The document summarizes Chapter 2 of the textbook "Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition". It discusses the origins and growth of the Internet and packet switching technology. It also covers the emergence of the World Wide Web and markup languages like HTML that enabled the development of the modern Internet. The chapter examines protocols and standards that allow communication and data transfer across the Internet like TCP/IP, HTTP, and email protocols.
Internet to web: The 40-year old Internet and the 20-year-old WebJohan Koren
This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web over the past 40 years. It describes how the Internet originated as a U.S. military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and transitioned to connecting universities, researchers and other organizations through the 1970s and 1980s. The document also summarizes the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee and how early technologies and protocols like email, USENET, Gopher, and Mosaic browser led to the rise of the commercial Internet in the 1990s.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It describes how the ARPANET was developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s and evolved into the Internet. It explains that the Internet is a network of networks that facilitates data transfer, while the World Wide Web is an information system built on top of the Internet. It discusses the development of early technologies and protocols that contributed to the growth of the Internet such as email, BBS systems, Gopher, and browsers like Mosaic.
This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web over the past 40 years. It discusses how the ARPANET was originally developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s and 1970s to enable communication that could withstand nuclear war. It then covers the development of key technologies like packet switching, email, and protocols that enabled the Internet to expand beyond research institutions. The document also summarizes the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee and how early browsers and technologies like Gopher, Veronica and Archie led to its success and widespread adoption.
The document provides an overview of Epix, an Internet service provider established in 1994. It summarizes Epix's services such as dial-up and high-speed Internet access, email accounts, web hosting, and technical support hours. The document also outlines Epix's various Internet access plans and premium features included with each plan.
CATComputer Applied Training...the history and basic concepts provides an overview of the history of the internet from 1969 to 1997. It discusses key milestones such as the development of ARPANET, TCP/IP, email, the world wide web, and commercialization. The document also covers pros and cons of internet use and training as well as basics of netiquette and social networking.
The document discusses the history and components of the Internet. It provides an overview of how the Internet developed from early research networks in the 1970s to becoming a global, commercial system by the mid-1990s. It also describes important aspects like the TCP/IP protocol, the invention of the World Wide Web in 1989, and popular applications and search engines used on the Internet today.
Short presentation made at attempting to demonstrate the fast growth of the Internet.
Includes pictures of early ArpaNet diagrams, reproduced without permission but found openly on the Internet.
Most of the other material (host files as well as screen captures of early browser activity) is mine.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how ARPANET, developed by the US Department of Defense, evolved into the Internet and enabled communication between linked computer networks internationally. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989-1991 and allowed for sharing of information over the Internet through hyperlinks. Early web browsers like Mosaic helped popularize the graphical web interface.
Internet to web: The 40-year old Internet and the 20-year-old WebJohan Koren
This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web over the past 40 years. It describes how the Internet originated as a U.S. military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and transitioned to connecting universities, researchers and other organizations through the 1970s and 1980s. The document also summarizes the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee and how early technologies and protocols like email, USENET, Gopher, and Mosaic browser led to the rise of the commercial Internet in the 1990s.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It describes how the ARPANET was developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s and evolved into the Internet. It explains that the Internet is a network of networks that facilitates data transfer, while the World Wide Web is an information system built on top of the Internet. It discusses the development of early technologies and protocols that contributed to the growth of the Internet such as email, BBS systems, Gopher, and browsers like Mosaic.
This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web over the past 40 years. It discusses how the ARPANET was originally developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s and 1970s to enable communication that could withstand nuclear war. It then covers the development of key technologies like packet switching, email, and protocols that enabled the Internet to expand beyond research institutions. The document also summarizes the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee and how early browsers and technologies like Gopher, Veronica and Archie led to its success and widespread adoption.
The document provides an overview of Epix, an Internet service provider established in 1994. It summarizes Epix's services such as dial-up and high-speed Internet access, email accounts, web hosting, and technical support hours. The document also outlines Epix's various Internet access plans and premium features included with each plan.
CATComputer Applied Training...the history and basic concepts provides an overview of the history of the internet from 1969 to 1997. It discusses key milestones such as the development of ARPANET, TCP/IP, email, the world wide web, and commercialization. The document also covers pros and cons of internet use and training as well as basics of netiquette and social networking.
The document discusses the history and components of the Internet. It provides an overview of how the Internet developed from early research networks in the 1970s to becoming a global, commercial system by the mid-1990s. It also describes important aspects like the TCP/IP protocol, the invention of the World Wide Web in 1989, and popular applications and search engines used on the Internet today.
Short presentation made at attempting to demonstrate the fast growth of the Internet.
Includes pictures of early ArpaNet diagrams, reproduced without permission but found openly on the Internet.
Most of the other material (host files as well as screen captures of early browser activity) is mine.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how ARPANET, developed by the US Department of Defense, evolved into the Internet and enabled communication between linked computer networks internationally. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989-1991 and allowed for sharing of information over the Internet through hyperlinks. Early web browsers like Mosaic helped popularize the graphical web interface.
This document summarizes the history of information systems prior to the widespread adoption of the internet. It describes how in the 1940s, computers began to be used for tasks like bookkeeping and calculations. This led to early predictions about technologies like electronic banking, publishing and commerce. Standards like ASCII and protocols helped link machines in the 1970s, leading to the start of the online information industry in the US and Europe. However, different technologies like ASCII, videotex and multimedia CDs caused market confusion in the 1980s-90s. The rise of TCP/IP and the World Wide Web in the 1990s helped standardize on one internet protocol and led to a fast transition away from older systems as the number of internet users grew
ARPANet was the first wide-area network created by the US Defense Department in 1969. It served as a testbed for new networking technologies and evolved into the modern Internet. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet using browsers. It allows users to view web pages that contain text, images, videos and other multimedia. Each web page is made up of HTML code and can contain links to other pages located on different servers around the world.
The Internet began in 1969 as ARPANET, a project of the U.S. Department of Defense to create a communication network that could withstand nuclear war. In the 1970s, ARPANET expanded and became known as the Internet, connecting universities, research labs, and other networks. The first web browser, Mosaic, was created in 1991, adding graphical capabilities and kickstarting widespread use of the Internet. Today's Internet is a global system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other networks, with the World Wide Web allowing for sharing of information through hypertext documents and multimedia content.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from the 1960s to present day. It begins with the conception of early computer networks by the US Department of Defense and military researchers. These early networks grew throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually connecting many universities. Standards and protocols like TCP/IP were established in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing for the Internet as we know it today. Commercial use expanded in the 1990s with technologies like the World Wide Web, and today the Internet connects billions of people and sites globally.
