Potential medicines being studied for treating COVID-19 include monoclonal antibodies like Actemra, Kevzara, and Meplazumab which may help reduce lung inflammation. Antivirals under investigation include remdesivir, favipiravir, camostat mesylate and interferons. Other candidates include the immunosuppressants baricitinib and rintatolimod, and antibiotics like azithromycin, mefloquine hydrochloride and teicoplanin which may prevent viral entrance into cells. Povidone-iodine gargles are also being explored as a preventative measure. However, no medicine has yet been proven to prevent or cure COVID-19.
The document summarizes research on herbs that can act as immune boosters against COVID-19. It discusses several herbs in detail, including their active components and mechanisms of action. Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica, and Zingiber officinale are highlighted as herbs with anti-viral properties that can boost immunity. For each herb, the document outlines the chemical constituents demonstrated to inhibit COVID-19 proteins and support immune function.
This document discusses the COVID-19 outbreak from its origins to current status and future prospects. It outlines the timeline of key events from the initial cases in Wuhan, China to the present. Statistics on the global and Indian magnitude of cases and effects on various industries are presented. The virus, SARS-CoV-2, its transmission and symptoms are described. Management approaches including infection prevention, clinical treatment and vaccine development are summarized. Challenges going forward include strategies for continued prevention measures, vaccine duration, economic impacts, and healthcare system preparedness.
- The document discusses three drugs - hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, and azithromycin - that have shown potential therapeutic effects against COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are thought to act by increasing pH within cells, while ivermectin may inhibit import of viral proteins.
- However, more in vivo clinical studies are still needed to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of these drugs individually and in combination for treating and preventing COVID-19. Precautions around dosage will also be important given past issues with hydroxychloroquine poisoning.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has provided opportunities to advance scientific understanding while posing ongoing challenges to global health. Over decades of research, knowledge of HIV and AIDS has grown, yet millions remain affected and more work is needed on prevention and treatment. Priorities include increasing access to testing, treatment, and support worldwide while continuing vaccine research and efforts to eliminate HIV transmission.
Quinine for covid 19 a case presentation for low and middle income economiesBisi Bright
LiveWell Initiative LW, a self funded nonprofit social enterprise which thrives on innovation. (www.livewellng.org) has recommended the use of repurposed Quinine for Moderate to Severe COVID-19 by compiling three (3) sets of STUDY PROTOCOLS in response to the COVID-19 RESPONSE with a goal to arriving at a practical and affordable solution to the pandemic. The Protocols underwent debates and Hypothesis testing among Physicians, Researchers and Virologitsts. They are still undergoing random Physician – Patient Trials at the discretion of Prescribing Clinicians and Clinical Researchers, they are as recommended in a compilation of recent findings by LiveWell Initiative LWI on COVID-19. LiveWell Initiative LWI, a nonprofit organisation, takes no liability for damage from the use of the above suggested STUDY PROTOCOLS FOR COVID-19 RESPONSE. It is a Study Protocol designed to ‘evolve’ as a Solution to COVID-19 Response.
The Protocols strongly suggest the use of Quinine for COVID-19 Treatment in moderate to advanced disease, recommending intravenous infusion of Quinine for critical care in COVID-19. The sample size is small and further studies are recommended but the result is significant. The preliminary results were positive, and posted online even as the concurrent study continues.
In conclusion, Quinine is impactful with positive outcomes for severe or advanced COVID-19 especially after the Cytokine Storm, with 5-7 days total recovery after the onset of the cytokine storm.Due to small preliminary sample size with 100% positive outcome, a full study shoud be commissioned to establish and quantify the impact of Quinine on thousands in a population. This will help to prevent further morbidity in COVID-19 and the cytokine storm will be greatly overcome.
The document summarizes research on herbs that can act as immune boosters against COVID-19. It discusses several herbs in detail, including their active components and mechanisms of action. Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica, and Zingiber officinale are highlighted as herbs with anti-viral properties that can boost immunity. For each herb, the document outlines the chemical constituents demonstrated to inhibit COVID-19 proteins and support immune function.
This document discusses the COVID-19 outbreak from its origins to current status and future prospects. It outlines the timeline of key events from the initial cases in Wuhan, China to the present. Statistics on the global and Indian magnitude of cases and effects on various industries are presented. The virus, SARS-CoV-2, its transmission and symptoms are described. Management approaches including infection prevention, clinical treatment and vaccine development are summarized. Challenges going forward include strategies for continued prevention measures, vaccine duration, economic impacts, and healthcare system preparedness.
- The document discusses three drugs - hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, and azithromycin - that have shown potential therapeutic effects against COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are thought to act by increasing pH within cells, while ivermectin may inhibit import of viral proteins.
- However, more in vivo clinical studies are still needed to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of these drugs individually and in combination for treating and preventing COVID-19. Precautions around dosage will also be important given past issues with hydroxychloroquine poisoning.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has provided opportunities to advance scientific understanding while posing ongoing challenges to global health. Over decades of research, knowledge of HIV and AIDS has grown, yet millions remain affected and more work is needed on prevention and treatment. Priorities include increasing access to testing, treatment, and support worldwide while continuing vaccine research and efforts to eliminate HIV transmission.
Quinine for covid 19 a case presentation for low and middle income economiesBisi Bright
LiveWell Initiative LW, a self funded nonprofit social enterprise which thrives on innovation. (www.livewellng.org) has recommended the use of repurposed Quinine for Moderate to Severe COVID-19 by compiling three (3) sets of STUDY PROTOCOLS in response to the COVID-19 RESPONSE with a goal to arriving at a practical and affordable solution to the pandemic. The Protocols underwent debates and Hypothesis testing among Physicians, Researchers and Virologitsts. They are still undergoing random Physician – Patient Trials at the discretion of Prescribing Clinicians and Clinical Researchers, they are as recommended in a compilation of recent findings by LiveWell Initiative LWI on COVID-19. LiveWell Initiative LWI, a nonprofit organisation, takes no liability for damage from the use of the above suggested STUDY PROTOCOLS FOR COVID-19 RESPONSE. It is a Study Protocol designed to ‘evolve’ as a Solution to COVID-19 Response.
