Reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction including physical, emotional, behavioral, and social factors. A reproductively healthy society has physically and functionally normal reproductive organs as well as normal emotional and behavioral interactions among individuals regarding sex. Reproductive and child health programs aim to create awareness about reproduction and provide support for building healthy societies. Introducing sex education in schools can provide accurate information to youth and discourage myths, while educating all groups on issues like family planning and maternal/child care can address building socially healthy communities.

1. Reproductive health
 Total well being in all aspects of
reproduction i.e physical,
emotional, behavioral & social is
called reproductive health
 A society with people having
physically & functionally normal
reproductive organs normal
emotional& behavioral
interactions among them in all
sex related aspects is said to be
reproductively healthy society

2. Reproductive & child health care (RCH)
 THE MAJOR TASKS UNDER THIS PROGRAMMES ARE
 1. Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects
 2. providing facilities & support for building up reproductively healthy society

3. Steps taken by the government Creating awareness
among people about various reproduction related
aspects
 1.Introduction of the sex education
in the schools is encouraged to
provide right information to the
young so as to discourage myths
& misconceptions about sex
related aspects
 2.proper information about
reproductive organs ,adolescence
& related changes safe & hygienic
sexual practices ,STD,AIDS would
help the people especially those in
the adolescent age groupto lead a
reproductively healthy life

4. introduction of sex education in schools is necessary. It would
provide right information to young individuals at the right time
about various aspects of reproductive health such as reproductive
organs, puberty, and adolescence related changes, safe sexual
practices, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
The young individual or adolescents are more susceptible in
acquiring various sexually transmitted diseases.
Hence, providing information to them at the right time would help
them to lead a reproductively healthy life and also protect them
from the myths and misconceptions about various sex related
issues.

5.  3. Educating people especially
fertile couple & those in
marriageable age group about
birth control options , care of
pregnant mothers, post- natal care
of mother & child ,importance of
mother feeding , equal
opportunities for the male
&female child would address the
importance of bringing up socially
healthy societies of desirable size

6. Awareness of problems due
to uncontrolled population
growth, social evils like sex
abuse ,sex related crimes
need to be created to
enable the people to take
up necessary steps to
prevent them& there by
build up a socially
responsible& healthy
society

7. Factors which indicate the reproductively
healthy society
 1. Better awareness about sex
related matters
 2. Increased number of medically
assisted deliveries
 3. Better post natal care leading to
decreased maternal & infant
mortality rates
 4.Increased number of couples
with small families
 5. Better detection & cure of STD
 6. Overall increased medical
facilities for all sex related
problems

8. Population explosion
 World population was 2 billions in 1900
 It was increased to 6 billions by 2000
 Indian population was 350 millions at the time of our independence
 It crossed one billion in may 2000
 Every sixth person in the world is an Indian

9. Reasons for population explosion
 1. A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate
 2. Increase in number of people in reproducible age

10. Measures taken by the government to
check the population growth rate
 1. Motivating the people to have smaller families by using various contraceptive
methods
 2. Raising the marriagble age of the females to 18 years & males to 21 years
 3. Giving incentives to the couples with small families

11. IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE
 1) User friendly
 2) Easily available
 3) Effective
 4) Reversible with no or less side effects
 5) It should not interfere with the sexual desire or sexual act of the user

12. Contraceptive methods
 1) Natural methods
 2)Barrier methods
 3)IUDs
 4)Oral pills
 5) Injections & implants
 6)Surgical methods

13. NATURAL METHODS
There are three natural methods
 1) PERIODIC ABSTINANCE
 2) WITHDRAWL( OR ) COITUS INTERRUPTUS
 3)LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding
chances of ovum & sperms meeting
As no medicines or devices are used in this method ,
side effects are almost nil
Chances of failure through these methods are also
high

14. 1. Periodic abstinance
In this method couple avoid or abstain from coitus
from 10th to 17th day of the menstrual cycle when
ovulation could be expected
As chances of fertilization are high during this period,
it is called the fertile period
 Therefore by avoiding the coitus during this period
conception can be prevented

15. 2.WITHDRAWL( OR ) COITUS
INTERRUPTUS
In this method male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before
ejaculation to avoid the insemination

16. 3) LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
 It is the absence of the menstruation
This method is based on the fact that ovulation &
menstrual cycle do not occur during period of the
intense lactation following parturition
As long as the mother breast feeds the child fully, the
chances of conception are nil
This method is effective only for 6 months following
parturition

17. BARRIER METHODS
 1) CONDOMS
 2) DIAPHRAGMS,CERVICAL CAPS&VAULTS

18. Barrier methods
 In barrier methods ovum & sperm are prevented physically meeting with the help
of the barriers
 These methods are available for both males & females

