speech recognition
 Vision technologies including color tracking, line tracking, and simplified face and
hand gesture detection

19. Dangers and fears
 Current robots don’t pose any threat
or danger to society.
 Fears and concerns about robots have
been repeatedly expressed in a wide
range of books and films.
 The principal theme is the robots'
intelligence and ability to act could
exceed that of humans
 they could develop a conscience and a
motivation to take over or destroy the
human race
 Robots could be dangerous if
 programmed to kill
 programmed to be so smart that they
make their own software
 build their own hardware to upgrade
themselves
 change their own source code
 Robot Fatalities - The first human to
be killed by a robot was Robert
Williams who died at a casting plant in
Flat Rock, MI (January 25, 1979).
Terminator II – Rise of the Machines
Samsung machine gun robot

20. Literature
 Three Laws of Robotics
 a set of three rules written by Isaac Asimov in his 1942 short story
"Runaround“.
 First law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
 Second law: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 Third law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
 Two more laws introduced later by other writers.
 Fourth law: A robot must establish its identity as a robot in all cases.
 Fifth law: A robot must know it is a robot.
 Roboticists sometimes see the these laws as a future ideal.

21. Future of robotics
 Robots may soon be
everywhere, in homes and
at work.
 They could change the way
humans live.
 If true, many
philosophical, social, and
political questions will have
to be answered.
 Some people may become
Cyborgs, with some parts
half biological and half
artificial.

22. Future of robotics
 Timeline
 2013-2014 — agricultural
robots (e.g. AgRobots).
 2013-2017 — robots that care
for the elderly
 2017 — medical robots
performing low-invasive surgery
 2017-2019 — household robots
with full use.
 ??? — Nanorobots
 Legal rights for robots?
 According to research
commissioned by the UK Office of
Science and Innovation's Horizon
Scanning Centre, robots could
one day demand the same
citizen's rights as humans.
 The rise of robots could put a
strain on resources and the
environment.

23. Robotics in 2020 and beyond
 Home, factories, agriculture, building &
construction, undersea, space, mining,
hospitals and streets; for repair,
construction, maintenance, security,
entertainment, companionship, care.
 Only our imagination is the limit.
 Robot civilization is coming. Stay tuned.

24. Copotronic
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