Net to web: The Links that became a WebJohan Koren
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in the 1960s as a military network to connect computers, to the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991. It summarizes key developments like the introduction of email in 1972, the linking of networks in 1975 to create the Internet, and the release of the first graphical web browser, Mosaic, in 1991, which helped popularize the Web. The document outlines important Internet protocols and systems like HTTP, HTML, URLs, and the domain name system that helped structure the early Internet.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a network of connected computers using TCP/IP protocols in the 1960s-1970s to its current scale as a global system comprising billions of interconnected public, private, academic and government networks. It also summarizes some key applications and services of the modern Internet such as social networking, e-business, telework, crowdsourcing, online philanthropy, computer surveillance, and debates around Internet censorship.
The document summarizes the history and development of the Internet from 1969 to 1997 in 3 year increments. It describes some of the earliest computer networks like ARPANET and key events that helped connect these networks and lay the foundation for the Internet such as the development of TCP/IP, domain name servers, and the World Wide Web. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1990s with the commercialization of the Web and new technologies that brought multimedia, e-commerce, and greater accessibility.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the internet as well as methods for managing information online. It then discusses the history of internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Pakistan, noting some of the first ISPs established in the country in the 1990s and 2000s. The document goes on to provide details about the proposed "Inter Link" ISP, including its mission statement, services offered, SWOT analysis, marketing strategies, and financial projections.
The Internet and the World Wide Web [Fall 2012 RTF 319 Session 04]William J. Moner
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to enable communication between computers over decentralized networks. Key developments included packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, DNS, email, and file transfer capabilities. In the 1980s, networks expanded through technologies like USENET, BBS systems, MUDs/MUSHs/MOOs, and IRC chat. The introduction of commercial internet service providers in the 1990s opened the network to the public. The World Wide Web was invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s at CERN, pioneered by Tim Berners-Lee, utilizing HTTP and early web browsers
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It began as ARPANET in 1969 as a US Defense network and adopted TCP/IP in 1983 which established the basic protocols of the Internet today. The National Science Foundation contributed to its advancement in 1986. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN, developing the first web client and server and HTML specifications. Robert Cailliau also contributed to early proposals and development of the World Wide Web. The Web is a system of hyperlinked documents accessed via the Internet using browsers that can contain text, images, and other media.
This document provides an overview of data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technology and the transition to the Information Age. Key topics covered include the components of networking, different network types, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP, standards, and future trends in networking.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from the ARPANET network created by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable communication between researchers even if parts of the network failed. It describes how standards like TCP/IP were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing the Internet to grow rapidly from around 1,000 hosts in 1984 to over 200 million hosts by 2002. The document also summarizes how the Internet works, including topics like browsers, URLs, domain names, and different ways users can access the Internet through connections like LAN servers, dial-up, or online services.
This document discusses the history and evolution of cloud computing, including its origins in concepts like virtualization, supercomputing, cluster computing, grid computing, and distributed computing. It traces the development of these technologies over time, from early concepts in the 1960s proposed by John McCarthy regarding computation as a public utility, to modern implementations like Google's large network of clustered commodity servers. Key people and technologies that advanced each concept are described, such as Seymour Cray's work in supercomputing and Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman's contributions to grid computing through projects like Globus Toolkit.
The document discusses the history and development of the internet and e-commerce. It provides details on the origins of the internet starting in 1962 with DARPA and the development of packet switching. Important developments include ARPANET in 1969, TCP/IP in 1972-1973, the transition to TCP/IP in 1983, and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1990. The document also discusses the origins of e-commerce, including early online shopping systems from 1979 onward and the rise of Amazon, eBay, and PayPal in the 1990s. It covers trends in social commerce, mobile commerce, and personalization.
The document summarizes the history of the Internet. It began in 1957 with the development of time-sharing, which allowed one computer to serve multiple users simultaneously. In the late 1950s and 1960s, DARPA created ARPANET to connect government researchers. This led to the development of packet switching and TCP/IP protocols, establishing the foundations of the modern Internet. By the 1990s, TCP/IP became the standard protocol, and ARPANET was decommissioned, but the Internet continued to grow globally.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols. It originated in the 1960s from US military research networks and has since grown exponentially to include networks run by universities, businesses, governments, and individuals worldwide. The Internet allows for communication via applications like the World Wide Web, email, file transfers, online gaming, and voice/video calls. It is estimated that a quarter of the world's population now uses the Internet.
The document discusses the history and growth of the internet. It defines the internet as a network of networks that connects government, university, and private computers globally to share email, files, and other resources. Key events included the creation of ARPANET in 1969, development of TCP in 1974, and adoption of TCP/IP in 1984. The internet grew from 1000 hosts in 1984 to become the largest network in the world. Intranets are internal corporate networks using internet standards, while extranets connect a company's intranet to partners via VPN tunnels over the public internet.
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie created the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs in 1969, allowing for easier experimentation by programmers. This research led to the development of computer networking funded by DARPA and the creation of the ARPANET network. English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1980, implementing hyperlinking between documents on the internet. The web launched publicly in 1991 and its growth was accelerated by the release of web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape, as well as commercial use of the internet. This enabled the internet and web to become major tools for information sharing and communication worldwide.
The document provides a history of the internet and its evolution from early concepts in the 1940s-1950s to widespread adoption in the 1990s. It discusses pioneering concepts such as packet switching, TCP/IP, and the ARPANET. Key individuals who contributed ideas and research that led to the development of the internet are also profiled, including Vannevar Bush, Claude Shannon, J.C.R. Licklider, Paul Baran, Vinton Cerf, and Tim Berners-Lee.
Alternative Methods Of Communication To Consumerguestf9788dc7
The document discusses various alternative methods of internet-based communication that consumers can use, including email, instant messaging, blogs, RSS, and bulletin board systems (BBS). It provides details on how each method works, such as how email is sent and received through servers, how instant messages are exchanged in real-time between users by screen name, how blogs allow publishing of content in reverse chronological order, how RSS syndicates content summaries, and how BBS originally allowed sharing of text-based messages over dial-up networks.
This document summarizes the history of information systems prior to the widespread adoption of the internet. It describes how in the 1940s, computers began to be used for tasks like bookkeeping and calculations. This led to early predictions about technologies like electronic banking, publishing and commerce. Standards like ASCII and protocols helped link machines in the 1970s, leading to the start of the online information industry in the US and Europe. However, different technologies like ASCII, videotex and multimedia CDs caused market confusion in the 1980s-90s. The rise of TCP/IP and the World Wide Web in the 1990s helped standardize on one internet protocol and led to a fast transition away from older systems as the number of internet users grew
ARPANet was the first wide-area network created by the US Defense Department in 1969. It served as a testbed for new networking technologies and evolved into the modern Internet. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet using browsers. It allows users to view web pages that contain text, images, videos and other multimedia. Each web page is made up of HTML code and can contain links to other pages located on different servers around the world.