19. Condoms
 These are the barriers made of thin rubber latex sheath that are used to cover the
penis in males or vagina & cervix in females just before coitus
 Due to this ejaculated semen will not enter into the female reproductive tract
 This can prevent conception

21. FEMALE CONDOM

22. Benefits of condoms
The use of condoms in recent years has increased
due to their additional benefits
1. They protect the user from contracting STDs &
AIDS
2. Both male & female condoms are disposable
3. They can be self inserted & there by gives privacy
to the user
Nirodh is the popular brand of condom for the male

23. .
DIAPHRAGMS
Diaphragms ,cervical
caps , vaults are also
barriers made of
rubber that are inserted
into the female
reproductive tract to
cover the cervix during
the coitus
They prevent the
conception by blocking
the entry of the sperms
through the cervix
They are reusable

25. SPERMICIDECREAMS,JELLIES, FOAMS
Spermicidal creams
, jellies, foams are
used along with
condoms ,
diaphragms , vaults
to increase the
contraceptive
efficiency

26. IUD

27. INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES

28. INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVES
 IUDs are ideal contraceptive devices for the females who want to
delay pregnancy or space children
 This is one of the most widely accepted contraceptive device in India
 These are of three types
 1. Non medicated IUD(Lippes loop)
 2. Copper releasing IUD( CuT, Cu7,multiload 375)
 3.Hormone realeasing IUD (progestasert,LNG-20)
 Function of IUD
IUDs increase the phagocytosis of the
sperms within the uterus

29. LIPPES LOOP

30. COPPER T (CuT)
Function of copper
releasing IUD
1. Phagocytosis of the
sperms
2.Copper ions suppress
the sperm motility& the
fertilizing capacity of the
sperms

31. PROGESTASERT
1.Phagocytosis of the
sperms
2.HORMONE
RELEASING IUD
MAKES THE UTERUS
UNSUITABLE FOR
THE IMPLANTATION
3.Makes cervix
hostile to the
sperms.

32. LNG -20(HORMONE RELEASING IUD

33. This is the oral
administration of the
small doses of either
progestogens or
progestogen-
estrogen
combinations
They are used in the
form of tablets that’s
why they are said to
be oral pills

34. How to use pills
 They have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days
 After a gap of 7 days ( during which menstruation occurs ) it has to be repeated in
the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception
 Pills are very effective with less side effects
 Pills are used by the females

35. Pills as contraceptive methods
 1. They inhibit ovulation , implantation
 2.They alter the quality of the cervical mucus to prevent & retard the entry of the
sperms

36. Saheli
 It is a new oral contraceptive pill for the females contains a non steroidal
preparation
 It is a once a week pill with very few side effects & high contraceptive value

37. BIRTH CONTROL METHODS

38. Injections & implants
 Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used by
females as injections or implants under the skin
 Their mode of action is similar to the pills & their effective periods are longer

39. IMPLANTS

40. HOW TO USE IMPLANTS
The Norplant system requires just one trip to the
doctor every 5 years—
and nothing else! There's no
daily pill to remember and nothing to fuss with
before sex. The only major drawback to the
system is the insertion procedure. Because the 6
levonorgestrel-filled capsules that make up the
system must be placed under the skin, you can
expect tenderness and swelling of your upper
inner arm for a couple of days while the insertion
site heals.

41. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES
 Progestogens alone or Progestogen-estrogen combination or IUD within 24 hours
of coitus are very effective as emergency contraceptives to avoid possible
pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse

42. SURGICAL METHODS
 TUBECTOMY
 VASECTOMY

43. Surgical methods
Surgical methods, also called sterilisation, are
generally advised for the male/female partner
as a terminal method to prevent any more
pregnancies.
Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport
and thereby prevent conception. Sterilisation
procedure in the male is called ‘vasectomy’
and that in the female, ‘tubectomy’.
 These techniques are highly effective but
their reversibility is very poor

44. Tubectomy
In tubectomy, a small part of the
fallopian tube is removed or tied
up through a small incision in
the abdomen or through vagina.

45. Vasectomy
 In vasectomy, a small part of the
vas deferens is removed or tied
up through a small incision on
the scrotum

46. VASECTOMY

47. It needs to be emphasised that the selection of a suitable
contraceptive method and its use should always be
undertaken in consultation with qualified medical
professionals.
One must also remember that contraceptives are not
regular requirements for the maintenance of
reproductive health.
In fact, they are practiced against a natural reproductive
event, i.e., conception/pregnancy. One is forced to use
these methods either to prevent pregnancy or to delay or
space pregnancy due to personal reasons.

