Modue 1 part 1 of computer networks for your university examsvish21ainds
A computer network (CN) is a group of devices that share resources over a network, with each device represented as a network node. The devices communicate with each other using standard protocols to send or receive data.
Computers on a network can be linked through cables, radio waves, telephone lines, infrared light beams, or satellites. The network can also include other devices that help in communication, known as network devices.
Here are some types of computer networks:
PAN (Personal Area Network): The smallest and simplest type of network
LAN (Local Area Network): The most frequently used network, connecting computers within a limited area, such as a single office or building
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A type of network
WAN (Wide Area Network): An enterprise network spanning cities, buildings, and even countries
Wireless networking is about creating and managing wireless connections, commonly used in Wi-Fi. This involves setting up Wi-Fi routers, securing them with passwords, and allowing devices to connect to a network without using physical cables.
Modue 1 part 1 of computer networks for your university examsvish21ainds
A computer network (CN) is a group of devices that share resources over a network, with each device represented as a network node. The devices communicate with each other using standard protocols to send or receive data.
Computers on a network can be linked through cables, radio waves, telephone lines, infrared light beams, or satellites. The network can also include other devices that help in communication, known as network devices.
Here are some types of computer networks:
PAN (Personal Area Network): The smallest and simplest type of network
LAN (Local Area Network): The most frequently used network, connecting computers within a limited area, such as a single office or building
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A type of network
WAN (Wide Area Network): An enterprise network spanning cities, buildings, and even countries
Wireless networking is about creating and managing wireless connections, commonly used in Wi-Fi. This involves setting up Wi-Fi routers, securing them with passwords, and allowing devices to connect to a network without using physical cables.
This presentation is all about the internet basics we need to know before making a website or some other internet related works . This will help you to have a clear idea on What Is Internet.
Thank you
feel free to ask any queries in comment box
Entrepreneurship & Commerce in IT - 09 - The internet and the world wide webSachintha Gunasena
This series in about the Entrepreneurial and E-Commerce opportunities and how to harness the power of Information Technology to improve or revolutionize business.
This session discusses about:
the evolution of internet, key technology concepts of the internet, packet switching, TCP/IP, IP address, domain names and urls.
This presentation is all about the internet basics we need to know before making a website or some other internet related works . This will help you to have a clear idea on What Is Internet.
Thank you
feel free to ask any queries in comment box
Entrepreneurship & Commerce in IT - 09 - The internet and the world wide webSachintha Gunasena
This series in about the Entrepreneurial and E-Commerce opportunities and how to harness the power of Information Technology to improve or revolutionize business.
This session discusses about:
the evolution of internet, key technology concepts of the internet, packet switching, TCP/IP, IP address, domain names and urls.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
5. A Brief History about
Communications
• 1837- Samuel Morse invented the telegraph.
Coding is done with the Morse code
• 1876- Alex. Graham Bell invented the telephone.
Voice is converted into electrical energy and
transmitted over a wire.
• 1945- ENIAC was invented as the first electronic
computer
• 1980s-Personal Computers become a new way of
computing
• 1990s-came the emergence of the Internet and
World Wide Web applications
6. What are transmitted via
Communication Media?
• Voice – encoded signals
• Video – encoded images
• Data – character streams
7. Communication Applications
• Voice – telephone, FAX, Video
Conferencing, Cellular phones, etc.
• Video & Audio – television, VCR, DVD,
etc.
• Data – LAN, WAN, Internet, etc.
8. Networking
• Networking—computers communicate with
each other via networks.
• Computer network—a communication
system for connecting computers using a
single transmission technology.
10. Network Topology
• Bus topology
• Star topology
• Ring topology
• Fully connected topology
• Combined topology
11. Protocols
• Definition – all parties involved in a
communication must agree in a set of rules to be
used when exchanging messages. Thus, the set of
rules which both the sender and the receiver all
comply with is called protocol.
• A protocol specifies the message format,
meanings, and the procedures is known as a
communication protocol.
• A communication application doesn’t
communicate with the communication hardware
directly.
12. Key Elements of a Protocol
• Syntax
– Data formats
– Signal levels
• Semantics
– Control information
– Error handling
• Timing
– Speed matching
– Sequencing
13. Why Protocols?
• Used for communications between entities in a
system
• Must speak the same language
• Entities
– User applications
– e-mail facilities
– terminals
• Systems
– Computer
– Terminal
– Remote sensor
14. Communication Reference
Models
• In summary, we need a communication reference
model to describe the relationship between various
software and hardware.
• A reference model describes the layering
relationship of software and hardware involved in
the communication.
• A layered protocol performs specific functions and
communicates with the layers directly above and
below it.
15. Communication Reference
Models
• The purpose of layering the protocol is to separate
specific functions and to make their
implementation transparent to other components.
• Advantage of layered approach: independent
design and testing of each communication
software component
• Disadvantage: overly layering can affect
performance negatively.
16. A Communications Model
• Source
– generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data
17. Protocol Architecture
• Task of communication broken up into
modules
• For example file transfer could use three
modules
– File transfer application
– Communication service module
– Network access module
18. Protocol Data Units (PDU)
• At each layer, protocols are used to communicate
• Control information is added to user data at each
layer
• Transport layer may fragment user data
• Each fragment has a transport header added
– Destination SAP
– Sequence number
– Error detection code
• This gives a transport protocol data unit
19. Standards
• Required to allow for interoperability between
equipment
• Advantages
– Ensures a large market for equipment and software
– Allows products from different vendors to
communicate
• Disadvantages
– Freeze technology
– May be multiple standards for the same thing
20. Categories of Protocols
• Proprietary system– designed and developed for
supporting the communications of machines
manufactured by a specific vender
• System Network Architecture (SNA) was designed and
developed for connecting IBM main frame computers
and peripherals (workstations, printers, tape drives, etc.)
