4. 1
The political Ideology is defined “as a set of opinions underpinned by doctrines,
values, and perceived moral truths that guide behavior towards a specific social
order” (Johnson & Roberto, 2018).
Political ideologies are powerful such that they shape the structure of a society,
institutions and the ways of doing things. These ideologies are comprised of beliefs
and value systems that give rise to political processes; they also constitute ideas
about change and its desired future.
In your previous lesson, you have learned the concept, relationship and
importance of politics, governance and government.
This learning material will provide you with information and activities that will
aid you to distinguish the different basic tenets of the major political ideologies.
After going through this learning material, you are expected to:
Differentiate the political ideologies (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-6)
Target
5. 2
Activity 1: Let’s find it!
Direction: Find and circle 10 key words that are related to Political ideologies.
The words may be hidden in any directions.
I S A D F R E Y H L K I O F I O
L D U Y J H M N H L H H F A H F
I O E P P J M M S I L A I C O S
B A P O L I T I C S I P H I I J
E A S S L S I O P M H H C S Y G
R A A D A O D F G M S M I M N O
A V S S O N G I X M S I I V T V
L X Z S I O A Y E I B B X E R E
I X I D T A B R N S A D I R E R
S I K D I H S I C A A V U N A N
M O F C V R M R E H I O P M E M
P C O N S E R V A T I S M E W E
I S X O F D T T V T E S R N D N
U T R V E S X V W A E E M T S T
A S D A F G H J T Y U N M B V A
KEY WORDS
1. ANARCHISM 6. IDEOLOGIES
2. CONSERVATISM 7.LIBERALISM
3. FASCISM 8. MARXISM
4. FEMINISM 9. POLITICS
5. GOVERNMENT 10. SOCIALISM
For a more thorough understanding of the topic, you have to perform the
activities ahead. Enjoy the exercises.
Jumpstart
6. 3
An ideology is more or less a coherent set of ideas that direct or organize a
specific political action. It consist of belief and value systems, a discussion of
existing power relationships, an exploration of how political change is achieved in
line with these power relations and an illustration of a desired future (Heywood
2013).
MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND THEIR KEY TENETS (Heywood 2013)
1. ANARCHISM
Political authority in all its form, and especially in the form of the state, is
both evil and unnecessary (anarchy literally means ‘without rule’).
The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive authority of the state is seen as a
nothing less than legalized oppression operating in the interests of the
powerful, propertied, and privileged.
Anarchist prefers a stateless society. Individuals can best manage their own
affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation.
2. CONSERVATISM
Tradition must be conserve. These traditions include established customs,
institutions, and ways of doing things that have endured through time.
The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a belief,
pragmatism emphasizes that the action should be shaped by practical
circumstances and goals.
Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on the
individual. Accordingly, individuals are morally corrupt and are therefore the
sources of crime and disorder. Order could thus be achieved through a
strong state.
Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living entity,
more than being an artifact of human ingenuity. This belief is known as
organicism.
Conservatives also believe that social position and status are only natural.
With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable.
Authority must be exercised from above. Leadership is provided to guide and
support those who lack knowledge and education and those who have little
capacity to act for their own interest.
Conservatives look at property as significant because it is the individual’s
source of security and independence from the government.
Discover
7. 4
3. FACISM
Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to the idea of a supreme
race, whose members should enjoy the natural resources. It is by nature
exclusive as it excludes nonmembers of the race.
Manifested during Mussolini’s facist dictatorship in Italy and Hitler’s
dictatorship in Germany.
Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism, and war.
The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and self-sacrifice;
and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme leader is a fascist ideal.
Fascists believe in a unified national community of strength through unity.
As such, individual identity is not as important as that of the social group or
community.
4. FEMINISM
A diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to enhance the social role of
women.
Society is characterized by sexual or gender equality.
The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the belief in gender
equality.
Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism and radical
feminism.
5. LIBERALISM
Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the human individual
compared to any other group.
Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom when
he or she is able to act as he or she pleases.
