Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two individuals to create offspring. It is the dominant life cycle for eukaryotes like animals and plants. The genetic material is contained in specialized sex cells called gametes, which are sperm in males and eggs in females. Fertilization occurs when the gametes join, forming a zygote with half the DNA from each parent. Sexual reproduction can involve internal or external fertilization and results in offspring that share traits with both parents but are not identical to either.

1. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

2. INTRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction is the process in which new organisms
are created, by combining the genetic information from two
individual of different sexes.
 Sexual reproduction is by far the most common life cycle
in eukaryotes, for example animals and plants.
 The genetic information is carried on chromosomes within
the nucleus of specialized sex cells called gametes.

3. • In males, these gametes are
called sperm
• In females the gametes are
called eggs.

4. FERTILIZATION
• During sexual reproduction the
two gametes join together in a
fusion process known
as fertilization, to create a zygote,
which is the precursor to
an embryo offspring, taking half of
its DNA from each of its parents.

5. • In humans, a zygote contains 46 chromosomes: 23
from its mother and 23 from its father. The
combination of these chromosomes produces an
offspring that is similar to both its mother and father
but is not identical to either.

6. TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Internal Fertilization
• Internal fertilization is the fertilization of the egg
by the sperm within the body of one of the
parents. Internal fertilization usually takes place
within the female body, after the male implants
sperm.
• The next step in internal fertilization depends on
the species. Some creatures, such as birds,
insects and reptiles, then lay an egg containing
the cells, which are undergoing mitosis. After a
period of time (incubation) a fully formed
individual will hatch from the egg.

7. • However there are exceptionally
rare examples, such as
seahorses (Sygnathidae), where
the female implants her eggs
into the male and the zygote is
formed within the male’s body.

8. • offspring of koalas and
kangaroos are removed from
inside the mother’s body after
a short gestation period and
complete their development
within an external pouch on
the front of the mother’s body.

9. EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
• External fertilization occurs
when a sperm cell and an
egg cell join outside of the
body. Most amphibians
and fish and many
invertebrates use external
fertilization, producing
anything from hundreds to
billions of gametes at a
time

10. AUTOGAMY
• Autogamy, also known as self-fertilization or self-pollination, is the
fusion of male and female gametes, which are produced by a single
individual. Species which are able to produce both male and female
gametes are called hermaphrodites.
• Most plants, micro-organism and earthworms reproduce by autogamy.

11. ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• It creates genetic diversity within a species.
• There is a natural level of disease resistance throughout the species.
• Genetic variation can lead to evolutionary advancements.
• It can encourage the growth of brain cells.
• It improves health

12. THANK YOU