- The document discusses three drugs - hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, and azithromycin - that have shown potential therapeutic effects against COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are thought to act by increasing pH within cells, while ivermectin may inhibit import of viral proteins.
- However, more in vivo clinical studies are still needed to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of these drugs individually and in combination for treating and preventing COVID-19. Precautions around dosage will also be important given past issues with hydroxychloroquine poisoning.
O ptimization of hyrozycloroquine in mangement of covid 19Ahmed Ali
This document summarizes the potential use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treating COVID-19. It discusses HCQ's pharmacological properties including its immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. Based on its ability to increase lysosomal pH and disrupt viral fusion and replication, HCQ has demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-1 in vitro and in animal models. The document proposes guidelines for optimizing HCQ's efficacy and safety in COVID-19 treatment, including early administration, loading doses, and continued maintenance doses under medical supervision. More clinical trials are needed to evaluate HCQ specifically for early COVID-19 treatment.
Two Promising Herbs that May Help in Delaying Corona Virus Progressionijtsrd
Viral infection is a propagation of a hurtful virus inside the body because viruses cannot reduplicate without the helping of a host. Viruses infect the host by inserting their genetic material into the cells to make more virus particles, after that virus makes many copies of itself and start to infect the cells then viral illness occur, that may lead to cell damage, tissue devastation and the related immune response. Nowadays, the viruses which spreads are many, including hepatitis C virus, HIV and the current Corona virus family especially Covid 19. Corona virus family is a group of RNA viruses SARS, MERS, and COVID 19 , they can cause respiratory tract infections that can extent from moderate to deadly. Discovering new antiviral drugs is a pivotal matter, also the extensive research work to find natural products which are considered as a premium source to anti viral drugs is extremely important. That's Why in this review we will focus on two types of herbs that may have an effective general role in anti virus and may also play a crucial rule in fighting against the Corona virus. Ebrahim Eldeeb | Amany Belal "Two Promising Herbs that May Help in Delaying Corona Virus Progression" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31200.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31200/two-promising-herbs-that-may-help-in-delaying-corona-virus-progression/ebrahim-eldeeb
Chloroquine has been shown to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has a well-established safety profile due to decades of use for malaria prevention and treatment. It is a cheap and widely available drug. Chinese researchers plan to promptly evaluate chloroquine's potential use for both preventing and treating the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, based on these promising in vitro results. If clinical trials confirm the biological effects, chloroquine could become one of the simplest and most affordable treatments available for this respiratory infection.
Potential medicines being studied for treating COVID-19 include monoclonal antibodies like Actemra, Kevzara, and Meplazumab which may help reduce lung inflammation. Antivirals under investigation include remdesivir, favipiravir, camostat mesylate and interferons. Other candidates include the immunosuppressants baricitinib and rintatolimod, and antibiotics like azithromycin, mefloquine hydrochloride and teicoplanin which may prevent viral entrance into cells. Povidone-iodine gargles are also being explored as a preventative measure. However, no medicine has yet been proven to prevent or cure COVID-19.
This document summarizes research on the immunological and toxicological implications of COVID-19, focusing on the innate immune response and immune evasion. It discusses how the virus can trigger a "cytokine storm" through overactivation of the innate immune system and proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6. This storm can lead to widespread inflammation and multi-organ failure. The document also explores potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the cytokine response, such as using corticosteroids or chloroquine to reduce IL-6 levels and calm the storm. Understanding the immune dysregulation and identifying key signaling pathways may help develop new clinical management approaches and prevent progression to severe illness.
Repositioning chloroquine as an ideal antiviral prophylaxis against COVID-19...authors boards
The document proposes repositioning the drug chloroquine as a prophylactic against COVID-19. It reviews chloroquine's antiviral mechanisms and efficacy against related coronaviruses in laboratory and clinical studies. Based on chloroquine's pharmacokinetic profile and established safety record, the document recommends two prophylactic dose regimens: 1) 250-500mg daily for pre-exposure prophylaxis and 2) 8mg/kg/day for 3 days for post-exposure prophylaxis. It urges further research and consideration of these regimens to help contain the COVID-19 pandemic.