The Protocols strongly suggest the use of Quinine for COVID-19 Treatment in moderate to advanced disease, recommending intravenous infusion of Quinine for critical care in COVID-19. The sample size is small and further studies are recommended but the result is significant. The preliminary results were positive, and posted online even as the concurrent study continues.
In conclusion, Quinine is impactful with positive outcomes for severe or advanced COVID-19 especially after the Cytokine Storm, with 5-7 days total recovery after the onset of the cytokine storm.Due to small preliminary sample size with 100% positive outcome, a full study shoud be commissioned to establish and quantify the impact of Quinine on thousands in a population. This will help to prevent further morbidity in COVID-19 and the cytokine storm will be greatly overcome.
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory illnesses and are transmitted between humans and other mammals. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and caused a global pandemic. Approved COVID vaccines work by introducing genetic material that teaches the immune system to recognize and fight the virus. Common side effects are short-term and mean the immune system is responding as intended. Histopathological examination of COVID-19 patient lungs typically shows diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, and inflammation. Additional organ involvement can occur, such as acute kidney injury seen on renal histopathology.
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 and discusses its history, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment. It began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Symptoms include fever, dry cough and tiredness. The virus is transmitted between people via respiratory droplets. Diagnosis is via RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms; several drugs and vaccines are under investigation but none have been proven effective yet. The document outlines India's response to the pandemic and ongoing research efforts to better understand and combat the disease.
COVID-19 (An International Trauma): A Brief Analysis on Research Trends, Impa...AnuragSingh1049
Corona virus disease (COVID-19); have been established as an epidemic of the century. COVID-19, a pandemic is spreading its web throughout the world affecting everyone resulting into mass destruction of populations causing human suffering, creating panic, disturbing everyone economically and stressing all kind of development of entire mankind. COVID-19 is a deadly disease that is supposed to be fatal in 4% of cases. In Severe cases this disease produces enormous respiratory harm like pneumonia, gastrointestinal disorders, weakened immune systems, kidney failure or even death. The pathology of COVID-19 is just similar to SARS and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) corona virus infection. There are no drugs or vaccines for corona viruses yet, including COVID-19. According to WHO Corona virus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation is persisting with 421,792 confirmed cases and 18,883 confirmed deaths till 23 March 2020. Till now, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. Though, there are multiple of clinical trials, evaluations that may result into potential treatments are ongoing.
This document provides information about COVID-19, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, structure, pathophysiology, transmission, symptoms, testing, treatment research, and vaccine research. It defines COVID-19 as a respiratory illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. It discusses the outbreak originating in Wuhan, China and the global spread of the disease. It also summarizes the virus's structure and life cycle within the body.
This document summarizes a symposium on COVID-19 vaccination. It provides an overview of COVID-19, statistics on cases and deaths globally and in India/Punjab. It discusses high-risk groups, signs and symptoms, vaccine development stages and approved vaccines. It also covers variants of concern, how vaccination works, reasons some may still get infected after vaccination due to factors like the Peltzman effect causing riskier behavior believing they are protected.
Role of Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine in COVID 19(SARS-Cornovirus)Bharat Bhushan chawla
This document discusses potential drug treatments for COVID-19, including ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. Regarding ivermectin, an in vitro study found that a single dose could kill COVID-19 within 48 hours. Hydroxychloroquine has shown anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro and has a better safety profile than chloroquine. A small clinical trial found that hydroxychloroquine treatment was associated with reduced viral loads in COVID-19 patients, and that adding azithromycin further improved virus elimination. While preliminary, these studies suggest ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin may warrant further research
This document provides information about the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that was first detected in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It discusses the virus's origins, symptoms, transmission, incubation period, treatment and prevention. Key points include that the virus causes respiratory illness and in rare cases can be lethal, has an incubation period of 2-14 days, spreads through respiratory droplets, and treatment involves supportive care while a vaccine is not yet available. The summary provides high-level essential details about the virus in a concise manner.
Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug with anti-viral properties that may help treat COVID-19. It has been shown to reduce SARS-CoV-2 virus replication in cell cultures. Ivermectin's mechanism of action involves inhibiting importin α/β-mediated nuclear transport of viral proteins. When combined with hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin and HCQ may have synergistic effects by blocking viral entry and replication. While ivermectin shows promise based on in vitro studies, its clinical efficacy for treating COVID-19 is still unpredictable as clinical trials are still needed given SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus.
An overview of coronaviruses. Lecture for University Biomedical Students. Using historical knowledge of coronaviruses to better understand the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
The document discusses COVID-19 vaccines. It provides information on the types of vaccines currently in development including mRNA vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and vector vaccines. It also discusses three vaccines currently in advanced stages of development - AZD1222, mRNA-1273, and BNT162b2. Common questions about the vaccines are addressed such as their effectiveness, potential side effects, and ability to prevent transmission.
Awareness Talk on Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19 by Shambaditya Goswami, NIMS Un...Shambaditya Goswami
The document provides an awareness talk on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). It begins with an introduction that defines COVID-19 and discusses the current global pandemic. It then covers the current status of COVID-19 worldwide and in India, showing decreasing daily new case numbers. It also discusses treatment prospects, including several vaccines in clinical trials in India and evidence that remdesivir may shorten recovery time. General awareness topics like hand hygiene techniques and social distancing are also covered.
The document discusses COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is transmitted through aerosols and causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to severe pneumonia. There is no specific treatment, so prevention is key. Prevention strategies include hand washing, social distancing, proper mask wearing, and vaccination. The vaccines available are Covaxin and Covishield, which are effective against severe disease but do not prevent infection. Special scenarios for vaccination in pregnant women, lactating mothers, and those who had COVID-19 are outlined. Stress management tips during the pandemic are also provided.
SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 protease, and this process can be blocked by clinically proven protease inhibitors. The study aimed to understand SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and how it can be prevented. Results showed that protease inhibitors approved for other conditions inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro, suggesting potential treatments.
Cytokine release syndrome and Cytokine storm in COVID- 19 by Dr. Sonam Agga...Dr. Sonam Aggarwal
Cytokine storm syndrome is one of the most important cause of mortality in severe COVID-19 cases. It can be treated if diagnosed in time and life of a patient can be saved.
1. Genome of corona viruses
2. Comparative analysis of emergence and spreading
3. Entry Mechanism
4. COVID-19 Case Study
5. Face mask Case Study
6. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease
7. BCG vaccine
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the definition, causes, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each type of viral hepatitis. Key points include that hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis in humans. They differ in their transmission routes, clinical presentations, risk of chronic infection and availability of treatment. Vaccination is an effective way to prevent hepatitis A and B infection.
This document discusses various types of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. It categorizes them based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and organisms they target. Some common antibiotics discussed include penicillin, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole. Their mechanisms of action, resistance, uses, and adverse effects are described. The document provides a detailed overview of classification and properties of different antimicrobial drugs.
The document summarizes information about pharmaceutical vaccine preparation for COVID-19 in India. It discusses the different types of vaccines including inactivated, viral vector, and mRNA vaccines. It provides details on two vaccines being produced in India - Covaxin, an inactivated vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech, and Covishield, a viral vector vaccine manufactured by the Serum Institute of India under license from AstraZeneca. It also discusses the companies involved in vaccine development and production in India, as well as measures taken to ensure aseptic manufacturing conditions and the costs of the Covaxin and Covishield vaccines.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including their development, clinical trials, efficacy, safety considerations, and side effects. Some key points:
- The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines were the first mRNA vaccines approved for emergency use. Clinical trials found them to be over 94% effective with common side effects being pain, swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue.
- mRNA vaccines work by providing genetic instructions for cells to make the spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus, training the immune system without exposing the body to the live virus.
- Reported safety data found most side effects to be mild-to-moderate and resolve
This document provides information on COVID-19 including what it is, its epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and prevention. It describes COVID-19 as a novel coronavirus that is transmitted between people and causes respiratory illness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves PCR testing of respiratory samples. Current recommendations for prevention include hand washing, social distancing, and self-isolation when sick.
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory illnesses and are transmitted between humans and other mammals. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and caused a global pandemic. Approved COVID vaccines work by introducing genetic material that teaches the immune system to recognize and fight the virus. Common side effects are short-term and mean the immune system is responding as intended. Histopathological examination of COVID-19 patient lungs typically shows diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, and inflammation. Additional organ involvement can occur, such as acute kidney injury seen on renal histopathology.
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 and discusses its history, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment. It began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Symptoms include fever, dry cough and tiredness. The virus is transmitted between people via respiratory droplets. Diagnosis is via RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms; several drugs and vaccines are under investigation but none have been proven effective yet. The document outlines India's response to the pandemic and ongoing research efforts to better understand and combat the disease.
COVID-19 (An International Trauma): A Brief Analysis on Research Trends, Impa...AnuragSingh1049
Corona virus disease (COVID-19); have been established as an epidemic of the century. COVID-19, a pandemic is spreading its web throughout the world affecting everyone resulting into mass destruction of populations causing human suffering, creating panic, disturbing everyone economically and stressing all kind of development of entire mankind. COVID-19 is a deadly disease that is supposed to be fatal in 4% of cases. In Severe cases this disease produces enormous respiratory harm like pneumonia, gastrointestinal disorders, weakened immune systems, kidney failure or even death. The pathology of COVID-19 is just similar to SARS and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) corona virus infection. There are no drugs or vaccines for corona viruses yet, including COVID-19. According to WHO Corona virus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation is persisting with 421,792 confirmed cases and 18,883 confirmed deaths till 23 March 2020. Till now, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. Though, there are multiple of clinical trials, evaluations that may result into potential treatments are ongoing.
This document provides information about COVID-19, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, structure, pathophysiology, transmission, symptoms, testing, treatment research, and vaccine research. It defines COVID-19 as a respiratory illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. It discusses the outbreak originating in Wuhan, China and the global spread of the disease. It also summarizes the virus's structure and life cycle within the body.
This document summarizes a symposium on COVID-19 vaccination. It provides an overview of COVID-19, statistics on cases and deaths globally and in India/Punjab. It discusses high-risk groups, signs and symptoms, vaccine development stages and approved vaccines. It also covers variants of concern, how vaccination works, reasons some may still get infected after vaccination due to factors like the Peltzman effect causing riskier behavior believing they are protected.
Role of Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine in COVID 19(SARS-Cornovirus)Bharat Bhushan chawla
This document discusses potential drug treatments for COVID-19, including ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. Regarding ivermectin, an in vitro study found that a single dose could kill COVID-19 within 48 hours. Hydroxychloroquine has shown anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro and has a better safety profile than chloroquine. A small clinical trial found that hydroxychloroquine treatment was associated with reduced viral loads in COVID-19 patients, and that adding azithromycin further improved virus elimination. While preliminary, these studies suggest ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin may warrant further research
This document provides information about the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that was first detected in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It discusses the virus's origins, symptoms, transmission, incubation period, treatment and prevention. Key points include that the virus causes respiratory illness and in rare cases can be lethal, has an incubation period of 2-14 days, spreads through respiratory droplets, and treatment involves supportive care while a vaccine is not yet available. The summary provides high-level essential details about the virus in a concise manner.
Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug with anti-viral properties that may help treat COVID-19. It has been shown to reduce SARS-CoV-2 virus replication in cell cultures. Ivermectin's mechanism of action involves inhibiting importin α/β-mediated nuclear transport of viral proteins. When combined with hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin and HCQ may have synergistic effects by blocking viral entry and replication. While ivermectin shows promise based on in vitro studies, its clinical efficacy for treating COVID-19 is still unpredictable as clinical trials are still needed given SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus.
An overview of coronaviruses. Lecture for University Biomedical Students. Using historical knowledge of coronaviruses to better understand the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
The document discusses COVID-19 vaccines. It provides information on the types of vaccines currently in development including mRNA vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and vector vaccines. It also discusses three vaccines currently in advanced stages of development - AZD1222, mRNA-1273, and BNT162b2. Common questions about the vaccines are addressed such as their effectiveness, potential side effects, and ability to prevent transmission.
Awareness Talk on Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19 by Shambaditya Goswami, NIMS Un...Shambaditya Goswami
The document provides an awareness talk on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). It begins with an introduction that defines COVID-19 and discusses the current global pandemic. It then covers the current status of COVID-19 worldwide and in India, showing decreasing daily new case numbers. It also discusses treatment prospects, including several vaccines in clinical trials in India and evidence that remdesivir may shorten recovery time. General awareness topics like hand hygiene techniques and social distancing are also covered.
The document discusses COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is transmitted through aerosols and causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to severe pneumonia. There is no specific treatment, so prevention is key. Prevention strategies include hand washing, social distancing, proper mask wearing, and vaccination. The vaccines available are Covaxin and Covishield, which are effective against severe disease but do not prevent infection. Special scenarios for vaccination in pregnant women, lactating mothers, and those who had COVID-19 are outlined. Stress management tips during the pandemic are also provided.
SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 protease, and this process can be blocked by clinically proven protease inhibitors. The study aimed to understand SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and how it can be prevented. Results showed that protease inhibitors approved for other conditions inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro, suggesting potential treatments.
Cytokine release syndrome and Cytokine storm in COVID- 19 by Dr. Sonam Agga...Dr. Sonam Aggarwal
Cytokine storm syndrome is one of the most important cause of mortality in severe COVID-19 cases. It can be treated if diagnosed in time and life of a patient can be saved.
1. Genome of corona viruses
2. Comparative analysis of emergence and spreading
3. Entry Mechanism
4. COVID-19 Case Study
5. Face mask Case Study
6. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease
7. BCG vaccine
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the definition, causes, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each type of viral hepatitis. Key points include that hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis in humans. They differ in their transmission routes, clinical presentations, risk of chronic infection and availability of treatment. Vaccination is an effective way to prevent hepatitis A and B infection.
This document discusses various types of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. It categorizes them based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and organisms they target. Some common antibiotics discussed include penicillin, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole. Their mechanisms of action, resistance, uses, and adverse effects are described. The document provides a detailed overview of classification and properties of different antimicrobial drugs.
The document summarizes information about pharmaceutical vaccine preparation for COVID-19 in India. It discusses the different types of vaccines including inactivated, viral vector, and mRNA vaccines. It provides details on two vaccines being produced in India - Covaxin, an inactivated vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech, and Covishield, a viral vector vaccine manufactured by the Serum Institute of India under license from AstraZeneca. It also discusses the companies involved in vaccine development and production in India, as well as measures taken to ensure aseptic manufacturing conditions and the costs of the Covaxin and Covishield vaccines.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including their development, clinical trials, efficacy, safety considerations, and side effects. Some key points:
- The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines were the first mRNA vaccines approved for emergency use. Clinical trials found them to be over 94% effective with common side effects being pain, swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue.
- mRNA vaccines work by providing genetic instructions for cells to make the spike protein found on the COVID-19 virus, training the immune system without exposing the body to the live virus.
- Reported safety data found most side effects to be mild-to-moderate and resolve
This document provides information on COVID-19 including what it is, its epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and prevention. It describes COVID-19 as a novel coronavirus that is transmitted between people and causes respiratory illness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves PCR testing of respiratory samples. Current recommendations for prevention include hand washing, social distancing, and self-isolation when sick.
The document summarizes the origin, transmission, clinical features, and treatment of COVID-19. It notes that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats and transmitted to humans, using the ACE2 receptor. While less virulent than SARS or MERS, it has spread rapidly globally. Those at highest risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions. Current treatment focuses on supportive care along with antiviral drugs such as remdesivir and chloroquine.
The document discusses Sars-Cov-2 and Covid-19. It provides statistics on cases globally and in India. It describes the virus, including that it is a coronavirus similar to SARS. It discusses WHO declaring Covid-19 a public health emergency. It outlines symptoms, high risk groups, diagnosis methods, clinical management including drugs like hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir, and steps to take if experiencing symptoms.
This document discusses the status of various antiviral agents for treating COVID-19. It describes drugs such as lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, and remdesivir, which have been tested for treating COVID-19. Clinical trials have shown that lopinavir-ritonavir does not provide benefits beyond standard care. Favipiravir may help reduce viral shedding time but results are mixed. Remdesivir received FDA approval for treating COVID-19 based on preliminary studies showing improved outcomes, but the WHO recommends against its use due to insufficient evidence. Newer antiviral drugs are still undergoing clinical trials to determine their efficacy for COVID-19 treatment.
This document discusses the status of various antiviral agents for treating COVID-19, including lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, and remdesivir. Lopinavir-ritonavir clinical trials did not show benefits for COVID-19 treatment. Favipiravir results were mixed, with some studies showing faster viral clearance but no benefit in others. Remdesivir received FDA approval for COVID-19 treatment based on clinical trials showing faster recovery, but the WHO conditionally recommends against its use due to insufficient evidence of improved survival. Many potential COVID-19 treatments remain under clinical investigation.
Learning objectives:
This presentation is for learning purposes and all the material which is included in the presentation is taken from well-recognized websites.
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
Explain what COVID-19 is and be aware of the pandemic.
Understand the policy behind the COVID-19 vaccination programme.