The Internet began in 1969 as ARPANET, a project of the U.S. Department of Defense to create a communication network that could withstand nuclear war. In the 1970s, ARPANET expanded and became known as the Internet, connecting universities, research labs, and other networks. The first web browser, Mosaic, was created in 1991, adding graphical capabilities and kickstarting widespread use of the Internet. Today's Internet is a global system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other networks, with the World Wide Web allowing for sharing of information through hypertext documents and multimedia content.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from the 1960s to present day. It begins with the conception of early computer networks by the US Department of Defense and military researchers. These early networks grew throughout the 1960s and 1970s, eventually connecting many universities. Standards and protocols like TCP/IP were established in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing for the Internet as we know it today. Commercial use expanded in the 1990s with technologies like the World Wide Web, and today the Internet connects billions of people and sites globally.
Net to web: The Links that became a WebJohan Koren
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in the 1960s as a military network to connect computers, to the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991. It summarizes key developments like the introduction of email in 1972, the linking of networks in 1975 to create the Internet, and the release of the first graphical web browser, Mosaic, in 1991, which helped popularize the Web. The document outlines important Internet protocols and systems like HTTP, HTML, URLs, and the domain name system that helped structure the early Internet.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a network of connected computers using TCP/IP protocols in the 1960s-1970s to its current scale as a global system comprising billions of interconnected public, private, academic and government networks. It also summarizes some key applications and services of the modern Internet such as social networking, e-business, telework, crowdsourcing, online philanthropy, computer surveillance, and debates around Internet censorship.
The document summarizes the history and development of the Internet from 1969 to 1997 in 3 year increments. It describes some of the earliest computer networks like ARPANET and key events that helped connect these networks and lay the foundation for the Internet such as the development of TCP/IP, domain name servers, and the World Wide Web. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1990s with the commercialization of the Web and new technologies that brought multimedia, e-commerce, and greater accessibility.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the internet as well as methods for managing information online. It then discusses the history of internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Pakistan, noting some of the first ISPs established in the country in the 1990s and 2000s. The document goes on to provide details about the proposed "Inter Link" ISP, including its mission statement, services offered, SWOT analysis, marketing strategies, and financial projections.
The Internet and the World Wide Web [Fall 2012 RTF 319 Session 04]William J. Moner
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to enable communication between computers over decentralized networks. Key developments included packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, DNS, email, and file transfer capabilities. In the 1980s, networks expanded through technologies like USENET, BBS systems, MUDs/MUSHs/MOOs, and IRC chat. The introduction of commercial internet service providers in the 1990s opened the network to the public. The World Wide Web was invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s at CERN, pioneered by Tim Berners-Lee, utilizing HTTP and early web browsers
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It began as ARPANET in 1969 as a US Defense network and adopted TCP/IP in 1983 which established the basic protocols of the Internet today. The National Science Foundation contributed to its advancement in 1986. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN, developing the first web client and server and HTML specifications. Robert Cailliau also contributed to early proposals and development of the World Wide Web. The Web is a system of hyperlinked documents accessed via the Internet using browsers that can contain text, images, and other media.
This document provides an overview of data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technology and the transition to the Information Age. Key topics covered include the components of networking, different network types, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP, standards, and future trends in networking.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from the ARPANET network created by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s to enable communication between researchers even if parts of the network failed. It describes how standards like TCP/IP were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, allowing the Internet to grow rapidly from around 1,000 hosts in 1984 to over 200 million hosts by 2002. The document also summarizes how the Internet works, including topics like browsers, URLs, domain names, and different ways users can access the Internet through connections like LAN servers, dial-up, or online services.
This document discusses the history and evolution of cloud computing, including its origins in concepts like virtualization, supercomputing, cluster computing, grid computing, and distributed computing. It traces the development of these technologies over time, from early concepts in the 1960s proposed by John McCarthy regarding computation as a public utility, to modern implementations like Google's large network of clustered commodity servers. Key people and technologies that advanced each concept are described, such as Seymour Cray's work in supercomputing and Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman's contributions to grid computing through projects like Globus Toolkit.
The document discusses the history and development of the internet and e-commerce. It provides details on the origins of the internet starting in 1962 with DARPA and the development of packet switching. Important developments include ARPANET in 1969, TCP/IP in 1972-1973, the transition to TCP/IP in 1983, and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1990. The document also discusses the origins of e-commerce, including early online shopping systems from 1979 onward and the rise of Amazon, eBay, and PayPal in the 1990s. It covers trends in social commerce, mobile commerce, and personalization.
The document summarizes the history of the Internet. It began in 1957 with the development of time-sharing, which allowed one computer to serve multiple users simultaneously. In the late 1950s and 1960s, DARPA created ARPANET to connect government researchers. This led to the development of packet switching and TCP/IP protocols, establishing the foundations of the modern Internet. By the 1990s, TCP/IP became the standard protocol, and ARPANET was decommissioned, but the Internet continued to grow globally.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols. It originated in the 1960s from US military research networks and has since grown exponentially to include networks run by universities, businesses, governments, and individuals worldwide. The Internet allows for communication via applications like the World Wide Web, email, file transfers, online gaming, and voice/video calls. It is estimated that a quarter of the world's population now uses the Internet.
The document discusses the history and growth of the internet. It defines the internet as a network of networks that connects government, university, and private computers globally to share email, files, and other resources. Key events included the creation of ARPANET in 1969, development of TCP in 1974, and adoption of TCP/IP in 1984. The internet grew from 1000 hosts in 1984 to become the largest network in the world. Intranets are internal corporate networks using internet standards, while extranets connect a company's intranet to partners via VPN tunnels over the public internet.
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie created the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs in 1969, allowing for easier experimentation by programmers. This research led to the development of computer networking funded by DARPA and the creation of the ARPANET network. English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1980, implementing hyperlinking between documents on the internet. The web launched publicly in 1991 and its growth was accelerated by the release of web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape, as well as commercial use of the internet. This enabled the internet and web to become major tools for information sharing and communication worldwide.
The document provides a history of the internet and its evolution from early concepts in the 1940s-1950s to widespread adoption in the 1990s. It discusses pioneering concepts such as packet switching, TCP/IP, and the ARPANET. Key individuals who contributed ideas and research that led to the development of the internet are also profiled, including Vannevar Bush, Claude Shannon, J.C.R. Licklider, Paul Baran, Vinton Cerf, and Tim Berners-Lee.