1) The document discusses the link between air pollution and the spread and severity of COVID-19. It analyzes literature showing that air pollutants like particulate matter can act as carriers for viral particles and other toxins, worsening the inflammatory response in lungs.
2) Areas with high air pollution were hit harder by the first wave of COVID-19 and the emergence of variants may be related to factors in polluted air acting as mutagens.
3) Reducing global air pollution is needed to curb the effects of COVID-19. The rapid spread of the virus, especially variants, suggests it can be airborne, with implications for prevention measures and international responsibility in addressing pollution.
This document summarizes a book on the epidemiology and diffusion of viruses with a focus on the role of latitude, air pollutants, and humidity. It discusses several viruses including SARS, MERS, influenza, and COVID-19. It reviews literature finding associations between increased air pollutants like PM2.5 and higher risk of influenza-like illness. Some studies found temperature could impact COVID-19 transmission, with an optimal temperature range. Experiments with influenza in guinea pigs found that cold, dry conditions favor airborne transmission. The role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonality and spread of influenza over large geographic areas is discussed.
O ptimization of hyrozycloroquine in mangement of covid 19Ahmed Ali
This document summarizes the potential use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treating COVID-19. It discusses HCQ's pharmacological properties including its immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. Based on its ability to increase lysosomal pH and disrupt viral fusion and replication, HCQ has demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-1 in vitro and in animal models. The document proposes guidelines for optimizing HCQ's efficacy and safety in COVID-19 treatment, including early administration, loading doses, and continued maintenance doses under medical supervision. More clinical trials are needed to evaluate HCQ specifically for early COVID-19 treatment.
Two Promising Herbs that May Help in Delaying Corona Virus Progressionijtsrd
Viral infection is a propagation of a hurtful virus inside the body because viruses cannot reduplicate without the helping of a host. Viruses infect the host by inserting their genetic material into the cells to make more virus particles, after that virus makes many copies of itself and start to infect the cells then viral illness occur, that may lead to cell damage, tissue devastation and the related immune response. Nowadays, the viruses which spreads are many, including hepatitis C virus, HIV and the current Corona virus family especially Covid 19. Corona virus family is a group of RNA viruses SARS, MERS, and COVID 19 , they can cause respiratory tract infections that can extent from moderate to deadly. Discovering new antiviral drugs is a pivotal matter, also the extensive research work to find natural products which are considered as a premium source to anti viral drugs is extremely important. That's Why in this review we will focus on two types of herbs that may have an effective general role in anti virus and may also play a crucial rule in fighting against the Corona virus. Ebrahim Eldeeb | Amany Belal "Two Promising Herbs that May Help in Delaying Corona Virus Progression" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31200.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31200/two-promising-herbs-that-may-help-in-delaying-corona-virus-progression/ebrahim-eldeeb
Chloroquine has been shown to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has a well-established safety profile due to decades of use for malaria prevention and treatment. It is a cheap and widely available drug. Chinese researchers plan to promptly evaluate chloroquine's potential use for both preventing and treating the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, based on these promising in vitro results. If clinical trials confirm the biological effects, chloroquine could become one of the simplest and most affordable treatments available for this respiratory infection.
Potential medicines being studied for treating COVID-19 include monoclonal antibodies like Actemra, Kevzara, and Meplazumab which may help reduce lung inflammation. Antivirals under investigation include remdesivir, favipiravir, camostat mesylate and interferons. Other candidates include the immunosuppressants baricitinib and rintatolimod, and antibiotics like azithromycin, mefloquine hydrochloride and teicoplanin which may prevent viral entrance into cells. Povidone-iodine gargles are also being explored as a preventative measure. However, no medicine has yet been proven to prevent or cure COVID-19.
This document summarizes research on the immunological and toxicological implications of COVID-19, focusing on the innate immune response and immune evasion. It discusses how the virus can trigger a "cytokine storm" through overactivation of the innate immune system and proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6. This storm can lead to widespread inflammation and multi-organ failure. The document also explores potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the cytokine response, such as using corticosteroids or chloroquine to reduce IL-6 levels and calm the storm. Understanding the immune dysregulation and identifying key signaling pathways may help develop new clinical management approaches and prevent progression to severe illness.