Describe how vaccines work and how they are developed and trialled.
Identify the groups who are at high risk for COVID infection and who should be prioritized to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
Describe the process of consent and how this applies when giving vaccines.
Understand the legal mechanisms by which immunizers can supply and administer COVID-19 vaccine.
Describe the key principles of how to correctly store, prepare and administer COVID-19 vaccines.
Communicate key facts in response to questions from patients and direct them to additional sources of information.
This document provides a brief review of contemporary studies on SARS-CoV-2. It discusses the viral classification of SARS-CoV-2 and notes it was first reported in Wuhan, China in 2019. Research has shown SARS-CoV-2 spreads through the air making it more rapidly transmissible between humans. The document also summarizes that the steroid dexamethasone was the first drug shown to reduce deaths from COVID-19 according to a UK clinical trial. Additionally, the humanized monoclonal antibody itolizumab was approved for treating cytokine release syndrome in India. Masks are discussed as providing a critical barrier in reducing transmission when properly fitted by lowering viral concentrations exhaled by asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals.
Everything we need to know about COVID-19PrincessExtra
These slides is uploaded for information and as a partial requirement of Philippine Women's University in Master of Nursing (MAN); Subject: Nursing Practicum
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a catastrophic impact on human
health.1 They cause the severe acute respiratory syndrome, leading to a significant
increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide.2 In addition to ample vaccine
availability for mitigating COVID-19, there is an urgency for an effective, easily
compatible antiviral drug. Although antivirals like Ramdesivir and Favipiravir was
tried in the early pandemic, yet it failed to exhibit the expected potency.2,3
Basics of Molnupiravir:
It is an isopropyl ester prodrug initially developed by Emory inventory. Later the
same was acquired by Merck and Ridgeback partnership.4 So far, the antivirals
terminated the elongation of RNA-chain by targeting the viral polymerase, which was
not a promising treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. They also had a limitation in
their administration. Whereas molnupiravir, the so-called magic pill, is an exceptional
drug with a unique error catastrophic mechanism that advances in increasing the rate
of mutation in the viral genome, outweighing the
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets. It reviews the in vitro activity and clinical experiences of repurposed drugs including chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and umifenovir. It also discusses investigational agents such as remdesivir. Over 300 clinical trials are evaluating potential COVID-19 treatments but currently no therapies have proven effective based on randomized clinical trial data.
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets, including viral entry proteins and immune pathways. Several repurposed drugs are discussed, including chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine which may inhibit viral entry and immune responses. Over 300 clinical trials are investigating potential COVID-19 treatments but currently no therapies have proven effective. The most promising is remdesivir, which has strong antiviral activity but requires further clinical trial evaluation.
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets. Currently, there are no proven effective therapies but remdesivir shows promise based on in vitro activity. Over 300 clinical trials are investigating potential treatments including repurposed drugs like chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir. The review summarizes the mechanisms and pharmacology of select proposed treatments and provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials.
The document discusses various types of vaccine candidates being developed for COVID-19, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles, and nucleic acid vaccines. Inactivated vaccines containing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have shown promise in animal models by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Live attenuated vaccines with gene deletions have also induced immune responses while reducing pathogenicity. Subunit vaccines using the spike protein or conserved epitopes could provide broad immunity. DNA and viral vector vaccines encoding spike or nucleocapsid have similarly generated antibody and T cell responses in animal studies. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of vaccines that stimulate both antibody and T cell immunity to provide long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV
Developing Therapeutic Strategies & Current Knowledge on Drugs For Treatment ...LaraV1
This document discusses developing therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. It outlines three main approaches: targeting the virus's binding to host cells, targeting viral replication inside cells, and repurposing approved drugs. Several drugs are discussed, including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. While no consensus treatment has been found, repurposed drugs have shown promise. Continued research efforts provide hope that an effective treatment can be developed to combat this pandemic.
1) The document summarizes the present status of the COVID-19 pandemic, including epidemiology showing over 100,000 cases worldwide and transmission primarily occurring via contact with infected surfaces or people.
2) Clinical management includes home care for mild cases with monitoring, hospitalization for severe cases, supportive care, collection of specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tract for testing, and treatment of hypoxemic respiratory failure.
3) Experimental treatments discussed include the antiviral drugs lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, and chloroquine, as well as traditional Chinese medicines, though effective treatments have not yet been verified. Prevention is emphasized as the best approach currently.
Repositioning chloroquine as an ideal antiviral prophylaxis against COVID-19...authors boards
The document proposes repositioning the drug chloroquine as a prophylactic against COVID-19. It reviews chloroquine's antiviral mechanisms and efficacy against related coronaviruses in laboratory and clinical studies. Based on chloroquine's pharmacokinetic profile and established safety record, the document recommends two prophylactic dose regimens: 1) 250-500mg daily for pre-exposure prophylaxis and 2) 8mg/kg/day for 3 days for post-exposure prophylaxis. It urges further research and consideration of these regimens to help contain the COVID-19 pandemic.
Role of Corticosteroid in the Management of Covid 19pharmacypawan
This pandemic has given us so many opportunities to rethink the ideas for use of corticosteroids . one of the major help that has been achieved through the corticosteroid is the increase the efficiency of treatment.
This document reports on a clinical and computational study investigating the potential of Thymus capitatus extract as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients. Sixty COVID-19 patients were divided into two groups, with one group receiving Thymus capitatus extract in addition to other treatments. Molecular docking was also performed to analyze interactions between compounds in Thymus capitatus and SARS-CoV-2 protease enzyme and spike glycoprotein targets. The results identified some compounds in Thymus capitatus with favorable docking scores against these viral protein targets. The study provides preliminary evidence that Thymus capitatus extract may help treat COVID-19 symptoms and warrants further clinical investigation.