Reason can lead individuals to make wise judgments, which could solve
issues or differences.
Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral terms.
Equal rights and entitlements are at its core. It must be noted , however,
that liberals do not endorse social equality or equality of outcome,
Tolerance is willingness of individuals to allow others to think and behave in
ways they do not approve. It is a guarantee of individual liberty.
Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement and
consent.
6. SOCIALISM
Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the individual is
connected with others. Identify is therefore a product of social interaction
more than innate qualities.
Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity Socialist
thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and collectivity rather than
individualism.
8. 5
Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of income
or wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social cleavage, which
divides societies. The interests of the working class and the oppressed
should be upheld. With this, eradicating economic and social inequalities is
deemed as the primary goal of socialism.
Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private
property, common ownership is a means to harness material resources for
the common good.
Activity 1: The weight of thinking
Direction: Complete the chart below to compare and contrast the different major
political ideologies.
Political
Ideologies
Similarities Differences
1.Conservatism
and Liberalism
2. Fascism and
Socialism
3. Anarchism and
Feminism
Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen
the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.
Explore
9. 6
Assessment Rubric for a Comparison and Contrast
Category 5 4 3 2 1
Concept
Arrangement
Each
section of
the chart
contains
four facts
easily
identified
Each section
of the chart
contains
three facts
easily
identified
Each
section of
the chart
contains
two facts
that are
somewhat
identified.
Each
section of
the chart
contains
very few
facts that
are not
easily
identified
Each
section of
the chart
contains
facts that
are not
related at
all.
Content
Reflects
factual
information
that
corresponds
with
appropriate
section of
chart.
Most of the
information
is factual
and
seemingly
corresponds
with
appropriate
section of
chart.
Reflects
some
factual
informatio
n and
attempts
to put it in
correspond
ing section
of chart
Reflects
very little
factual
informatio
n and
attempts
to put it in
the
appropriat
e section of
chart.
Contains
non-factual
information
that does
not
correspond
to the
appropriate
section of
chart.
Text
Easy to
read,
legible. No
misspellings
.
Most text is
easy to read.
Fewer than
four
misspellings.
Some text
is easy to
read. There
are five
misspelled
words.
Text is not
easy to
read.
Excessive
misspelling
s more
than five
errors.
Not legible.
Excessive
errors.
Presentation
of output
Clean, neat
and well
organized.
Fairly neat
and clean.
Some
organization
A little bit
clean.
Needs
some more
organizatio
n.
Not well
organized.
A little
cluttered.
Messy and
unorganize
d. Not well
put
together.
10. 7
Activity 2: KataQuote!
Directions: Read the statement carefully and briefly explain your understanding of
the quotation below.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Rubric for Statements response
Category 4 3 2 1
Reasoning Fully logical
reasoning.
Logical
reasoning.
Reasoning has
some flaws or
limitations.
Reasoning is
flawed or weak
Quality of
support
Support is
strong,
applicable and
effective.
Support is
adequate,
although may
be somewhat
vague or
tangential.
Support is
barely
adequate or
perhaps
insufficient.
Little or no
support for
argument.
Presentation
Argument is
presented in
strong, yet
approachable
way.
Persuasive but
not at all
offensive.
Argument is
presented in
reasonable
way. May be
lacking in
respect for
other point of
view.
Argument
presented
offensively or
shallowly.
Argument is
either highly
offensive or
given little or no
thought.
Writing
No syntax or
grammar
errors detract
from writing.
Few syntax or
grammar
errors.
Enough errors
that they
detract from
the argument.
Unacceptable
number of errors
that cause
distraction.
11. 8
Activity 1: Hear Me Out!
Direction: Complete the table below by giving and explaining your ideas on how
characteristics of the different Political Ideologies become positive or negative to
every society at present.
POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
1. ANARCHISM
2.CONSERVATISM
3.FASCISM
4. FEMINISM
5. LIBERALISM
6. SOCIALISM
Great job! You have understood the lesson. Here is a more depth activity
that will help you understand the works and functions of social scientist and
applied social science practitioner.