Alternative Methods Of Communication To Consumerguestf9788dc7
The document discusses various alternative methods of internet-based communication that consumers can use, including email, instant messaging, blogs, RSS, and bulletin board systems (BBS). It provides details on how each method works, such as how email is sent and received through servers, how instant messages are exchanged in real-time between users by screen name, how blogs allow publishing of content in reverse chronological order, how RSS syndicates content summaries, and how BBS originally allowed sharing of text-based messages over dial-up networks.
Master of Computer Application (MCA) – Semester 4 MC0076Aravind NC
1. Information processes data by taking raw data and formatting, filtering, and summarizing it to influence choices and decisions. Data becomes information when it is analyzed and processed.
2. Executive information systems provide direct support to top managers by giving them easy access to key performance indicators and the ability to track company and business unit performance over time through visual interfaces. They also allow executives to access internal and external data and tailor the system to their individual preferences.
3. In manual paper-based systems, information must be retrieved directly from paper files which can be slow, error-prone, and lack transparency. Key files can also get lost or tampered with more easily than in electronic systems.
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It allows consumers to browse a merchant's website, select items to purchase and add them to an electronic shopping cart. When ready to checkout, the consumer provides billing and shipping addresses. If the credit card is validated, the order is completed and a receipt is displayed. The order is then forwarded for payment processing and fulfillment. E-commerce offers advantages like 24/7 shopping, global reach, and low costs but also disadvantages such as inability to examine products personally and risk of credit card theft. There are three main types of e-commerce: business-to-business (B2B), consumer-to-consumer (C2C),
The document discusses different types of economic systems:
1. Market economies rely on private ownership and decentralized decision making driven by self interest. They have advantages like economic freedom but disadvantages like unequal distribution of wealth.
2. Command economies involve public ownership and centralized planning aimed at collective welfare. They provide collective goods but suffer from inefficiencies.
3. Mixed economies combine aspects of market and command systems. Most modern economies fall into this category.
The document also describes the transition of former communist economies toward market systems through rapid or gradual reforms.
The document summarizes the evolution of management thought from early contributors like Fayol and Taylor to more modern approaches. It outlines key aspects of the universal process approach, scientific/operational management, quality advocates, human relations movement, systems thinking, contingency approach, and issues with management by bestseller. Modern management is viewed as interdisciplinary, situational, and recognizing both human and systems factors within organizations.
The document discusses the basic concepts of web architecture including HTML, URIs, HTTP, cookies, database-driven websites, AJAX, web services, XML, and JSON. It explains that Tim Berners-Lee developed HTML, URLs, and HTTP in 1989 to allow scientists to browse each other's papers on the internet. The web uses a two-tiered client-server architecture with the browser displaying content from the web server.
Vertical markets involve goods used as inputs by other businesses, while horizontal markets involve competing sellers of the same goods. EDI and supply chain management systems integrate information sharing between organizations to increase efficiency. Global information systems allow multinational organizations to conduct international business but face challenges from differences in laws, regulations, culture and standards between countries.
The document summarizes key topics from a chapter on information systems in organizations, including how organizational structure, culture, and change affect IS implementation. It also discusses competitive advantage, return on investment for measuring IS value, and careers in the information systems field.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a stateless, request-response protocol for transferring hypermedia documents across the internet. It runs on top of TCP and uses port 80 by default. HTTP specifies the messages that clients and servers can send and the responses received. Common HTTP methods include GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, and OPTIONS. Status codes inform the client if the request was successful or not. HTTP headers provide additional metadata in requests and responses.
The document discusses different types of internet connections including analog, ISDN, DSL, cable, wireless, leased lines, satellite, and their varying speeds, costs, and availability. It provides details on technologies like ADSL, SDSL, VDSL, T1, T3, and OC3. While technology and connections are rapidly changing, the type of connection determines internet access speed and impacts activities like uploading or downloading. Location and needs also influence the best option between traditional dial-up or various broadband alternatives.
E-commerce refers to electronic transactions over the internet, including buying and selling of goods and services as well as the transfer of funds and information. The main goals of e-commerce are to reduce costs, lower product cycle times, provide faster customer response, and improve service quality. There are several types of e-commerce models including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government. Setting up the infrastructure for an e-commerce business involves key decisions around marketing, facilities, customer service, information technology, and fulfillment.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on a network. They allow for file transfers and email communication using the Internet Protocol. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D, and E - which are divided into ranges to define large, medium, and small networks. Users can determine the IP address of their own device or other computers and websites using commands like ipconfig and ping.
HTTP is the application-layer protocol for transmitting hypertext documents across the internet. It works by establishing a TCP connection between an HTTP client, like a web browser, and an HTTP server. The client sends a request to the server using methods like GET or POST. The server responds with a status code and the requested resource. HTTP is stateless, meaning each request is independent and servers do not remember past client interactions. Cookies and caching are techniques used to maintain some state and improve performance.
Multimedia refers to the integration of multiple mediums of communication like text, graphics, audio, and video. Using multimedia in the classroom can facilitate learning through interactive icebreaker activities and videos or games that enhance language and culture. The advantages of multimedia include students learning more easily and quickly, and having access to entertaining and educational resources, while disadvantages are the need for reliable electricity, potential addictiveness of equipment, and health issues like visual fatigue.
advantages and disadvantages of using internetgulsheramjad
The document discusses several benefits and disadvantages of the Internet. It describes how the Internet has exceeded expectations in enabling fast global communication. It also discusses how the Internet has transformed entertainment and made research and education more convenient by providing vast online resources. However, the document also notes some disadvantages like risks to personal privacy, Internet addiction, virus attacks, and loneliness associated with excessive Internet use.
The document discusses online commerce and e-commerce. It outlines pros and cons of online shopping for both consumers and businesses. Some benefits include lower prices, convenience, and increased market reach globally. However, consumers cannot physically examine products and have slower problem resolution. Businesses have increased costs from 24/7 operations and competition lowering prices. The document asks questions about why consumers are turning to online shopping and how customers determine where to purchase items online based on factors like price, security, and recommendations.
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
This document introduces multimedia and its key elements. It defines multimedia as a combination of text, graphics, sound, animation and video delivered interactively. The 5 main elements are described as text, audio, graphics, video and animation. It also discusses linear vs non-linear multimedia, authoring tools, importance and applications of multimedia, and different types of multimedia products such as briefing, reference, database, education/training, kiosk and entertainment products.