Repositioning chloroquine as an ideal antiviral prophylaxis against COVID-19...authors boards
The document proposes repositioning the drug chloroquine as a prophylactic against COVID-19. It reviews chloroquine's antiviral mechanisms and efficacy against related coronaviruses in laboratory and clinical studies. Based on chloroquine's pharmacokinetic profile and established safety record, the document recommends two prophylactic dose regimens: 1) 250-500mg daily for pre-exposure prophylaxis and 2) 8mg/kg/day for 3 days for post-exposure prophylaxis. It urges further research and consideration of these regimens to help contain the COVID-19 pandemic.
1) The document discusses the link between air pollution and the spread and severity of COVID-19. It analyzes literature showing that air pollutants like particulate matter can act as carriers for viral particles and other toxins, worsening the inflammatory response in lungs.
2) Areas with high air pollution were hit harder by the first wave of COVID-19 and the emergence of variants may be related to factors in polluted air acting as mutagens.
3) Reducing global air pollution is needed to curb the effects of COVID-19. The rapid spread of the virus, especially variants, suggests it can be airborne, with implications for prevention measures and international responsibility in addressing pollution.
This document summarizes a book on the epidemiology and diffusion of viruses with a focus on the role of latitude, air pollutants, and humidity. It discusses several viruses including SARS, MERS, influenza, and COVID-19. It reviews literature finding associations between increased air pollutants like PM2.5 and higher risk of influenza-like illness. Some studies found temperature could impact COVID-19 transmission, with an optimal temperature range. Experiments with influenza in guinea pigs found that cold, dry conditions favor airborne transmission. The role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonality and spread of influenza over large geographic areas is discussed.
Chloroquine phosphate, an old antimalarial drug, has shown efficacy against COVID-19 in preliminary clinical trials in China with no severe adverse side effects reported. Based on these results, Chinese authorities are recommending chloroquine be included in their national treatment guidelines for COVID-19 as a potential treatment option due to its apparent effectiveness and low cost. Further research is still needed but chloroquine may provide an affordable approach to reducing the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
Coronavirus Covid 19 and other Diseases in Human Respiratory System Cure by S...YogeshIJTSRD
The document describes a new method for treating coronavirus (COVID-19) and other respiratory diseases called "sputum therapy". It involves boiling a patient's sputum containing the live virus/pathogens for 25 minutes, which kills them. The patient then drinks the entire boiled mixture as a medicine. Clinical tests by the author found it successfully treated his own cases of influenza and COVID-19 within days. The method produces patient-specific medicine from their own dead pathogens, treating new strains safely with minimal cost or side effects.
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
Antiviral Effects of Beta Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virusijtsrd
Introduction The avian virus is an Influenza A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. Objective For this purpose ß lactoglobulin is esterified with various alcohols over different circumstances like acidity, protein intentness, water substance, time, temperature, etc. Methodology Methylated ß lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. The impact of this study is viral HA Hemagglutinin action is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. Result A large number of positive charges on the MET BLG can disrupt the electrostatic intuitive inside hem agglutinin subunits that influences its soundness and movement, lessens its capacity to intertwine and restraints its contamination power. But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. Conclusion A different result shows that a higher incubation time increases the antiviral activity of MET BLG. Sadia Afrin | Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi | Mimona Akter "Antiviral Effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38098.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38098/antiviral-effects-of-betalactoglobulin-against-avian-influenza-virus/sadia-afrin
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets, including viral entry proteins and immune pathways. Several repurposed drugs are discussed, including chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine which may inhibit viral entry and immune responses. Over 300 clinical trials are investigating potential COVID-19 treatments but currently no therapies have proven effective. The most promising is remdesivir, which has strong antiviral activity but requires further clinical trial evaluation.
This document summarizes the challenges of rapidly developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) during a pandemic. It discusses how previous epidemics like H1N1, Ebola, and Zika showed that vaccines often weren't available before the epidemics ended. New platforms like DNA, RNA, and recombinant protein vaccines may speed development but regulatory review and large-scale manufacturing are challenges. The pandemic requires overlapping and parallel development phases with high financial risk. Coordinated global efforts are needed to fund manufacturing at scale and establish a fair global allocation system for any successful vaccines.
Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models, a dosing regimen of hydroxychloroquine sulfate 400 mg twice daily for one day, followed by 200 mg twice daily for four more days is recommended for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This dosing regimen achieved concentrations in lung fluid three times higher than a chloroquine regimen used in previous studies.
This document proposes using bromhexine as a prophylactic and treatment for SARS-CoV-2. Bromhexine is a mucolytic drug that selectively inhibits the protease TMPRSS2, which plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. The document argues that chloroquine alone may not be effective as a prophylactic. It proposes combining a less toxic derivative of chloroquine with bromhexine to block viral entry by inhibiting both the endosomal pathway and TMPRSS2. Bromhexine has safety and affordability advantages over other TMPRSS2 inhibitors and may effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission when used as a prophylactic by inhibiting viral entry
This review article summarizes changes in the antiviral susceptibility of human and avian influenza viruses over the past decade from 2004-2013. It discusses how widespread adamantane resistance developed in circulating influenza viruses, rendering those drugs ineffective and resulting in reliance on the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. However, emergence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 viruses in 2008 showed that resistance to these drugs could also emerge and spread globally. The review describes the classes of antiviral drugs that have been available and how susceptibility has changed. It aims to understand how resistant strains may emerge in the future.
1) The document discusses evidence that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may target the central nervous system (CNS). It expresses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells in the lungs, heart, kidneys and other organs.
2) The virus may spread to the brain via the bloodstream or through the nose into the olfactory bulb. It could then bind to and damage ACE2 expressing cells like neurons and glial cells in the CNS.
3) This may help explain some neurological symptoms seen in COVID-19 patients, like loss of smell. Further study of autops
The document provides information about the coronavirus outbreak in India. It discusses the following key points:
- India has reported 5 confirmed cases of coronavirus so far, with the latest two cases being reported in Delhi and Telangana.
- The Drug Controller General of India has approved using a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir to treat coronavirus if it becomes a public health emergency in India.
- Several labs across India are equipped to test for coronavirus, including 10 under the Indian Council of Medical Research. As of February 6th, 510 samples had been tested in India, with 3 confirmed positive.
- The coronavirus outbreak in China is expected to significantly impact India's trade and imports/exports
New coronavirus inhibitor exhibits antiviral activity Harm Kiezebrink
Searching for inhibitors of coronaviruses, an international team of scientists led by Edward Trybala, from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Volker Thiel, from the University of Berne, Switzerland, identified a compound called K22.
They initially discovered that K22 had antiviral activity against a relatively harmless coronavirus that causes mild cold-like symptoms in humans.
Follow-up experiments showed that the compound was effective against all other coronaviruses tested, including the SARS and MERS coronaviruses.
The researchers also demonstrated efficient inhibition of virus in cells that line the human airways and are the natural port of entry for respiratory viruses.
This document provides an overview of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). It discusses that CCHF is a tick-borne viral disease caused by the CCHF virus, which causes severe hemorrhagic fever outbreaks with a fatality rate of 10-40%. The virus is found across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Europe. The first cases of CCHF in India were reported in 2011 in Gujarat. While there is no approved treatment, supportive care and the antiviral ribavirin may increase survival rates when administered early.
This document describes research on developing an improved inhibitor for the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Key points:
- Researchers determined the crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and its complex with an α-ketoamide inhibitor derived from a previous broad-spectrum inhibitor.
- They modified the inhibitor by incorporating the P3-P2 amide bond into a pyridone ring to increase its half-life in plasma. Testing showed this improved solubility and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Further modification replacing the P2 group led to a more potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. X-ray crystal structures
This document discusses ongoing global efforts to identify drug targets and therapeutics for COVID-19. It provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2 classification and biology, approaches to drug discovery including repurposing existing drugs, and lessons learned from previous coronavirus outbreaks. Drug discovery efforts are focusing on high-throughput screening, inhibiting viral replication with siRNA, and repurposing drugs through computational and experimental approaches. Lessons from SARS and MERS indicate repurposing ribavirin and corticosteroids may help treat COVID-19 symptoms.