Deepen
12. 9
Scoring Rubric
POINTS REQUIREMENTS
5 Provides insightful and detailed explanation/opinion that includes or
extend ideas from the text.
4 Provides some explanation/opinion that includes or extend ideas
from the text.
3 Uses text incorrectly with limited success and includes an
inconsistent or confusing explanation.
2 Demonstrates minimal understanding of the task and provides an
unclear or no use of text for support.
1 Response Is completely irrelevant or off – topic
Activity 1. Read, Analyze and Select!
Directions: Read and understand each item carefully then write the letter of the
best answer in the space before the number.
___1. Which one refers to a movement that advocates or demands for women the
same rights granted men, such as equal economic and political status?
A. Anarchism C. Feminism
B. Conservatism D. Liberalism
___2. Which among the following is a basic element of Conservatism?
A. Equality C. Impatience
B. Hierarchy D. Individualism
___3. Which one refers to a theory or system of social organization that advocates
the vesting of ownership and control of the means of production and
distribution of capital, land in the community as a whole and everybody is
equal?
A. Anarchism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
___4. This political ideology embraces the ideas of totalitarian democracy, holding
that a genuine democracy is an absolute dictatorship as the leader
monopolizes ideological wisdom and is alone able to articulate the true
interests of the people.
A. Anarchism C. Fascism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
___5. Which of the following characteristics best represents Conservatism?
Gauge
13. 10
A. Focused on conserving something
B. Ensuring the safety and fairness of everyone
C. A belief in the value of social and political change to achieve progress
D. A way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator
___6. Anarchism is said to be the most chaotic of all political ideologies. Why is
regarded as such?
A. Because the government was controlled by dictator
B. Because people do not care for each other thus ruining the society
C. If there is no government or state intervention, we are bound of war and
conflicts
D. None of the above
___7. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT about Conservatism?
A. It’s suspicion of change
B. It fears government power
C. It supports the society’s traditional values
D. It supports the traditional institutions of its society
___8. Which of the following slogans best captures the Fascism or Fascist ideology?
A “From each according to his ability; to each according to his need”
B. “Over himself, over his own mind and body, the individual is sovereign”
C. “Don’t limit a child to your own learning, for he was born in another time”
D. “Nothing outside the state; nothing against the state; everything for the
state”
___9. Adonis believes that it is the duty of the government to ensure that every
person’s right to live, right to own property and right to enjoy freedom within
the bounds of the law. This makes Adonis an advocate of which ideology?
A. Anarchism C. Feminism
B. Conservatism D. Liberalism
___10. Which of the following statement is most likely associate with Socialist
political ideology?
A. Military intervention is more effective than diplomacy
B. A free-market economy is the solution for economic struggles
C. Healthcare will be provided to all citizens by the government regardless of
their income
D. Public education is no longer be operated by the government but by
private education companies
Activity 2. Make It Essay!
Direction: Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having or promoting a certain
ideology?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which among the different Political Ideologies best fit in the Philippines and
Why?
16. 13
References
Printed Materials:
Pawilen, R.A. & Pawilen, Reidan M. (2017). Philippine Politics and Governance.
Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Villanueva, Prince Aian G. (2017 ). Philippine Politics and Governance. Makati City,
Philippines: Diwa Learning System Inc.
Heywood, A. (2017). Political Ideologies an Introduction. In Political Ideologies an
Introduction (6th ed.).London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Heywood, A.( 2013) Political Ideologies an introduction. New York, USA: Palgrave
Macmillan
Website:
https://www.macmillanihe.com/companion/Heywood-Political-
Ideologies/resources/Web-links/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies#:~:text=In%20social%20s
tudies%2C%20a%20political,for%20a%20certain%20social%20order.
https://www.hillsroad.ac.uk/docs/default-source/summer-word-2020/politics-
ideologies.pdf?sfvrsn=2