Entrepreneurship & Commerce in IT - 09 - The internet and the world wide webSachintha Gunasena
The document discusses the evolution and key concepts of the Internet. It describes how packet switching, TCP/IP, and client-server computing enabled the Internet to develop. Packet switching allowed messages to be broken into packets and sent over multiple paths. TCP/IP provided protocols for transmitting and routing these packets. Client-server models distributed processing power across many connected computers. Together these innovations formed the basis of the Internet and World Wide Web.
The document discusses the history and technology behind the Internet and World Wide Web. It covers the origins of the ARPANET network in the 1960s, the growth of the Internet in the 1990s including the introduction of packet switching and TCP/IP protocols, and the emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s with the development of HTML. It also summarizes key Internet technologies like IP addressing, domain names, protocols like HTTP and SMTP, and markup languages including HTML, XML, and their roles in web development.
The document provides an overview of basic internet and web concepts, including:
1) It describes the evolution of the Internet from ARPANET in 1969 to becoming commercially available in 1991 and the development of the World Wide Web in the 1990s.
2) It explains the importance of web standards set by the W3C to ensure compatibility across browsers and devices.
3) It defines key internet technologies like HTTP, IP addressing, domains, and the client-server model that underlies web browsing.
This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the Internet originated as a U.S. military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and evolved to include commercial networks in the 1970s. It describes the development of early online services like BBS and Gopher in the 1980s and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991, which enabled easy sharing of information through hyperlinks. The summary concludes that the open and collaborative nature of the Internet has been key to its widespread success and ability to continually evolve new applications.
The document provides information about the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from the ARPANET network developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s for research purposes. It then explains how ARPANET evolved into the Internet over time as networking technology advanced and more computers and networks became connected. The document also outlines some of the key events and innovations that led to the widespread adoption of the Internet, such as the introduction of TCP/IP protocols and the creation of the World Wide Web.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technologies from the telegraph to the internet. Key topics covered include the layered communications model, networking fundamentals like topologies and protocols, and standard protocol architectures like OSI and TCP/IP. The document aims to explain why communications are studied and provide context around important concepts, applications, and the development of the global internet.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technologies from the telegraph to the internet. Key topics covered include data communication models, networking fundamentals like topologies and protocols, the OSI model layers, and the TCP/IP protocol stack. The purpose of studying communications is explained as well as common applications and elements that are transmitted over networks like voice, video, and data.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses why communications are studied, a brief history of communications technologies, and common communication applications. It also introduces key networking concepts like protocols, reference models, networking topologies, and the OSI and TCP/IP protocol stacks. The document concludes by discussing future directions in data transmission and additional reading materials.
This document provides an overview and introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses why communications are studied, a brief history of communications technologies, and a simplified communications model involving a source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination. It also introduces networking concepts like topologies, protocols, reference models, and standards. Key networking protocols like TCP/IP and OSI are summarized, with TCP/IP being the de facto standard used in the global Internet today.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technologies from the telegraph to the internet. It then describes common communication models including the OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP protocol stack. Key topics covered include data transmission, networking, protocols, standards, and the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. The document aims to explain why we study communications and provide context around important concepts, models, protocols and the development of the internet.
This document discusses technologies used in website applications such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP and frameworks. It also discusses common questions about the web and how the web works. The key difference between the internet and the world wide web is explained, with the internet being the underlying network and infrastructure, while the web is software and documents accessed via HTTP. A brief history of the internet and growth of the web is provided.
Networking and communication technologies have evolved greatly over time. The document discusses the history of the ARPANET, development of the Internet, and key terms like packets, IP addresses, and protocols. It also covers the growth of the World Wide Web and broadband technologies that enabled new applications. Finally, it discusses organizational networking and cloud computing models like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
This chapter discusses the history of networking and the internet. It describes how ARPANET led to the development of TCP/IP and the internet as an interconnected network. Key terms like packets, IP addresses, domains, and protocols are defined. The growth of the World Wide Web through browsers is outlined. Broadband enabled new uses of technology. Organizational networks can include intranets and extranets, while cloud computing relies on internet-based data farms and services.
Networking and communication technologies have evolved greatly over time. The document discusses the history of the ARPANET and TCP/IP protocol leading to the modern Internet. It also defines important networking terms, describes the growth of broadband enabling new uses, and how organizations can implement internal and external networks. Cloud computing provides on-demand services over the Internet.
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel, whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years. The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House, who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months (being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster).
1. The document discusses computer networks and network software. It defines what a computer network is and describes different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and the Internet.
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PPT ch02
1. Electronic Commerce
Eighth Edition
Chapter 2
Technology Infrastructure: The Internet
and the World Wide Web
2. Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The origin, growth, and current structure of the
Internet
• How packet-switched networks are combined to
form the Internet
• How Internet protocols and Internet addressing work
• The history and use of markup languages on the
Web, including SGML, HTML, and XML
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 2
3. Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
• How HTML tags and links work on the World Wide
Web
• The differences among internets, intranets, and
extranets
• Options for connecting to the Internet, including cost
and bandwidth factors
• Internet2 and the Semantic Web
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 3
4. The Internet and the World Wide Web
• Computer network
– Technology allowing people to connect computers
– Internet
• Interconnected global computer networks (large)
• Basic technology structure
– Computer networks and the Internet
– Underlies e-commerce
• World Wide Web (Web)
– Subset of Internet computers
• Contents easily accessible
– Includes easy-to-use interfaces
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 4
5. Origins of the Internet
• Early 1960s
– Defense Department nuclear attack concerns
– Used powerful computers (large mainframes)
– Used leased telephone company lines
• Single connection
– Single connection risk solution
• Communicate using multiple channels (packets)
• 1969 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
– Packet network connected four computers
• ARPANET: earliest network (became the Internet)
• Academic research use (1970s and 1980s)
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 5
6. New Uses for the Internet
• Defense Department network use was original goal
– Control weapons systems, transfer research files
• 1970s: other uses
– E-mail (1972)
– Networking technology
• Remote file transfer and computer access
– Mailing lists
• E-mail address forwards message to subscribed users
• 1979 Usenet (User’s News Network)
– Read and post articles
– Newsgroups (topic areas)
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 6
7. New Uses for the Internet (cont’d.)
• Game-playing software created
• Limited Internet use
– Research and academic communities
• 1979 – 1989
– Network applications improved and tested
– Defense Department’s networking software
• Gained wider academic and research institution use
• Common communications network benefit recognized
– Security problems recognized
• 1980s: personal computer use explosion
– Academic and research networks merged
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 7
8. Commercial Use of the Internet
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
– Provided funding
– Prohibited commercial network traffic
• Business turned to commercial e-mail providers
• Larger firms built networks (leased telephone lines)
• 1989: NSF permitted two commercial e-mail
services
– MCI Mail and CompuServe
• Commercial enterprises could send e-mail
• Research, education communities sent e-mail directly
to MCI Mail and CompuServe
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 8
9. Growth of the Internet
• 1991
– Further easing of commercial Internet activity
restrictions
• 1995: privatization of the Internet
– Operations turned over to privately owned companies
• Internet based on four network access points (NAPs)
• Network access providers
– Sell Internet access rights directly to larger customers
– Use Internet service providers (ISPs)