Disease or bio-warfare? The usage of various pathogens in bioterrorisminventionjournals
Although it is a general belief that epidemics of plague, smallpox or yellow fever are highly unlikely nowadays due to the existence of antibiotics and immunization shots, the agents causing the disease have remained a threat due to the possibility of them being weaponized and spread on a large scale. Contemporary terrorism is no longer confined to detonating bombs in buildings of great importance, suicide attacks or airplane hijacking. It can also comprise the usage of pathogens/ biological agents to cause massive health disturbances. The preference expressed towards the usage of such agents is justified by the easy access and primary skills needed in manufacturing a weapon, as well as the high rates of morbidity and mortality among the affected population. Additionally, states are confronted with high healthcare risks due to the fact that such agents are difficult to be detected and often pass as common diseases, such as influenza, until the greater scale of the epidemic is acknowledged by the authorities
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
Hydroxichloroquine and azitromycin as a treatment of covid 19gisa_legal
This document summarizes the results of a clinical trial that evaluated the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. Twenty patients received hydroxychloroquine and 16 patients did not receive treatment and served as controls. The primary outcome was viral clearance at day six, as measured by PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. Patients receiving hydroxychloroquine showed a significantly higher rate of viral clearance at day six compared to controls. The addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine treatment resulted in a higher rate of viral clearance than hydroxychloroquine alone.
Chloroquine phosphate, an old antimalarial drug, has shown efficacy against COVID-19 in preliminary clinical trials in China with no severe adverse side effects reported. Based on these results, Chinese authorities are recommending chloroquine be included in their national treatment guidelines for COVID-19 as a potential treatment option due to its apparent effectiveness and low cost. Further research is still needed but chloroquine may provide an affordable approach to reducing the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
Coronavirus Covid 19 and other Diseases in Human Respiratory System Cure by S...YogeshIJTSRD
The document describes a new method for treating coronavirus (COVID-19) and other respiratory diseases called "sputum therapy". It involves boiling a patient's sputum containing the live virus/pathogens for 25 minutes, which kills them. The patient then drinks the entire boiled mixture as a medicine. Clinical tests by the author found it successfully treated his own cases of influenza and COVID-19 within days. The method produces patient-specific medicine from their own dead pathogens, treating new strains safely with minimal cost or side effects.
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
Antiviral Effects of Beta Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virusijtsrd
Introduction The avian virus is an Influenza A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. Objective For this purpose ß lactoglobulin is esterified with various alcohols over different circumstances like acidity, protein intentness, water substance, time, temperature, etc. Methodology Methylated ß lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. The impact of this study is viral HA Hemagglutinin action is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. Result A large number of positive charges on the MET BLG can disrupt the electrostatic intuitive inside hem agglutinin subunits that influences its soundness and movement, lessens its capacity to intertwine and restraints its contamination power. But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. Conclusion A different result shows that a higher incubation time increases the antiviral activity of MET BLG. Sadia Afrin | Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi | Mimona Akter "Antiviral Effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38098.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38098/antiviral-effects-of-betalactoglobulin-against-avian-influenza-virus/sadia-afrin
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets, including viral entry proteins and immune pathways. Several repurposed drugs are discussed, including chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine which may inhibit viral entry and immune responses. Over 300 clinical trials are investigating potential COVID-19 treatments but currently no therapies have proven effective. The most promising is remdesivir, which has strong antiviral activity but requires further clinical trial evaluation.
This document summarizes the challenges of rapidly developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) during a pandemic. It discusses how previous epidemics like H1N1, Ebola, and Zika showed that vaccines often weren't available before the epidemics ended. New platforms like DNA, RNA, and recombinant protein vaccines may speed development but regulatory review and large-scale manufacturing are challenges. The pandemic requires overlapping and parallel development phases with high financial risk. Coordinated global efforts are needed to fund manufacturing at scale and establish a fair global allocation system for any successful vaccines.
Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models, a dosing regimen of hydroxychloroquine sulfate 400 mg twice daily for one day, followed by 200 mg twice daily for four more days is recommended for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This dosing regimen achieved concentrations in lung fluid three times higher than a chloroquine regimen used in previous studies.