Clinical and In-Silico Study of COVID-19 Patients Using Thymus Capitatus Extr...suppubs1pubs1
This document reports on a clinical and computational study investigating the potential of Thymus capitatus extract as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients. Sixty COVID-19 patients were divided into two groups, with one group receiving Thymus capitatus extract in addition to other treatments. Molecular docking was also performed to analyze interactions between compounds in Thymus capitatus and SARS-CoV-2 protease enzyme and spike glycoprotein targets. The results identified several compounds from Thymus capitatus with favorable docking scores against these viral protein targets. The study provides preliminary evidence that compounds in Thymus capitatus may help treat COVID-19 through inhibitory effects on viral proteins and modulation of the inflammatory response
The document discusses expectations for the upcoming Indian budget. It provides context on the current strong economic growth outlook in India and top expectations. The key expectations are:
1) Focus on infrastructure development and asset monetization to fund infrastructure investments.
2) Stimulate MSMEs to create jobs and boost demand by addressing their challenges and improving access to credit.
3) Support disproportionately impacted sectors like travel and hospitality with revival plans and contingency measures for uncertainties.
The document provides expectations from various industries for the upcoming 2022-23 Union Budget of India. It summarizes the results of a survey of 330 industry experts and analysts conducted by CareEdge to forecast what measures the Finance Minister could announce. Key expectations included higher spending on infrastructure, employment generation, healthcare, agriculture, and logistics infrastructure. Industries are expecting support through new welfare programs, tax concessions, higher allocations to existing schemes, and measures to boost sectors like manufacturing, exports, and disinvestment.
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Tellurium is a rare metalloid element found in small quantities in rocks around the world. It commonly occurs combined with other metals like gold, silver, and platinum in telluride minerals. Tellurium has properties of both metals and nonmetals. Most of the world's tellurium production comes from extracting it as a byproduct from processing copper and other metal ores. China is currently the leading producer and exporter of tellurium. Tellurium reserves exist in several countries including the United States, China, Sweden, Japan, and Russia.
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Smart glasses use augmented reality technology to provide life monitoring services and allow users to take authentic video and photos. The glasses can control light like infrared and ultraviolet using electricity, allowing the glass to switch from opaque to transparent. Opticians and eyeglass businesses need to be prepared to understand, assist with, and sell smart glasses within the next 5-7 years as the technology develops further.
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This document discusses coconut processing machinery and the European market for desiccated coconut. It describes common machinery used in desiccated coconut processing like nut counters, deshelling machines, pre cutters, screw conveyors, cutters, grinders, dryers, blanchers, and grading machines. It notes that Europe accounts for 30% of global desiccated coconut imports, led by the Netherlands, Germany, UK, Poland, and France. The Netherlands is the largest European importer, consumer, and reexporter of desiccated coconut, importing over 32,000 tonnes worth almost €50 million annually.
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Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.
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R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, Full Service includes individualized care for every client. We specifically design each massage session for the individual needs of the client. Our therapists are always willing to adjust the treatments based on the client's instruction and feedback. This guarantees that every client receives the treatment they expect.
By offering a variety of massage services, our Ajman Spa Massage Center can tackle physical, mental, and emotional illnesses. In addition, efficient identification of specific health conditions and designing treatment plans accordingly can significantly enhance the quality of massaging.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, we firmly believe that everyone should have the option to experience top-quality massage services regularly. To achieve that goal we offer cheap massage services in Ajman.
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At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
2. What is COVID-19?
COVID-19 is the disease caused by an infection
of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first identified in the city
of Wuhan, in China's Hubei province in December
2019. COVID-19 was previously known as 2019
Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) respiratory
disease before the World Health Organization
(WHO) declared the official name as COVID-19 in
February 2020.
3. Symptoms
The most common symptoms of COVID-19
include dry cough, fever, and shortness of
breath. It is thought that symptoms can appear
between 2-14 days after exposure although there
have been isolated cases which suggest this may
be longer. If you develop symptoms, you should
stay at home to prevent the spread of the disease
into the community. Wearing a face mask will help
prevent the spread of the disease to others.
4. Monoclonal antibodies
Actemra
Actemra does not directly kill the novel
coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2. In
the disease COVID-19, the body may
respond to the pathogen by
overproducing immune cells and their
signalling molecules in a dangerous
phenomenon called a cytokine storm.
Similar lung inflammation happened in
SARS patients during the 2003 outbreak,
mainly in China. It is hypothesised that
Actmera may have potential against this
activity as an inhibitor of the interleukin 6
(IL-6) receptor.
5. Monoclonal antibodies
Kevzara
Kevzara was approved by the FDA in
2017. Sanofi-Aventis development
partner, Regeneron is planning a clinical
trial in severe/critical COVID-19 patients
to evaluate Sarilumab. The trial is based
on findings from China with another IL-6
inhibitor that showed a benefit in
reducing fever and increasing lung
capacity in severe and critical
hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
6. Monoclonal antibodies
Meplazumab
A trial in China in February 202013 aimed to
assess the efficacy and safety of meplazumab,
a humanized anti-CD147 antibody, as add-on
therapy in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. It
has been proved that host-cell-expressed
CD147 could bind the spike protein of SARS-
CoV-2 involved in host cell invasion. Antibody
against CD147 could block the infection of
SARS-CoV-2. The authors interpreted that
meplazumab efficiently improved the recovery
of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with a
favourable safety profile. They support further
large-scale investigation of meplazumab as a
treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia.
7. Monoclonal antibodies - immunosuppressants
Olumiant
Baricitinib, fedratinib, and ruxolitinib
are potent and selective inhibitors of
Janus kinase-mediated (JAK) cytokine
release, and are approved for
indications such as rheumatoid
arthritis and myelofibrosis. Although
the three candidates have similar JAK
inhibitor potencies, a high affinity for
AAK1 suggests baricitinib is the best
of the group, especially given its once-
daily oral dosing and acceptable side-
effect profile.