• Sell to smaller firms and individuals
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 9
11. Growth of the Internet (cont’d.)
• Internet hosts: directly connected computers
• Internet growth
– Technological and social accomplishment
– Used by millions of people
– Thousands of different software packages
– Billions of dollars change hands yearly
– Led to World Wide Web
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 11
12. Emergence of the World Wide Web
• Web
– Software running on Internet-connected computers
– Generates Internet traffic
• Web software: largest single traffic category
• Outpaces: e-mail, file transfers, other data transmission
traffic
– New way of thinking about information storage and
retrieval
• Web history important innovations
– Hypertext
– Graphical user interfaces
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 12
13. Emergence of the World Wide Web
(cont’d.)
• The development of hypertext
– 1945: Vannevar Bush: The Atlantic Monthly article
• Visionary ideas: future technology uses (Memex)
– 1960s: Ted Nelson described hypertext
• Page-linking system
• Douglas Engelbart: experimental hypertext system
– 1987: Nelson published Literary Machines
• Outlined project Xanadu global system
• Online hypertext publishing and commerce
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 13
14. Emergence of the World Wide Web
(cont’d.)
• The development of hypertext (cont’d.)
– 1989: Tim Berners-Lee
• Proposed hypertext development project
• Provided data-sharing functionality
• Developed hypertext server program code
– Hypertext server
• Stores Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files
• Computers connect and read files
– Web servers (today)
• Hypertext servers used on the Web
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 14
15. Emergence of the World Wide Web
(cont’d.)
• The development of hypertext (cont’d.)
– HTML
• Set of codes (tags) attached to text
• Describes relationships among text elements
– Hypertext link (hyperlink)
• Points to another location
• Same or another HTML document
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 15
16. Emergence of the World Wide Web
(cont’d.)
• Graphical interfaces for hypertext
– Web browser
• Software interface
• Users read (browse) HTML documents
• Move from one HTML document to another
• Text formatted with hypertext link tags in file
– HTML document
• No specification of text element appearance
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
• Presents program control functions, output to users
• Pictures, icons, other graphical elements
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 16
17. Emergence of the World Wide Web
(cont’d.)
• The World Wide Web
– Berners-Lee’s system of hyperlinked HTML
documents
– Quick acceptance in scientific research community
– 1993: first GUI program (Mosaic)
• Read HTML
• Used HTML hyperlinks for page-to-page navigation
• First Web browser widely available for personal
computers
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 17
18. Emergence of the World Wide Web
(cont’d.)
• The World Wide Web (cont’d.)
– Easy way to access Internet information
• Provided by functional system of pages connected by
hypertext links
• Profit-making potential
– Netscape Communications founded in 1994
• Netscape Navigator Web browser (based on Mosaic)
• Microsoft: Internet Explorer (most widely used)
• Mozilla Firefox: Netscape Navigator descendant
– Number of Web sites
• More rapid growth than the Internet itself
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 18
19. • Estimates
– More than 140 million Web sites
– More than 30 billion individual Web pages
• Commercial business Web use increasing
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 19
20. Packet-Switched Networks
• Local area network (LAN)
– Network of computers located close together
• Wide area networks (WANs)
– Networks of computers connected over greater
distances
• Circuit
– Combination of telephone lines and closed switches
that connect them to each other
• Circuit switching
– Centrally controlled, single-connection model
• Single electrical path between caller and receiver
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 20
21. Packet-Switched Networks (cont’d.)
• Circuit switching (cont’d.)
– Works well for telephone calls
– Does not work as well for:
• Sending data across large WAN, interconnected
network (Internet)
• Circuit-switched network problem
– Connected circuit failure
• Causes interrupted connection, data loss
• Solution
– Packet switching: move data between two points
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 21
22. Packet-Switched Networks (cont’d.)
• Packet-switched network
– Packets
• Small pieces labeled electronically (origin, sequence,
destination address)
• Travel along interconnected networks
• Can take different paths
• May arrive out of order
– Destination computer
• Collects packets
• Reassembles original file or e-mail message
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 22
23. Routing Packets
• Routing computers
– Decide how best to forward each packet
– Router computers, routers, gateway computers
• Gateway from LAN (WAN to the Internet)
– Border routers
• Between organization and the Internet
• Routing algorithms
– Programs on router computers
• Determine best path for packet
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 23
24. Routing Packets (cont’d.)
• Routing algorithms applied to routing table
information
• Routing tables (configuration tables)
– Contain lists of connections
– Contain rules that:
• Specify connection to use first
• Handle heavy packet traffic and network congestion
• Variety rules and standards for creating packets
– Must translate packets into standard format
• Routers perform translation function
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 24
25. • Internet backbone
– Internet routers handle packet traffic along main
connecting points (backbone routers)
• Three billion packets per second
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 25
26. Internet Protocols
• ARPANET: Network Control Protocol (NCP)
• Protocol: collection of network data rules
– Includes transmission rules
– Computers must use same protocol
• Proprietary architecture (closed architecture)
– Manufacturer creates own protocol
• Open architecture (Internet core)
– Uses common protocol
– Four key message-handling rules
– Contributed to the Internet’s success
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 26
27. TCP/IP
• Internet protocols
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Controls message, file disassembly into packets before
Internet transmission
• Controls packet reassembly into original formats at
destinations
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Specifies addressing details for each packet
• Labels packet with origination and destination
addresses
• TCP/IP refers to both protocols
– Used today (replaced ARPANET NCP)
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 27
28. IP Addressing
• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
– Used for past 20 years
• IP address
– 32-bit number identifying computers
• Base 2 (binary) number system
– Computers use for internal calculations
– Digit: 0 or a 1 (on or off condition)
• Byte (8-bit number)
– Octet (networking applications)
• Binary values: 00000000 to 11111111
• Decimal equivalents: 0 to 255
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 28
29. IP Addressing (cont’d.)
• Dotted decimal notation
– IP numbers (addresses)
• Four numbers separated by periods
• Four parts range from 0 to 255
– IP addresses range: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
• Three organizations assign IP addresses
• Whois server
– Returns IP address list owned by an organization
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 29
30. IP Addressing (cont’d.)
• High demand for IP addresses
• Subnetting
– Use reserved private IP LAN (WAN) addresses
• Provide additional address space
• Private IP addresses
– IP numbers not permitted on Internet packets
• Network Address Translation (NAT) device
– Converts private IP addresses into normal IP
addresses
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 30
31. IP Addressing (cont’d.)
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
– Replace IPv4 (future)
• Not directly compatible
– Advantages
• 128-bit number for addresses
• (228): 34 followed by 37 zeros
• Packet format change eliminates unnecessary fields
• Adds fields for security, other optional information
– Shorthand notation system for expressing addresses
(complex eight groups of 16 bits)
• Group expressed as four hexadecimal digits separated
by colons
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 31
32. Domain Names
• Dotted decimal notation difficult to remember
• Domain names
– Sets of words assigned to specific IP addresses
– Example: www.sandiego.edu
• Contains three parts separated by periods
• Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost part
• Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)
• Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
– Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
• Responsibility: managing non-sTLD
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 32
34. Web Page Request and Delivery
Protocols
• Web client computers
– Web client software (Web browser software)
• Sends Web page file requests to other computers (Web
servers)
• Web server computer
– Web server software
• Receives requests from many different Web clients
• Client/server architecture
– Combination: client computers, server computers
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 34
35. Web Page Request and Delivery
Protocols (cont’d.)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
– Internet Web page file delivery rules
• Web page request using Web browser
– Type of protocol name followed by “//:” before domain
name
– Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Combination: protocol name, domain name
• Locate resource (Web page) on another computer
(Web server)
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 35
36. Electronic Mail Protocols
• Electronic mail (e-mail)
– Formatted according to common set of rules
– Client/server structure
• E-mail server
– Computer devoted to e-mail handling
– Stores, forwards e-mail messages
• E-mail client software
– Read and send e-mail
– Communicates with e-mail server software
• Standardization and rules very important
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 36
37. Electronic Mail Protocols (cont’d.)
• Two common protocols
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Specifies mail message format
• Describes mail administration e-mail server
• Describes mail transmission on the Internet
– Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes from server
• Sends mail to user’s computer, does not delete
• Asks if new mail arrived
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 37
38. Electronic Mail Protocols (cont’d.)
• Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
– Set of rules for handling binary files
• Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
– Newer e-mail protocol
• Same basic POP functions
• Includes additional features
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 38
39. Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail
(UCE, Spam)
• Spam
– Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE)
– Bulk mail
– Electronic junk mail
• Wastes people’s time and computer disk space
• Consumes large amounts of Internet capacity
• Distracts employees
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 39
40. Markup Languages and the Web
• Text markup language
– Specifies tag set inserted into text
• Markup tags (tags)
– Formatting instructions Web client understands
• HTML
– Web markup language
• Most commonly used
– Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
subset
• Older, more complex text markup language
• Meta language: used to define other languages
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 40
41. Markup Languages and the Web
(cont’d.)
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
– Derived from SGML
– Mark up shared information
– Meta language
• Creates markup elements extending XML usefulness
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
– Maintains Web standards
• Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)
– HTML version 4.0 reformulation as XML application
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 41
43. Standard Generalized Markup
Language
• Generalized Markup Language (GML)
– Creates standard electronic document formatting
styles
• International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
– Adopted version of GML (SGML)
• System of marking up documents
• Software application independent
• Nonproprietary, platform independent
• Offers user-defined tags
• Not suited to rapid Web page development
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 43
44. Hypertext Markup Language
• Hypertext elements
– Text elements related to each other
• HTML
– Prevalent markup language to create Web documents
– W3C HTML Working Group page
• Detailed HTML versions, related topic information
• HTML extensions
– Features that work in specific Web browsers
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 44
45. Hypertext Markup Language (cont’d.)
• HTML tags
– Interpreted by Web browser
– Format text display
– Enclosed in angle brackets (<>)
• Opening tag and closing tag
– Format text between them
• Closing tag
– Preceded by slash within angle brackets (</>)
• User may customize tag interpretations
• Tags: lowercase or uppercase letters
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 45
46. Hypertext Markup Language (cont’d.)
• One-sided tags
– Require opening tag only
• Two-sided tags
– Optional closing tag
– Closing tag position very important
• Opening tag may contain one or more property
modifiers
– Further refine tag operation
• Other frequently used HTML tags
– Graphics and tables
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 46
49. Hypertext Markup Language (cont’d.)
• HTML links
– Hyperlinks form interlinked pages that form a “web”
• Linear hyperlink structure
– Read Web page in serial fashion
– Good for when customer fills out form
• Hierarchical hyperlink structure
– Introductory page (home page, start page) links to
other pages
– Leads customers from general to specific topics
• Hybrid designs combine linear and hierarchical
structures
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 49
52. Hypertext Markup Language (cont’d.)
• Scripting languages and style sheets
• HTML version released (after 1997)
– Object tag
• Embeds scripting language code on HTML pages
• Client-side scripting
– Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
• More control over displayed page format
– Style sheet
• Instructions stored in separate file
• Referenced using HTML style tag
• May be included in Web page’s HTML file
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 52
53. Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Web design tool
– Web pages contain large amounts of data, lists
• Includes data-management capabilities
– HTML cannot provide
• See Figures 2-10 and 2-11
– Illustrate HTML shortcomings in presenting lists
• XML different from HTML
– XML is not a markup language with defined tags
– XML tags do not specify text appearance on page
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56. • Figures 2-12 and 2-13
– Advantages of XML list presentation
• More effectively communicate the meaning of data
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 56
58. Extensible Markup Language (XML)
(cont’d.)
• Strength of XML
– Allows users to define their own tags (weakness as
well)
• Solution to user tag definitions
– Common XML tags standards
• Data-type definitions (DTDs) or XML schemas
– 2001: W3C released set of rules for XML documents
• XML files not intended to display in browser
– Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
• Contains formatting instructions
– XML parsers: format XML file for device screen
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 58
60. HTML and XML Editors
• HTML document creation
– General-purpose text editor or word processor
– Special-purpose HTML editors
• Freeware, shareware, commercial
– Web site design tools
• Create and manage complete Web sites
• Upload entire site from PC to Web server
• Example: Adobe Dreamweaver
• XML files
– Created with text editor or programs
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 60
61. Intranets and Extranets
• internets (small “i”)
– Interconnected networks
– Do not extend beyond organizational boundaries
• Intranet
– Interconnected network (or internet)
• Uses TCP/IP protocol set
• Does not extend beyond creating organization
• Extranet
– Intranet extended
• Includes specific entities outside organization
boundaries
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62. Intranets
• Distribute internal corporate information
– Low-cost, efficient
• Client/server model-based
– Requests work same way as on the Internet
• Web browsers, Internet-based protocols used
• Reduces software maintenance, update costs
– Employees’ computer workstations
• Script used to update workstations automatically
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 62
63. Extranets
• Connects company with suppliers, business
partners, other authorized users
– Database access, files, other information
• Set up through the Internet or separate network
• Some extranets start as intranets
– Select Internet users’ data access
– Example: FedEx package-tracking software
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 63
64. Public and Private Networks
• Public network
– Public availability
• Private network
– Private, leased-line connection
– Physically connects intranets to one another
• Leased line
– Permanent telephone connection between two points
– Advantage: security
– Drawback: costs
• Scaling problem: adding companies
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 64
65. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Extranet using public networks and protocols
– Sends sensitive data
– Uses IP tunneling (encapsulation) system
• Private passageway through public Internet
• Secure transmission: one computer to another
– Encapsulation
– Process of creating virtual passageway VPN software
• Encrypts packet content, places inside another packet
• IP wrapper: outer packet
– VPN software installed on both computers
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66. • Leased lines not required
• Infrastructure required outside company’s intranet
• Extranets sometimes confused with VPNs
– VPN is an extranet
– Extranet not necessarily a VPN
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67. Internet Connection Options
• Internet
– Set of interconnected networks
• Organizations connect computers using a network
• Internet access providers (IAPs) or ISPs
– Provide Internet access to:
• Individuals, businesses, other organizations
– Offer several connection options
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68. Connectivity Overview
• Common connection options
– Voice-grade telephone lines, various types of
broadband connections, leased lines, wireless
• Distinguishing factor
– Bandwidth
• Amount of data traveling through communication line
per unit of time
• Net bandwidth
– Actual speed information travels
• Symmetric connections
– Provide same bandwidth in both directions
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 68
69. Connectivity Overview (cont’d.)
• Asymmetric connections
– Provide different bandwidths for each direction
• Upstream bandwidth (upload bandwidth)
– Amount of information from user to the Internet in a
given amount of time
• Downstream bandwidth (download, downlink
bandwidth)
– Amount of information from the Internet to user in a
given amount of time
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 69
70. Voice-Grade Telephone Connections
• Local telephone service provider
– Most common way for an individual to connect to ISP
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
– Uses existing telephone lines, analog modem
• Bandwidth between 28 and 56 Kbps
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) protocol
– Higher grade
– Use DSL modem
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
– First technology developed using DSL protocol suite
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71. Broadband Connections
• Connection speeds greater than 200 Kbps
– Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
• DSL protocol providing broadband range service
– High-speed DSL (HDSL)
• More than 768 Kbps symmetric bandwidth
– Cable modems
• Transmission speeds: 300 Kbps to 1 Mbps
• Connection bandwidths vary
• Subscribers compete for shared resource
– DSL: Private line with no competing traffic
• Rural connection option issues
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72. Leased-Line Connections
• More expensive technologies
– Classified by equivalent number of telephone lines
included
• DS0 (digital signal zero)
– Carries one digital signal (56 Kbps)
• T1 line (DS1)
– Carries 24 DS0 lines (1.544 Mbps)
• Fractional T1
– 128 Kbps and upward in 128-Kbps increments
• T3 (DS3): 44.736 Mbps
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73. Leased-Line Connections (cont’d.)
• NAPs and Internet backbone use:
– Frame relay
– Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
– Optical fiber (instead of copper wire)
• Bandwidth determined by fiber-optic cable class
• OC3 (optical carrier 3): 156 Mbps
• OC12: 622 Mbps
• OC48: 2.5 Gbps
• OC192: 10 Gbps
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74. Wireless Connections
• Satellite sent microwave transmissions
– Download speeds (500 Kbps)
– Upload handled by POTS modem connection
• Today, companies use microwave transmitter (150
Kbps)
– Costs, accuracy improving
– POTS modem upload connection not required
• Wireless devices
– 34 percent of Internet users use wireless devices
Electronic Commerce, Eighth Edition 74
75. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
• Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB)
• Bluetooth design for use over short distances
– Low-bandwidth technology (722 Kbps)
– Personal area networks (PANs) or piconets
• Small Bluetooth networks
– Advantage: consumes very little power
• Ultra Wideband (UWB)
– 480 Mbps
– Connections over short distances (30 to 100 feet)
– Future personal area networking applications
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76. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
• Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi)
– Wi-Fi (wireless Ethernet, 802.11b)
– Wireless access point (WAP)
• Transmits packets between Wi-Fi-equipped computers
and other devices within range
– 802.11b (11 Mbps): range of about 300 feet
– 802.11a (54 Mbps): not 802.11b compatible
– 802.11g (54 Mbps): 802.11b compatible
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77. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
• Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) (cont’d.)
– 802.11n: “Draft-N” (300 to 450 Mbps range)
• Small office home office (SOHO) market
• Finalized specification: 2009 or 2010
– Roaming
• Shifting from one WAP to another
• No user intervention
– Hot spots
• WAPs open to public
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78. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
• Fixed-point wireless
– System of repeaters
• Forward radio signal from ISP to customers
– Repeaters
• Transmitter-receiver devices (transceivers)
– Uses mesh routing
• Directly transmits Wi-Fi packets through short-range
transceivers (hundreds or thousands)
• Located close to each other
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79. Wireless Connections (cont’d.)
• Cellular telephone networks
– Broadcast signals to (receive signals from) antennas
• Three miles apart in grid
– Original design
• Voice communications
– Third-generation (3G) cell phones
• Combine latest technologies available today
– Short message service (SMS) protocol
• Send and receive short text messages
– Cell phones may include tiny Web browsers
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81. Internet2 and the Semantic Web
• Internet2
– Replacement for original ARPANET laboratory
– Experimental networking technologies test bed
– High end of the bandwidth spectrum (10 GB)
– Universities, medical schools, CERN
– Focus
• Mainly technology development
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82. Internet2 and the Semantic Web
(cont’d.)
• Semantic Web project (next-generation Web)
– Focus
• Blending technologies and information
– Uses software agents (intelligent programs)
• Read XML tags
• Determine meaning of words in their contexts
– Resource description framework (RDF)
• Set of XML syntax standards
– Development of Semantic Web will take many years
• Start with ontologies for specific subjects
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83. Summary
• In this chapter, you were introduced to:
– History of the Internet and Web
– Hardware and software technology
• Make electronic commerce possible
– How the Internet and World Wide Web work
– Technologies supporting the Internet, the Web,
electronic commerce
• Protocols, programs, languages, architectures
• TCP/IP
• HTML, SGML, XML
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84. Summary (cont’d.)
– Networking technologies
• Internets, intranets, and extranets
– Types of Internet connections
– Internet2
– Semantic Web project
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