• NetBEUI – Microsoft’s protocol for simple Windows
networks
• IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange and
Sequenced Packet exchange) – support Novell NetWare
products
21. Categories of Protocols
• Open systems– publicly proposed and evaluated
protocols for supporting the internetworking of
heterogeneous machine
• Open System Interconnect (OSI) was developed by ISO
• TCP/IP was designed by IETF (Internet Engineering
Task Force), another volunteer organization for the
engineering issues of the Internet.
22. OSI Model
• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
• Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Seven layers
• A theoretical system delivered too late!
• TCP/IP is the de facto standard
26. Physical Layer
• Corresponds to basic hardware.
• Example: NIC, modem, cable
• Topics include transmission media, data
encoding, modulation/demodulation,
multiplexing, switching(layer 1)-- circuit
switching.
27. Data Link Layer
• Specifies how to organize data into frames
and how to transmit frames over a network.
• Detail topics include the format of a data
frame, i.e., framing, error
detection/correction, frame level error
recovery.
28. Network Layer
• Specifies how to assign addresses and how
to forward packets to its destination.
• Detail topics include fragmentation,
assembly, routing, flow control.
29. Transport Layer
• The basic function of the transport layer is
to accept data from the session layer, split it
up into smaller units, if needed, pass them
to the network layer, and ensure that the
pieces all arrive correctly at the other end.
• The transport layer also determines the type
of services, connection-oriented or
connectionless.
• Congestion control
30. Session Layer
• Allows users on different machines to
establish sessions between them.
• Major functions include managing dialog.
• Session layer determines whether traffic
can only go in one direction or both
directions at the same time.
32. Application Layer
• Controls the interface with users.
• Application, presentation, session layers are
usually implemented together instead of
using laying architecture.
33. TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
• Developed by the US Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched
network (ARPANET)
• Used by the global Internet
• No official model but a working one.
– Application layer
– Transport layer: host-to-host (application to application)
– Internet layer: network routing and congestion control
– Network access layer: access transmission medium
– Physical layer
35. The Internet
• Explosive growth –
– starts out as a research project of a few dozen nodes.
Now, it spans 82 countries and has millions of nodes.
– It has been growing exponentially since its inception.
• Used in all Venues-
– Government
– Education
– Private companies
36. History of the Internet
• Late 60s—the U.S. government realizes the
importance of allowing their research and
development sites to electronically “talk” to each
other. The government-funded Advanced Research
Projects Agency(DARPA) created ARPANET in
1969.
• Mid 1970’s – ARPA began to work on connecting
computers in all associated agencies. The early
Internet had emerged.
37. History of the Internet(cont’d)
• Mid 1980’ – the Internet split into
ARPANET and MILNET.
• 1986 – NSFNET began to work; the
National Science Foundation funded a new
wide area network that connected all of its
supercomputing centers.
• 1996 – Telecommunications Reform Act.
38. Who run the Internet?
• No one person, group or organization owns. The
backbone of it is funded by the National Science
Foundation in the U.S.
• In addition, there is an Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) and Internet Advisory Board (IAB)
who help to set standards (TCP/IP) for those who
wish to connect to, and use, the Internet.
• The IAB makes its standard available via
documents called RFC (Request for Comment).
39. What is TCP/IP?
• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol and is actually a set of
standards that describe how data is to be
transferred between computers.
• TCP/IP is the common tongue that all computers
must speak to communicate via Internet.
• There are implementations for UNIX, Windows,
Macintosh, and just about any computer operating
systems you can think of.
• TCP/IP is implemented as part of an Operating
System.
40. Other Names of the Internet
• ARPANET : the U.S. Department of
Defense Advanced Research Projects
(ARPA)
• The TCP/IP Internet
• The (Global) Internet
41. Physical Layer
• Physical interface between data
transmission device (e.g. computer) and
transmission medium or network
• Characteristics of transmission medium
• Signal levels
• Data rates
• etc.
42. Network Access Layer
• Exchange of data between end system and
network
• Destination address provision
• Invoking services like priority
43. Internet Layer (IP)
• Systems may be attached to different
networks
• Routing functions across multiple networks
• Implemented in end systems and routers
47. Plethora of Terminology:where
do they come from?
• Hardware – switches, nodes, boxes, bridges,
routers, gateways, etc.
• Software – protocol, seven protocol layers,
protocol stack, protocol suite, etc.
• Market – computer venders “invent” new term to
make a mint.
• Politics – “the Information Highway”.
• Computer research community – objected-oriented
technology, CORBA(Common Object Request
Broker Architecture), Java, JavaScript, Dynamic
Java, Java 2, etc.
48. What’s Next? – Data
Transmission
• Two issues—
– Medium
– Form of energy
• READING ASSIGNMENT:
– Chapter 1 (ignoring some details)
49. Extra Reading Material
• Stallings, W. Data and Computer Communications
(6th edition), Prentice Hall 1999 chapter 1
• Web site for Stallings book
– www.shore.net/~ws/DCC6e.html
• Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO
• Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)
• Usenet News groups
– comp.dcom.*
– comp.protocols.tcp-ip