8. Antivirals
Camostat mesylate
Camostat mesylate, a drug approved for human
use in Japan to treat pancreatic inflammation,
inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung cells in cell
culture.
Danish researchers plan to enrol 180 patients
with COVID-19 in a placebo-controlled trial for
five days to determine effect in vivo. Results are
expected
9. Remdesivir
The National COVID-19 Clinical Evidence
Taskforce provided an updated recommendation
on the use of remdesivir in adults on 3 July 2020
– Whenever possible remdesivir should be
administered in the context of a randomised trial
with appropriate ethical approval. Use of
remdesivir for adults with moderate, severe or
critical COVID-19 outside of a trial setting may
be considered. They also recommend that the
use of remdesivir for pregnant women, children
or adolescents with COVID-19 outside of a trial
setting should not be considered routinely.
10. Favipiravir (Avigan®)
A number of small studies have been initiated
with favipiravir. India started Phase III clinical
trials of favipiravir as a potential treatment for
patients suffering from COVID-19. In Egypt, the
efficacy and safety of favipiravir are being
studied43 versus oseltamivir and
hydroxychloroquine as the national standard of
care therapy. And in the US, an open label,
randomised controlled phase II study44 has been
recruiting since late April to compare favipiravir
with standard of care in hospitalised patients
with COVID-19.
11. Rintatolimod
Rintatolimod is a class of
specifically configured ribonucleic
acid (RNA) compounds targeted as
potential treatment of diseases
with immunologic defects and/or
viral causation. It has been used as
an experimental
immunotherapeutic, for chronic
fatigue syndrome (myalgic
encephalomyelitis) in Australia and
New Zealand.
Rintatolimod is to be tested
as a prophylaxis/early-onset
agent against COVID-19 in a
clinical trial conducted by
Japan’s National Institute of
Infectious Diseases (NIID)
and the University of Tokyo
12. Interferons
Interferons are a family of naturally occurring
small cytokine proteins that are made and
secreted by cells of the immune system. For
example, white blood cells, natural killer cells,
fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. The interferons
are known to cause flu-like symptoms.
When interferons ramp up the immune system,
COVID-19’s flu-like symptoms are likely to
become worse before they get better. For a
ventilated patient when symptoms are about to
overwhelm them, giving them an interferon-
based medicine could be catastrophic. For this
reason, interferon therapies for viral infections
are typically considered as a last resort
A UK trial of an inhaled
formulation of IFN-β1a in
patients confirmed with COVID-
19 is about to start to determine
if this could help prevent
worsening or accelerate
recovery of severe lower
respiratory tract illness in
COVID-19 patients.50
Interferon-beta-1a along with
lopinavir/ritonavir is also one of
the medicine combination
trialled in COVID-19 patients as
part of the WHO SOLIDARITY
13. Pegylated interferon lambda (Lambda®
Pegylated interferon lambda (peg-IFN-λ1)
(Lambda) is the only interferon lambda
(IFN-λ) available as a therapeutic agent.
In vitro, treatment with IFN-λ showed
potency against a variety of viruses,
including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The
main function of IFN-λ is to prevent viral
infection by establishing an antiviral
state and, if infected, to slow viral
replication and dissemination. IFN-λ
targets type III IFN receptors which are
distinct from the type I IFN receptors.
14. Mefloquine hydrochloride (Larium®)
Mefloquine hydrochloride was one of three drugs
identified by Chinese researchers as exhibiting
complete inhibition of cytopathic effects in cell
culture (in vitro) against pangolin coronavirus
GX_P2V in a workable model. Further, they
comment of the veracity of the model, suggesting
the 2019-nCoVr model could play an important
role in the development of therapies and
vaccines against 2019-nCoV. Moreover, cultured
long before the outbreak of 2019-nCoV with high
homology to 2019-nCoV, this 2019-nCoVr isolate
could be a potential live vaccine candidate and
play a significant role in the combat against
COVID-19
15. Azithromycin (Zithromax®)
Azithromycin is indicated for use in adults for the
treatment of the following infections of mild to
moderate severity, and is used for lower
respiratory infections such as:
• Acute bacterial bronchitis due to Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae or
Moraxella catarrhalis.
• Community acquired pneumonia due to
Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus
influenzae in patients suitable for outpatient oral
treatment.
• Community acquired pneumonia caused by
susceptible organisms in patients who require
initial intravenous therapy.
16. Ciprofloxacin
The bactericidal action of
ciprofloxacin appears to
result from interference
with the enzyme, DNA
gyrase, with activity
against a wide range of
Gram-negative and Gram-
positive organisms.
17. Teicoplanin (Targocid®)
Based on its previously shown efficacy to inhibit
the first stage of the Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) life cycle in
human cells, Baron et al80 report that the
glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin is a potential
treatment for patients with severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2). Zhang et al81 tested the efficacy of
teicoplanin against 2019-nCoV virus infection
and found that teicoplanin potently prevents the
entrance of 2019-nCoV-Spike-pseudoviruses
into the cytoplasm. Although the inhibitory effect
upon the replication of wild-type viruses ex vivo
and in vivo remains to be determined, Zhang et
al conclude the preliminary result indicates that
the potential antiviral activity of teicoplanin could
be applied for the treatment of 2019-nCoV virus
infection.
18. Povidone-iodine
The use of povidone-iodine gargle is well established
i. encouraging the use of the PVP-I gargle contributed to the
decrease in absence rates due to common cold and influenza
ii. povidone-iodine gargle/mouthwash may provide a protective
oropharyngeal hygiene measure for individuals at high risk of
exposure to oral and respiratory pathogens.
iii. povidone-iodine gargle/mouthwash for reduction of viral load in
the oral cavity and the oropharynx may help to support hygiene
measures to prevent transmission of MERS-CoV.
iv. povidone-iodine 7% gargle/mouthwash showed rapid
bactericidal activity and virucidal efficacy in vitro at a
concentration of 0.23% PVP-I and may provide a protective
oropharyngeal hygiene measure for individuals at high risk of
exposure to oral and respiratory pathogens
19. Mefloquine hydrochloride (Larium®)
• Mefloquine hydrochloride was one of three drugs
identified by Chinese researchers as exhibiting
complete inhibition of cytopathic effects in cell
culture (in vitro) against pangolin coronavirus
GX_P2V in a workable model.