This document proposes using bromhexine as a prophylactic and treatment for SARS-CoV-2. Bromhexine is a mucolytic drug that selectively inhibits the protease TMPRSS2, which plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. The document argues that chloroquine alone may not be effective as a prophylactic. It proposes combining a less toxic derivative of chloroquine with bromhexine to block viral entry by inhibiting both the endosomal pathway and TMPRSS2. Bromhexine has safety and affordability advantages over other TMPRSS2 inhibitors and may effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission when used as a prophylactic by inhibiting viral entry
This review article summarizes changes in the antiviral susceptibility of human and avian influenza viruses over the past decade from 2004-2013. It discusses how widespread adamantane resistance developed in circulating influenza viruses, rendering those drugs ineffective and resulting in reliance on the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. However, emergence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 viruses in 2008 showed that resistance to these drugs could also emerge and spread globally. The review describes the classes of antiviral drugs that have been available and how susceptibility has changed. It aims to understand how resistant strains may emerge in the future.
1) The document discusses evidence that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may target the central nervous system (CNS). It expresses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells in the lungs, heart, kidneys and other organs.
2) The virus may spread to the brain via the bloodstream or through the nose into the olfactory bulb. It could then bind to and damage ACE2 expressing cells like neurons and glial cells in the CNS.
3) This may help explain some neurological symptoms seen in COVID-19 patients, like loss of smell. Further study of autops
The document provides information about the coronavirus outbreak in India. It discusses the following key points:
- India has reported 5 confirmed cases of coronavirus so far, with the latest two cases being reported in Delhi and Telangana.
- The Drug Controller General of India has approved using a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir to treat coronavirus if it becomes a public health emergency in India.
- Several labs across India are equipped to test for coronavirus, including 10 under the Indian Council of Medical Research. As of February 6th, 510 samples had been tested in India, with 3 confirmed positive.
- The coronavirus outbreak in China is expected to significantly impact India's trade and imports/exports
New coronavirus inhibitor exhibits antiviral activity Harm Kiezebrink
Searching for inhibitors of coronaviruses, an international team of scientists led by Edward Trybala, from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Volker Thiel, from the University of Berne, Switzerland, identified a compound called K22.
They initially discovered that K22 had antiviral activity against a relatively harmless coronavirus that causes mild cold-like symptoms in humans.
Follow-up experiments showed that the compound was effective against all other coronaviruses tested, including the SARS and MERS coronaviruses.
The researchers also demonstrated efficient inhibition of virus in cells that line the human airways and are the natural port of entry for respiratory viruses.
This document provides an overview of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). It discusses that CCHF is a tick-borne viral disease caused by the CCHF virus, which causes severe hemorrhagic fever outbreaks with a fatality rate of 10-40%. The virus is found across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Europe. The first cases of CCHF in India were reported in 2011 in Gujarat. While there is no approved treatment, supportive care and the antiviral ribavirin may increase survival rates when administered early.
This document describes research on developing an improved inhibitor for the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Key points:
- Researchers determined the crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and its complex with an α-ketoamide inhibitor derived from a previous broad-spectrum inhibitor.
- They modified the inhibitor by incorporating the P3-P2 amide bond into a pyridone ring to increase its half-life in plasma. Testing showed this improved solubility and pharmacokinetic properties.
- Further modification replacing the P2 group led to a more potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. X-ray crystal structures
This document discusses ongoing global efforts to identify drug targets and therapeutics for COVID-19. It provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2 classification and biology, approaches to drug discovery including repurposing existing drugs, and lessons learned from previous coronavirus outbreaks. Drug discovery efforts are focusing on high-throughput screening, inhibiting viral replication with siRNA, and repurposing drugs through computational and experimental approaches. Lessons from SARS and MERS indicate repurposing ribavirin and corticosteroids may help treat COVID-19 symptoms.
Disease or bio-warfare? The usage of various pathogens in bioterrorisminventionjournals
Although it is a general belief that epidemics of plague, smallpox or yellow fever are highly unlikely nowadays due to the existence of antibiotics and immunization shots, the agents causing the disease have remained a threat due to the possibility of them being weaponized and spread on a large scale. Contemporary terrorism is no longer confined to detonating bombs in buildings of great importance, suicide attacks or airplane hijacking. It can also comprise the usage of pathogens/ biological agents to cause massive health disturbances. The preference expressed towards the usage of such agents is justified by the easy access and primary skills needed in manufacturing a weapon, as well as the high rates of morbidity and mortality among the affected population. Additionally, states are confronted with high healthcare risks due to the fact that such agents are difficult to be detected and often pass as common diseases, such as influenza, until the greater scale of the epidemic is acknowledged by the authorities
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
Hydroxichloroquine and azitromycin as a treatment of covid 19gisa_legal
This document summarizes the results of a clinical trial that evaluated the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19. Twenty patients received hydroxychloroquine and 16 patients did not receive treatment and served as controls. The primary outcome was viral clearance at day six, as measured by PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. Patients receiving hydroxychloroquine showed a significantly higher rate of viral clearance at day six compared to controls. The addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine treatment resulted in a higher rate of viral clearance than hydroxychloroquine alone.