48. Ill effects of contraceptives
Contraceptives are not regular requirements for the
maintenance of reproductive health
They are practiced against the natural reproductive event
They cause ill effects
1. Nausea
2. Abdominal pain
3. Break through bleeding
4. Irregular menstrual bleeding
5. Breast cancer

51. Identical twins

52. Identical twins

53. Non identical twins

54. Non identical twins

55. Identical
twins
Non identical
twins

57. MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Intentional or voluntary termination
of pregnancy before full term is
called MTP or induced abortion

58.  Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which
accounts to 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year.
Obviously, MTP has a significant role in decreasing the population though it is not
meant for that purpose.

59. CAUSES FOR MTP
 1) Casual or unprotected intercourse
 2) Failure of contraceptive device used during coitus
 3)MTP is essential in certain cases where continuation of pregnancy could be
harmful or fatal either to the mother or fetus or both

60.  Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its
misuse. Such restrictions are all the more important to check indiscriminate and
illegal female foeticides which are reported to be high in India

61. SAFER PERIOD FOR MTP
During first trimester i.e. up to
12 weeks of pregnancy MPTS
are considered safe
 second trimester abortions
are much more riskier

62. Amniocentesis
 Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure
used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and
also used for sex determination in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which
contains fetal tissues is sampled

63. STEPS IN AMNIOCENTESIS

66. AMNIOCENTESIS

72. klinefelter syndrome

73. MISUSE OF AMNIOCENTESIS
If the fetus is found to be female ,it
is followed by MTP. This is totally
against to what is legal

74. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
 1)GONORRHOEA
 2) SYPHILIS
 3)GENITAL HERPES
 4) CHLAMYDIASIS
 5) GENITAL WARTS
 6) TRICHOMONIASIS
 7)HEPATITES-B
 8) AIDS

75. MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF STD
 Sexual contact
 AIDS &Hepatitis B spread also by
 1) By sharing of injection needles
 2)Surgical instruments
 3)Transfusion of blood
 4)From infected mother to fetus

76. EARLY SYMPTOMS OF STD
 SYMPTOMS APPEAR IN GENITAL REGION
 1) Itching
 2) Fluid discharge
 3) Slight pain
 4) Swelling

77. Preventive measures of STD
 1) Avoid sex with unknown persons /multiple persons
 2) Always use condoms during coitus
 3) In case of doubt ,go to qualified doctor for early detection & get
complete treatment if diagnosed with diseases

78.  If STDs are not treated for long time ,they lead to
1) Pelvic inflammatory diseases
2) Abortions
3) Still births
4) Ectopic pregnancies
6) Infertility

80. Factors which deter the persons for going
for timely detection & proper treatment
 1. Absence or less significant symptoms in the early stages of the infection
 2. Social stigma attached to the STD

81. ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Assisted reproductive technologies
are used for the couple when their
infertility problems are not rectified

82. CAUSES FOR INFERTILITY
 1)Physical
 2)Congenital
 3)Diseases
 4)Drugs
 5)Immunological or physiological

83. ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
 Test tube programme
 Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
 Intra cytoplasmic sperm injections( ICSI)
 Artificial inseminations

84. TEST TUBE BABY PROGRAMME

 It involves 2 steps
 1. in vitro fertilization
 2. Embryo transfer

87. In vitro fertilization
The ovum from the mother
and the sperm from the
father are collected
They are allowed to fuse to
form the zygote under
stimulated conditions in
the laboratory. This is
called in vitro fertilization

88. Embryo transfer
 In vitro fertilization is followed by
the embryo transfer into the
uterus or fallopian tube
 The zygote is allowed to form
embryo
 The zygote or early embryoes with
8 blastomers will be transferred
into the fallopian tube . This is
called ZIFT( Zygote intra fallopiasn
transfer)
 The zygote or early embryoes with
more than 8 blastomers will be
transferred into the uterus . This is
called IUT ( Intra uterine transfer)

89. Zygote intra fallopian transfer
Embryo with 8
blastomeres
Embryo with 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube

90. Embryo has more
than 8 blastomeres
Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is introduced into the uterus

91. In this the sperm is directly introduced
into the ovum

92. INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM
INJECTION

94. Gamete intrafallopian transfer
Injection of the egg
Transfer of an ovum collected from a
donor into the fallopian tube is called
Gamete intra fallopian transfer

95. In this technique the semen collected either from the
husband or healthy donor is artificially introduced
either into the vagina or into the uterus of the female

97. ARTEFICIAL INSEMINATION
 This is used
 1) when male partner has the inability to inseminate the female
 2) Very low sperm count In the male ejaculate