• Further, they comment of the veracity of the
model, suggesting the 2019-nCoVr model could
play an important role in the development of
therapies and vaccines against 2019-nCoV.
• Moreover, cultured long before the outbreak of
2019-nCoV with high homology to 2019-nCoV, this
2019-nCoVr isolate could be a potential live
vaccine candidate and play a significant role in the
combat against COVID-19.
20. Ivermectin
A collaborative study
published on 3 April
2020 has shown that
the anti-parasitic
drug, ivermectin
stopped the SARS-
CoV-2 virus growing
in cell culture within
48 hours
Investigators cautioned that they
need to establish if the dosage that
can be used safely in humans will be
effective to treat those with
COVID-19.
available
pharmacokinetic
data from
clinically relevant
and excessive
dosing studies
indicate that the
SARS-CoV-2
inhibitory
concentrations
are not likely to
be attainable in
humans.
21. Selamectin
Selamectin is a semisynthetic
avermectin that is approved
for use in dogs to control
fleas, heartworms, ear mites,
ticks, and sarcoptic mange
mites. It is also used in cats
to treat fleas, heartworms,
ear mites, roundworms,
intestinal hookworms and
nematodes
22. Aviptadil
For the treatment of
pulmonary
hypertension, a
condition of
increased blood
pressure within the
arteries of the lungs
Aviptadil, a synthetic form of
Human Vasoactive Intestinal
Polypeptide (VIP) has been
awarded FDA Orphan Drug
Designation for the treatment
of ARDS and admitted to the
FDA CoronaVirus Technology
Accelerator Program
23. Sildenafil (Viagra®/Revatio®)
Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase-5
(PDE5) inhibitor approved for the
treatment of pulmonary arterial
hypertension (PAH) in World Health
Organization (WHO) Group 1
patients. The goal of this therapy is to
improve exercise ability and delay
clinical worsening. Research studies
showing the effectiveness of the
medication included mostly patients
with symptoms that were rated as
WHO Functional Class II–III
A Phase 3 study to observe the efficacy and safety of sildenafil in patients with
COVID-19 is underway in China at Tongji Hospital in Wuhan
24. Ifenprodil
Approved in some countries
in Asia to treat peripheral
vascular disease In Japan:
approved for treatment of the
dizziness caused by cerebral
infarction sequela or
cerebral haemorrhage
sequela, where it is claimed
the medicine improves
cerebral blood flow by
relaxing vascular smooth
muscle and blocking
sympathetic α receptor
Algernon Pharmaceuticals Inc,
based in Vancouver, is a drug
repurposing company that
investigates approved drugs for
new disease applications. The
company has filed new intellectual
property rights around the world for
ifenprodil for the treatment of
respiratory diseases and is working
to develop a proprietary injectable,
slow-release formulation. The
company reports that it has
finalised the protocol for Phase 2
clinical study of ifenprodil for
COVID-19 patients in South Korea
25. Dexamethasone
Used in a wide range
of conditions for
anti-inflammatory
and immune
suppressant effects
The WHO welcomes the
preliminary results from the
RECOVERY trial101 and is
planning to coordinate a
meta-analysis to increase
the overall understanding of
dexamethasone in COVID-
19. The WHO clinical
guidance will also be
updated to provide
information on the use of
dexamethasone in
COVID-19.
26. Convalescent plasma
Convalescent plasma
is the liquid part of blood
that contains antibodies.
When someone recovers
from COVID-19, the virus
antibodies stay in their
plasma. It can be directly
transfused into patients, or
used to make a potential
treatment, COVID-19
Immunoglobulin.
The FDA advises antibody
titres are measured on blood
collection before convalescent
plasma is infused. If not
measured a sample of donor
blood should be saved so that
future testing may investigate
if higher titres correlate with
better outcomes
COVID-19 Immunoglobulin will be developed by
CSL Behring in Australia. Firstly, a small batch of
COVID-19 Immunoglobulin will be produced to
develop tests that detect the presence of the
antibodies that fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The
second phase will involve a larger batch of COVID-
19 Immunoglobulin for use in clinical trials in
Australia. CSL Behring are part of the global
CoVIg-19 Plasma Alliance.
27. Melatonin
(Circadin®)
Monotherapy for the short-term
treatment of primary insomnia
characterised by poor quality of
sleep in patients who are aged
55 or over
Zhang et al109 propose that excessive
inflammation, oxidation, and an exaggerated
immune response likely contribute to
COVID-19 pathology. This is based on
clinical features, pathology and the
pathogenesis of acute respiratory disorder
induced by coronaviruses or other
pathogens. They suggest this leads to a
cytokine storm and subsequent progression
to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) and often death.
Melatonin, is an anti-inflammatory and anti-
oxidative molecule, and the authors suggest
it may be protective against ALI/ARDS
caused by viral and other pathogens. The
authors also note that melatonin is effective
in critical care patients by reducing vessel
permeability, anxiety, sedation use, and
improving sleeping quality.
28. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
vaccination (ImmuCyst®)
BCG vaccination is
contraindicated in HIV infected
persons. BCG vaccination is
recommended for:
1. Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander neonates in communities
with a high incidence of
tuberculosis (TB)
2. Neonates and children 5 years
of age and under who will be
travelling to or living in countries
or areas with a high prevalence of
TB for extended periods
3. Neonates born to parents with
leprosy or a family history of
leprosy
A favourable in vitro
or in vivo effect has
been observed in
studies for distinct
viral pathogens,
including respiratory
syncytial virus, yellow
fever, herpes simplex
virus; human
papilloma virus.