Ivermectin study on Covid 19 CoronaVirus ketansolid
The document discusses evidence for the use of Ivermectin in treating COVID-19. It summarizes a study of 704 COVID-19 patients treated with Ivermectin that found their case fatality rate was 6.1 times lower than those not treated with Ivermectin. It also describes reports from the Dominican Republic of 247 COVID-19 patients treated with Ivermectin who all showed favorable responses with no reported deaths. The document concludes that given Ivermectin's safety profile, it should be formally included in the first line of treatment for COVID-19.
Developing Therapeutic Strategies & Current Knowledge on Drugs For Treatment ...LaraV1
This document discusses developing therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. It outlines three main approaches: targeting the virus's binding to host cells, targeting viral replication inside cells, and repurposing approved drugs. Several drugs are discussed, including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. While no consensus treatment has been found, repurposed drugs have shown promise. Continued research efforts provide hope that an effective treatment can be developed to combat this pandemic.
This document provides a comprehensive review of potential COVID-19 therapeutics and the possibility of repurposing drugs that were candidates for treating SARS-CoV-1. It summarizes the current management strategies for COVID-19 and discusses the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. The review evaluates similarities between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 to identify drug candidates from SARS-CoV-1 that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. It aims to provide insight for developing safe and effective drugs to treat COVID-19.
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets. It reviews the in vitro activity and clinical experiences of repurposed drugs including chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and umifenovir. It also discusses investigational agents such as remdesivir. Over 300 clinical trials are evaluating potential COVID-19 treatments but currently no therapies have proven effective based on randomized clinical trial data.
Indian Medicinal Herbs’ Pharmacological Interventions in the Management of CO...BRNSSPublicationHubI
The document discusses the potential use of Indian medicinal herbs in managing COVID-19. It notes that while no current treatments exist for SARS-CoV-2, medicinal plants may offer antiviral compounds that could target the viral life cycle. The review highlights several phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants that have demonstrated antiviral effects against coronaviruses. It argues that numerous aromatic herbs and phytochemicals found in plants await further assessment for their therapeutic potential against COVID-19 and other viral illnesses.
This document reviews potential pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19. It summarizes the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drug targets. Currently, there are no proven effective therapies but remdesivir shows promise based on in vitro activity. Over 300 clinical trials are investigating potential treatments including repurposed drugs like chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir. The review summarizes the mechanisms and pharmacology of select proposed treatments and provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials.
This document reviews potential treatment options for COVID-19 that are supported by early evidence. It summarizes in vitro and clinical evidence for remdesivir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. Remdesivir shows potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in vitro and clinical benefit in animal studies of MERS and Ebola. Early clinical data in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir showed improvement. Chloroquine also has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and is supported by some clinical case studies from China. However, the efficacy of these agents specifically for COVID-19 treatment requires further evaluation in controlled
The document summarizes research on herbs that can act as immune boosters against COVID-19. It discusses several herbs in detail, including their active components and mechanisms of action. Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica, and Zingiber officinale are highlighted as herbs with anti-viral properties that can boost immunity. For each herb, the document outlines the chemical constituents demonstrated to inhibit COVID-19 proteins and support immune function.
A broad perspective on COVID-19: a global pandemic and a focus on preventive ...LucyPi1
Abstract Coronavirus 2019 has become a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, a strain of novel coronavirus, which challenges millions of global healthcare facilities. Coronavirus are sub-microscopic, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses that leads to multi organ dysfunction syndrome, severe acute and chronic respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. The spike glycoprotein structure of the virus causes the viral protein to bind with the receptors on the lung and gut through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In some cases, the infected patients become hyper to the immune system because of the uncontrolled production of cytokines resulting in “cytokine storm”, a devastating consequence of coronavirus disease 2019. Due to the rapid mutant strain and infective nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, discovering a drug or developing a vaccine remains a global challenge. However, some anti-viral agents, certain protease inhibitor drugs, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and convalescent plasma treatment were suggested. The containment and social distancing measures only aim at reducing the rate of new infections. In this view, we suggest certain traditional herbs and complementary and alternative medicine as a supporting public healthcare measure to boost the immune system and also may provide some lead to treat and prevent this infection.
This review study was conducted on the information of COVID-19 ethio-pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, complication and
Management, and we have compiled the most recent information on the methods and pharmacological agents used in the diagnosis
and treatment of Coronavirus disease, including pharmacological approaches, fluid therapy, oxygen therapy, Adoptive T cell therapy,
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy, Nano medicine approaches in COVID-19 and Vaccination approaches.
1) The document summarizes the present status of the COVID-19 pandemic, including epidemiology showing over 100,000 cases worldwide and transmission primarily occurring via contact with infected surfaces or people.
2) Clinical management includes home care for mild cases with monitoring, hospitalization for severe cases, supportive care, collection of specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tract for testing, and treatment of hypoxemic respiratory failure.
3) Experimental treatments discussed include the antiviral drugs lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, and chloroquine, as well as traditional Chinese medicines, though effective treatments have not yet been verified. Prevention is emphasized as the best approach currently.
Remdesivir and chloroquine were found to be highly effective at inhibiting the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Remdesivir had an EC50 of 0.77 μM and chloroquine had an EC50 of 1.13 μM, both showing potent antiviral activity at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition experiments demonstrated that remdesivir and chloroquine functioned at stages post viral entry. Given their proven safety profiles in humans and effectiveness against other viruses, the authors suggest that remdesivir and chloroquine should be assessed for treating patients infected with 2019-nCoV.
Potential therapy derived from banana protein is effective against SARS-CoV-2Creative BioMart
On January 13, 2020, a paper was published online touting the creation of a possible therapy that could be used against all known strains of the flu. A week later, the first laboratory-confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 sparked the two-and-a-half-year COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Interestingly, before the virus temporarily halted their work, the international team of researchers for this flu paper also investigated treatments for the coronavirus.
All you (never) wanted to know about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2Edward Rybicki
This document summarizes information about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. It describes the virus, how it is transmitted, symptoms of the disease, current treatments and vaccines in development. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that likely originated in bats and is genetically similar to coronaviruses that cause SARS and MERS. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. COVID-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and can include fever, cough and breathing difficulties. Treatments include antiviral drugs and immune therapies, while several vaccine candidates are in development using different approaches.
This study evaluated the effect of ivermectin treatment on mortality in 280 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Patients received either ivermectin (173 patients) or standard of care (107 patients). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Mortality was lower in the ivermectin group compared to standard of care (15.0% vs 25.2%). Mortality was also lower in patients with severe disease treated with ivermectin compared to standard of care (38.8% vs 80.7%). After adjusting for differences, ivermectin treatment remained associated with lower mortality. The authors conclude ivermectin may reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients, especially
This study evaluated the effectiveness of ivermectin in treating COVID-19 patients. The study reviewed 280 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 173 of whom received ivermectin and 107 received usual care. Patients who received ivermectin had a lower mortality rate compared to those who received usual care (15.0% vs 25.2%). Mortality was also lower in patients with severe disease who received ivermectin (38.8% vs 80.7%). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, ivermectin treatment remained significantly associated with lower mortality. The study concludes that ivermectin may be effective in treating COVID-19, especially in severe cases, but
This study evaluated the effect of ivermectin treatment on mortality in 280 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Patients received either ivermectin (173 patients) or standard of care (107 patients). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Mortality was lower in the ivermectin group compared to standard of care (15.0% vs 25.2%). Mortality was also lower in patients with severe disease treated with ivermectin compared to standard of care (38.8% vs 80.7%). After adjusting for differences, ivermectin treatment remained associated with lower mortality. The authors conclude ivermectin may reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients, especially
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh