Agricultural productivity has increased substantially in the last half century due in part to the introduction and expanded use of agricultural chemicals. Pesticides continue to be a significant and growing component of modern rice technology. The relative importance of pesticides has increased despite the availability of alternatives to exclusive chemical pest control such as varietal resistance and integrated pest management IPM . The evaluation of toxicological impact of pesticides in the tropical paddy has been evaluated through estimation of chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase . The seedlings are the crucial stage of the plant, so, the experimental study evaluated 14 days old seedling's chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities influenced by different biocides neem oil, carbosulfan and Oxadiargyl . The experimental results found that all concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ml l neem oil, carbosulfan and oxadiargyl decreased the percentage of chlorophyll content and enzymatic activities peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase of 14 days old seedlings. Among three biocides, neem oil was found less toxic towards the test cultivar followed by carbosulfan and oxadiargyl. The experimental studies concluded that neem oil is good for pest management. Farmer's should be well trained on proper application and implementation of integrated pest management strategies on rice field by which it restore sustainability of ecosystem and increased productivity. Rath B. B. | Adhikary S. P. ""Impact of Some Biocides on Chlorophyll and Enzymatic Activities of Rice Plants"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29925.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/29925/impact-of-some-biocides-on-chlorophyll-and-enzymatic-activities-of-rice-plants/rath-b-b
The document discusses the impacts of pesticide use on soil and soil enzymes. It describes an experiment conducted in India that showed various pesticides led to declines in the activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease enzymes in soil. Pesticides can negatively impact soil fertility by reducing beneficial soil microorganisms. The document discusses integrated pest management and organic farming as better alternatives to heavily relying on pesticides and their effects on soil health.
Pesticides Degradation Through Microorganisms (Biodegradtion)SaLim AyuBi
The document discusses a research study on biodegradation of the pesticide profenofos. It lists the group members and describes profenofos as a widely used and hazardous pesticide in Pakistan. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which included sampling soil, enriching samples in media, incubating mixtures, conducting plate counts, and isolating and characterizing microorganisms. The researchers found specific growth of pesticide-degrading microbes and plan to isolate and characterize them further. The experience was positive and the microbiology lab was well-equipped to support the research.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis. Various concentrations of Novaluron were fed to P. unionalis larvae. Results showed that Novaluron caused dose-dependent mortality in pupae and larvae. It reduced larval weight gain and growth rate. Larval duration decreased but pupal duration increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pupation rate decreased and some larvae exhibited impaired metamorphosis. The LC50 of Novaluron against P. unionalis was calculated to be 0.97 ppm, indicating that it is toxic to this pest.
Vapam is an effective soil fumigant that controls nematodes, soil-borne diseases, insects, weeds, and weed seeds. It can be applied using various methods like sprinklers, drip irrigation, or shank injection. Nabam is a toxic and carcinogenic fungicide that is water soluble but degrades rapidly in soil. It metabolizes into ethylenethiourea (ETU), which is an environmental concern. Zineb is an agricultural fungicide that is a complex of zinc and ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate). It has low toxicity to humans but decomposes easily in the presence of alkalis, copper, or mercury.
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
ppt of fate of pesticides in environment or environmental polution by pesticidesSundaresh Kalal
Nature is blessed with wide range of organisms where it perfectly balances the food chain and the ecosystem. Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and some fungi antagonists are important biocontrol agents used against plant pathogenic bacteria which are known to produce special structures known as siderophores. Siderophores are defined as relatively low molecular weight, ferric ion specific chelating agents elaborated by bacteria and fungi growing under low iron stress (Neilands, 1981). The role of these compounds is to scavenge iron from the environment and to make the mineral. There are three main kinds of Siderophores known as hydroxamate, catecholate and carboxylate. Most organisms require iron as an essential element in a variety of metabolic and informational cellular pathways. In the aerobic environment iron exists mainly as Fe (III) and tends to form insoluble hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, making it largely unavailable to microorganisms. Therefore, they need mechanisms to solubilize Fe (III) to make it available for uptake; these mechanisms usually involve the production of siderophores.
The document discusses the impacts of pesticide use on soil and soil enzymes. It describes an experiment conducted in India that showed various pesticides led to declines in the activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease enzymes in soil. Pesticides can negatively impact soil fertility by reducing beneficial soil microorganisms. The document discusses integrated pest management and organic farming as better alternatives to heavily relying on pesticides and their effects on soil health.
Pesticides Degradation Through Microorganisms (Biodegradtion)SaLim AyuBi
The document discusses a research study on biodegradation of the pesticide profenofos. It lists the group members and describes profenofos as a widely used and hazardous pesticide in Pakistan. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which included sampling soil, enriching samples in media, incubating mixtures, conducting plate counts, and isolating and characterizing microorganisms. The researchers found specific growth of pesticide-degrading microbes and plan to isolate and characterize them further. The experience was positive and the microbiology lab was well-equipped to support the research.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Toxicity and Disruptive Impacts of Novaluron, A Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, o...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effects of Novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis. Various concentrations of Novaluron were fed to P. unionalis larvae. Results showed that Novaluron caused dose-dependent mortality in pupae and larvae. It reduced larval weight gain and growth rate. Larval duration decreased but pupal duration increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pupation rate decreased and some larvae exhibited impaired metamorphosis. The LC50 of Novaluron against P. unionalis was calculated to be 0.97 ppm, indicating that it is toxic to this pest.
Vapam is an effective soil fumigant that controls nematodes, soil-borne diseases, insects, weeds, and weed seeds. It can be applied using various methods like sprinklers, drip irrigation, or shank injection. Nabam is a toxic and carcinogenic fungicide that is water soluble but degrades rapidly in soil. It metabolizes into ethylenethiourea (ETU), which is an environmental concern. Zineb is an agricultural fungicide that is a complex of zinc and ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate). It has low toxicity to humans but decomposes easily in the presence of alkalis, copper, or mercury.
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
ppt of fate of pesticides in environment or environmental polution by pesticidesSundaresh Kalal
Nature is blessed with wide range of organisms where it perfectly balances the food chain and the ecosystem. Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and some fungi antagonists are important biocontrol agents used against plant pathogenic bacteria which are known to produce special structures known as siderophores. Siderophores are defined as relatively low molecular weight, ferric ion specific chelating agents elaborated by bacteria and fungi growing under low iron stress (Neilands, 1981). The role of these compounds is to scavenge iron from the environment and to make the mineral. There are three main kinds of Siderophores known as hydroxamate, catecholate and carboxylate. Most organisms require iron as an essential element in a variety of metabolic and informational cellular pathways. In the aerobic environment iron exists mainly as Fe (III) and tends to form insoluble hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, making it largely unavailable to microorganisms. Therefore, they need mechanisms to solubilize Fe (III) to make it available for uptake; these mechanisms usually involve the production of siderophores.
Adverse effects of pesticides in agricultureSandeep Kumar
Pesticide use in agriculture can have adverse health and environmental effects. Pesticides can harm farmers and agricultural workers through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. They also negatively impact domestic animals, beneficial insects, wildlife and aquatic life. Long term effects of pesticide exposure include neurological problems, respiratory illness, dermal issues, reproductive harm and increased cancer risk. Pesticide contamination of water and soil poses ongoing risks to the environment. Widespread pesticide use has also led to resistance in pests and the decline of natural pest predators.
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
This document provides an overview of herbicides including:
1. It defines herbicides as chemicals that kill or inhibit plant growth.
2. It discusses the historical development of herbicides from common salts to modern synthetic herbicides like 2,4-D.
3. It covers the objectives, advantages, and disadvantages of herbicide use in agriculture. Advantages include labor savings while disadvantages include potential environmental contamination.
4. The document outlines herbicide nomenclature, labeling requirements, classification based on chemical structure and selectivity, and examples of commonly used herbicides in India.
This document discusses pesticides, defining them as substances used to control pests. It outlines several types of pesticides including insecticides, herbicides, mollusicides, nematicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. The document discusses the benefits of pesticides in agriculture and how they help farmers produce more food. It also covers the proper application of pesticides and provides video links demonstrating different pesticide uses in farming. Students are assigned to make their own organic pesticide from local resources.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Relative toxicity of selected insecticides against adult whitefly, t. vaporar...Sachin U.S
The present experiment was conducted to assess relative toxicity of selected insecticides against whitefly in the Entomology laboratory at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2014-2015. Among the eleven treatments, imidachloprid, thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole were highly toxic to adults which recorded 100 per cent mortality, four days after treatment. Cyantraniliprole recorded the highest adult mortality comparatively early than imidachloprid and thiamethoxam. Fipronil 80% WG, recorded 100 percent mortality five days after treatment which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG at sixth day after treatment and recorded as next best treatments under laboratory condition against whitefly. Acephate 75% SP and azadirhactin 10000 ppm recorded highest level of mortality (100%) at seventh and eighth day after treatment, respectively which was followed by triazophos 40% EC, spinosad 480% SC and buprofezin 25% SC at eleventh day after treatment. Considering the result, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were recommended for effective control of sucking pests in cotton ecosystem.
WEEDING ON SAGO PLANTATION AT PT. NATIONAL TIMBER AND FOREST PRODUCT, TEBING ...Repository Ipb
1) The document discusses weed control methods for sago palm plantations in Indonesia, including different herbicide treatments and combinations of herbicides and manual weeding.
2) The dominant weeds were identified as Neprolephis bisserata Schott., Stenoc/aena palustris, and Mikania micrantha.
3) The results showed that manual weeding combined with the herbicides glyphosate 1.5 I/ha and metsulfuron 37.5 glha was as effective at suppressing weeds as manual weeding alone.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Agrochemicals are chemical products used in agriculture to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields. There are several types of crop protection chemicals including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, pesticides, and rodenticides. India's per capita consumption of crop protection products is much lower than countries like the USA. Ideal pesticides should be effective against pests but not toxic to other organisms, and they should not bioaccumulate or cause harm to ecosystems. Common types of pesticides include insecticides, which can be classified based on their chemical nature, mode of entry into the pest, and mode of action. Examples of commonly used insecticides are organochlorines like DDT, organophosphates,
1. The document discusses herbicide residue management. It provides background on herbicide residues, factors that affect residue persistence, and testing methods.
2. Key practices for managing herbicide residues include cultural techniques like crop rotation and tillage to dilute residues. Applying lower herbicide doses, using combinations or split applications can reduce residue levels.
3. Research findings show herbicide half-lives vary in soil. Studies on residue levels in soil and plant parts at harvest found levels below maximum residue limits for some herbicides when applied at recommended doses.
Pesticides can have significant environmental impacts by affecting non-target species. Over 98% of insecticides and 95% of herbicides spread across agricultural fields reach areas other than their intended target. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments and wind can disperse them to other locations. The environmental fate of pesticides is determined by their chemical properties and environmental conditions. Factors like temperature, pH levels, light intensity, and microbial activity influence how pesticides degrade and are transported. Characterizing these degradation processes is important for understanding human and environmental exposure levels over time.
Pesticides have been linked to a number of health problems, including neurologic and endocrine (hormone) system disorders, birth defects, cancer, and other diseases.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated various fungicidal chemicals for controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. First, chemicals were tested in the lab against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, where Redomil and Score showed the greatest inhibition of fungal mycelial growth. These two chemicals were then applied to cucumber plants in the field. Redomil and Score both significantly reduced disease incidence compared to the untreated control, with Redomil showing the lowest incidence of 47.5%. Overall, the study found that Redomil and Score have potential for effectively managing Fusarium wilt of cucumber under both laboratory and field conditions.
Bio stimulation & Bio remediation Through Rhizosphere TechnologyVIVEK YADAV
This document discusses bio-stimulation and bioremediation through rhizosphere technology. It defines plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bacteria that live in soil and around plant roots that promote plant growth. PGPR can increase plant growth directly through nutrient fixation, solubilization, and phytohormone production or indirectly through stimulating the plant's immune system and reducing stress. The document explores the various modes of action PGPR use to promote plant growth including altering plant hormone levels, increasing nutrient availability, and protecting against pathogens. It also examines using PGPR to remediate contaminated soils and provides examples of field studies demonstrating the effects of different PGPR on increasing the yield of crops like fenugreek
This document describes a study on rapid composting of different wastes using Yash Activator Plus, a microbial consortium. Pots filled with various wastes (sugarcane, plants, flowers, etc.) were inoculated with the activator and composted over 60 days. Results showed temperatures increased more rapidly in treated waste, reaching up to 58°C on day 20 versus controls. Dry matter content decreased more in treated waste as well, with losses of 37.73-52.94% of initial amounts depending on waste type. The microbial consortium accelerated the composting process, demonstrating its effectiveness for waste treatment.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of inoculating fenugreek plants with nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, alone and in combination, on plant growth and yield. Key findings include:
1) Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria increased nodulation, nodule weight, root and shoot growth, and pod number compared to the uninoculated control.
2) Co-inoculation with both bacteria further increased root and shoot growth and significantly increased fenugreek seed yield compared to the control or single inoculations.
3) Inoculation improved plant nutrient uptake and growth, demonstrating the potential of biofer
Problems Causing due to Chemical Pesticides and its Effect on Environmentijsrd.com
Agriculture has been facing the destructive activities of numerous pests like insects, weeds and fungi, from time immemorial, leading to radical decrease in yields. To encounter these problems and for protection of the crops application of pesticides is primary and old method. The pesticides residues create severe problems as cause toxicity to humans and warm-blooded animals. Include the development of insecticide resistance, resurgence, secondary pest outbreak and use-cancellation or de-registration of some insecticides due to human health and environmental concerns. Pesticides pollution is categorized into diffuse and point sources. Diffuse contamination via leaching, runoff, drainage and drift usually contributes only the smaller part of pesticide pollution of surface and groundwater. However, point sources or farmyard activities are significant contributors to pesticide pollution of surface water. This article reviews the different type of pesticides and its effect of on environment.
Effect of Herbicides on Living Organisms in The Ecosystem and Available Alte...Kamal Almhemed
This document summarizes the effects of herbicides on living organisms in ecosystems and discusses alternative control methods. It notes that while herbicides are widely used in agriculture, their overuse and misuse can harm the environment and human health. Specifically, it discusses how herbicides can pollute soil, water, and air and persist in the environment for long periods of time. It also outlines some of the health risks of certain common herbicides like glyphosate and 2,4-D, such as increased cancer risks and negative reproductive effects. Finally, it suggests that alternative control methods could help reduce herbicide usage and their associated harms.
Adverse effects of pesticides in agricultureSandeep Kumar
Pesticide use in agriculture can have adverse health and environmental effects. Pesticides can harm farmers and agricultural workers through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. They also negatively impact domestic animals, beneficial insects, wildlife and aquatic life. Long term effects of pesticide exposure include neurological problems, respiratory illness, dermal issues, reproductive harm and increased cancer risk. Pesticide contamination of water and soil poses ongoing risks to the environment. Widespread pesticide use has also led to resistance in pests and the decline of natural pest predators.
Herbicides – Definition – Advantages & Limitations of Herbicide usage in Indi...yogavardhang
This document provides an overview of herbicides including:
1. It defines herbicides as chemicals that kill or inhibit plant growth.
2. It discusses the historical development of herbicides from common salts to modern synthetic herbicides like 2,4-D.
3. It covers the objectives, advantages, and disadvantages of herbicide use in agriculture. Advantages include labor savings while disadvantages include potential environmental contamination.
4. The document outlines herbicide nomenclature, labeling requirements, classification based on chemical structure and selectivity, and examples of commonly used herbicides in India.
This document discusses pesticides, defining them as substances used to control pests. It outlines several types of pesticides including insecticides, herbicides, mollusicides, nematicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. The document discusses the benefits of pesticides in agriculture and how they help farmers produce more food. It also covers the proper application of pesticides and provides video links demonstrating different pesticide uses in farming. Students are assigned to make their own organic pesticide from local resources.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Relative toxicity of selected insecticides against adult whitefly, t. vaporar...Sachin U.S
The present experiment was conducted to assess relative toxicity of selected insecticides against whitefly in the Entomology laboratory at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2014-2015. Among the eleven treatments, imidachloprid, thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole were highly toxic to adults which recorded 100 per cent mortality, four days after treatment. Cyantraniliprole recorded the highest adult mortality comparatively early than imidachloprid and thiamethoxam. Fipronil 80% WG, recorded 100 percent mortality five days after treatment which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG at sixth day after treatment and recorded as next best treatments under laboratory condition against whitefly. Acephate 75% SP and azadirhactin 10000 ppm recorded highest level of mortality (100%) at seventh and eighth day after treatment, respectively which was followed by triazophos 40% EC, spinosad 480% SC and buprofezin 25% SC at eleventh day after treatment. Considering the result, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were recommended for effective control of sucking pests in cotton ecosystem.
WEEDING ON SAGO PLANTATION AT PT. NATIONAL TIMBER AND FOREST PRODUCT, TEBING ...Repository Ipb
1) The document discusses weed control methods for sago palm plantations in Indonesia, including different herbicide treatments and combinations of herbicides and manual weeding.
2) The dominant weeds were identified as Neprolephis bisserata Schott., Stenoc/aena palustris, and Mikania micrantha.
3) The results showed that manual weeding combined with the herbicides glyphosate 1.5 I/ha and metsulfuron 37.5 glha was as effective at suppressing weeds as manual weeding alone.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Agrochemicals are chemical products used in agriculture to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields. There are several types of crop protection chemicals including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, pesticides, and rodenticides. India's per capita consumption of crop protection products is much lower than countries like the USA. Ideal pesticides should be effective against pests but not toxic to other organisms, and they should not bioaccumulate or cause harm to ecosystems. Common types of pesticides include insecticides, which can be classified based on their chemical nature, mode of entry into the pest, and mode of action. Examples of commonly used insecticides are organochlorines like DDT, organophosphates,
1. The document discusses herbicide residue management. It provides background on herbicide residues, factors that affect residue persistence, and testing methods.
2. Key practices for managing herbicide residues include cultural techniques like crop rotation and tillage to dilute residues. Applying lower herbicide doses, using combinations or split applications can reduce residue levels.
3. Research findings show herbicide half-lives vary in soil. Studies on residue levels in soil and plant parts at harvest found levels below maximum residue limits for some herbicides when applied at recommended doses.
Pesticides can have significant environmental impacts by affecting non-target species. Over 98% of insecticides and 95% of herbicides spread across agricultural fields reach areas other than their intended target. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments and wind can disperse them to other locations. The environmental fate of pesticides is determined by their chemical properties and environmental conditions. Factors like temperature, pH levels, light intensity, and microbial activity influence how pesticides degrade and are transported. Characterizing these degradation processes is important for understanding human and environmental exposure levels over time.
Pesticides have been linked to a number of health problems, including neurologic and endocrine (hormone) system disorders, birth defects, cancer, and other diseases.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated various fungicidal chemicals for controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. First, chemicals were tested in the lab against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, where Redomil and Score showed the greatest inhibition of fungal mycelial growth. These two chemicals were then applied to cucumber plants in the field. Redomil and Score both significantly reduced disease incidence compared to the untreated control, with Redomil showing the lowest incidence of 47.5%. Overall, the study found that Redomil and Score have potential for effectively managing Fusarium wilt of cucumber under both laboratory and field conditions.
Bio stimulation & Bio remediation Through Rhizosphere TechnologyVIVEK YADAV
This document discusses bio-stimulation and bioremediation through rhizosphere technology. It defines plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bacteria that live in soil and around plant roots that promote plant growth. PGPR can increase plant growth directly through nutrient fixation, solubilization, and phytohormone production or indirectly through stimulating the plant's immune system and reducing stress. The document explores the various modes of action PGPR use to promote plant growth including altering plant hormone levels, increasing nutrient availability, and protecting against pathogens. It also examines using PGPR to remediate contaminated soils and provides examples of field studies demonstrating the effects of different PGPR on increasing the yield of crops like fenugreek
This document describes a study on rapid composting of different wastes using Yash Activator Plus, a microbial consortium. Pots filled with various wastes (sugarcane, plants, flowers, etc.) were inoculated with the activator and composted over 60 days. Results showed temperatures increased more rapidly in treated waste, reaching up to 58°C on day 20 versus controls. Dry matter content decreased more in treated waste as well, with losses of 37.73-52.94% of initial amounts depending on waste type. The microbial consortium accelerated the composting process, demonstrating its effectiveness for waste treatment.
8 ijhaf oct-2017-10-influence of nitrogen fixingAI Publications
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of inoculating fenugreek plants with nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, alone and in combination, on plant growth and yield. Key findings include:
1) Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria increased nodulation, nodule weight, root and shoot growth, and pod number compared to the uninoculated control.
2) Co-inoculation with both bacteria further increased root and shoot growth and significantly increased fenugreek seed yield compared to the control or single inoculations.
3) Inoculation improved plant nutrient uptake and growth, demonstrating the potential of biofer
Problems Causing due to Chemical Pesticides and its Effect on Environmentijsrd.com
Agriculture has been facing the destructive activities of numerous pests like insects, weeds and fungi, from time immemorial, leading to radical decrease in yields. To encounter these problems and for protection of the crops application of pesticides is primary and old method. The pesticides residues create severe problems as cause toxicity to humans and warm-blooded animals. Include the development of insecticide resistance, resurgence, secondary pest outbreak and use-cancellation or de-registration of some insecticides due to human health and environmental concerns. Pesticides pollution is categorized into diffuse and point sources. Diffuse contamination via leaching, runoff, drainage and drift usually contributes only the smaller part of pesticide pollution of surface and groundwater. However, point sources or farmyard activities are significant contributors to pesticide pollution of surface water. This article reviews the different type of pesticides and its effect of on environment.
Effect of Herbicides on Living Organisms in The Ecosystem and Available Alte...Kamal Almhemed
This document summarizes the effects of herbicides on living organisms in ecosystems and discusses alternative control methods. It notes that while herbicides are widely used in agriculture, their overuse and misuse can harm the environment and human health. Specifically, it discusses how herbicides can pollute soil, water, and air and persist in the environment for long periods of time. It also outlines some of the health risks of certain common herbicides like glyphosate and 2,4-D, such as increased cancer risks and negative reproductive effects. Finally, it suggests that alternative control methods could help reduce herbicide usage and their associated harms.
Exploitation of Microorganisms As tool for Sustainable AgricultureNAJMALDINSULIMAN
This document provides a review of the exploitation of microorganisms as tools for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanisms include nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of plant hormones, and reducing ethylene levels. Indirect mechanisms include inducing systemic resistance in plants, competing with pathogens for nutrients, and producing protective enzymes and volatile compounds. The review examines the roles of PGPR in detail, including their ability to solubilize phosphorus and fix nitrogen, as well as regulate ethylene levels through ACC deaminase production. It explores how PGPR can act as biocontrol agents and induce systemic resistance in plants.
ABSTRACT- Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a widely distributed pest in South-East Asia, feeding on 63 plant species belonging to 22 families. It is a serious pest of soybean, pulses oilseeds, cotton and vegetables. In an outbreak phase, this insect can completely defoliate large area of crops causing reduction in yield. Heavy use of synthetic organic insecticides to control this pest resulted in the development of resistance against insecticides of different groups. Although a variety of agrochemicals are used for growing crops, little is known about their direct or indirect effects on nontarget organisms including insect pests. Therefore, alternative control measures have been searched out for this noxious pest. By adopting probable and advanced management practices this important pest can be managed. Key-words- Spodoptera litura, Bioassay, agrochemicals, Growth and development, Polyphagous pest
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
This document reviews the use of neem extracts as biopesticides. It discusses how neem extracts affect only target pests, are biodegradable, increase soil fertility, and are cost effective. The document then provides an overview of different types of biopesticides including entomopathogenic fungi, viral biopesticides, bacterial biopesticides, plant-incorporated-protectants, and pheromonepesticides. It highlights how neem is one of the most widely used botanical biopesticides due to its effectiveness against over 350 pest species and discusses its pesticidal properties.
This document discusses biofertilizers and their potential role in sustainable pulse production. It defines biofertilizers as preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that can aid plant growth and nutrition. Various types of biofertilizers are described, including nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, and plant growth promoters. The mechanisms by which these microorganisms enhance soil fertility and nutrient availability are explained. Challenges in commercializing biofertilizer formulations are also addressed. The document aims to highlight biofertilizers as a sustainable approach to meet India's growing demand for pulses while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on organochlorine pesticide concentrations in sediment samples from 12 sites along the River Yamuna in Agra, India. High levels of pesticides were found, particularly HCH isomers, which can be attributed to agricultural and public health uses of pesticides. Alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were generally found at higher concentrations than other isomers. The distribution of pesticides was uneven across sampling sites and did not follow a single pattern, likely due to differences in pesticide and sediment properties as well as transportation and transformation processes. Pesticide concentrations pose risks to environmental and human health.
Fungicides Tolerance in Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescensBhavinPansuriya1
The document discusses a seminar on fungicide tolerance in Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. It provides an introduction to biocontrol agents and their drawbacks. Case studies are presented evaluating the effect of various fungicides on the growth of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas in vitro. The studies found that some fungicides like mancozeb, copper oxychloride and metalaxyl were compatible with the biocontrol agents even at high concentrations, whereas others like carbendazim and thiophanate methyl strongly inhibited their growth. The conclusion is that integrating compatible biocontrol agents and fungicides can provide effective disease management while reducing pesticide usage and resistance development in pathogens.
Bioremediation of Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Soil by MicroorganismIJEAB
India is agricultural based country where 70% of the population survives on it. In order to increase the production of field various pesticides are used. Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate pesticide which is widely used as insecticide for crop protection. But due to its persistent nature into the environment, it is leading to various hazards including neurotoxic effects, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Bioremediation is a technology to eliminate chlorpyrifos efficiently from the environment. In bioremediation of chlorpyrifos the potential degradative microorganisms possess opd (organophosphate degrading) gene which hydrolyses the chlorpyrifos and utilizes it as a sole carbon source.Thus the present review discusses about how through bioremediation the pesticide chlorpyrifos can be degraded using potential soil microorganisms.
Pesticides play a vital role in agricultural production by controlling pests and increasing crop yields, though they can also negatively impact the environment if not properly disposed of. The document discusses methods for disposing of and treating pesticide waste, including land cultivation, which uses soil microbes to break down pesticides over time, and composting, where microbes decompose biodegradable pesticide compounds. The conclusion evaluates different disposal and treatment methods based on criteria like detoxification ability and cost to determine suitable options for on-farm use.
Agricultural inputs, list of agricultural inputs and Insecticide used in Bang...MD. ZANE ALAM
Agricultural inputs are defined as products permitted for use in organic farming. These include feedstuffs, fertilizers and permitted plant protection products as well as cleaning agents and additives used in food production.
Concerns about food safety issues have put considerable pressure on pesticide producers in Europe and worldwide to reduce the levels of pesticide residues in food. The aim of this work is to assess the use of traditional pesticides and their effects, to present perspectives in this field and to identi-fy regulatory needs for their use and implementation. The work is based on a systematic review in which the research problem was defined, primary sources were selected and critically appraised, data were collected, analysed and evaluated, and conclusions were formulated. The state of the pesticide market and the current legal requirements for risk assessment in relation to exposure to chemical sub-stances were reviewed. Food safety issues are presented through the prism of pesticide residues in food. Their widespread use and considerable persistence have made them ubiquitous in the natural environment and their residues pose a threat to the environment and to human and animal health. It has been shown that the most important factor influencing the search for new tools to control diseas-es and pests of crops is the progressive development of resistance of these populations to currently used pesticides. Various alternatives to the phasing out of synthetic pesticides in the form of natural products are therefore being developed to support the development of the natural products market.
Farm Bio-security with Nano Silver Hydrogen Peroxide based Alstasan SilvoxSilverHydrogenPeroxide
Silver hydrogen peroxide based Alstasan Silvox is an eco-friendly agriculture disinfectant, is hydrogen peroxide stabilized with the addition of silver proves well effective in farms.
This document summarizes a student's credit seminar presentation on the impacts of insecticides on beneficial insects like pollinators. The main points are:
1. Many common insecticides like neonicotinoids and synthetic pyrethroids are highly toxic to beneficial insects like predators and pollinators. They can cause both direct lethal and indirect sublethal effects.
2. Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides that are widely used and can persist in plants and soil. They are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists that bind more strongly to insect receptors, causing nervous stimulation and death.
3. Exposure to neonicotinoids has been shown to impair pollinator navigation,
This document is a manuscript submitted for publication in the Veterinary World journal. It summarizes the manuscript titled "Pesticide residues in milk and their effect on livestock & human being" written by Mukesh K. Raikwar, Subir K. Nag, Manoj Singh and Puneet Kumar. The manuscript discusses various topics including the classification and sources of pesticides, how pesticide residues enter milk, their health impacts on livestock and humans, and maximum residue limits recommended for milk. The submission letter requests the editor to consider the manuscript for publication and acknowledges payment of subscription and submission fees upon acceptance.
Hazardous Effects of Pesticide Diazinon on Living Organismsijtsrd
One of the major goals of agriculture is to meet the increasing food demand of the growing population and as a result the use of pesticides enormously increases directly. Pesticides are chemical agents used to kill or control the growth of pests. Pesticides have their major role in agriculture on the other hand it also has negative impact on environment and non target organisms. They are classified on the basis of toxicity, target of pest, chemical composition, mode of action, mode of entry, etc. Most commonly they are classified as insecticides, herbicides, weedicides, and rodenticides. Diazinon is an organophosphorous pesticide majorly used in ornamental plants, lawns, fruits and vegetables to destroy pests and insects. Use of pesticides in agriculture results in higher yield, quality product and economic benefits to the farmers and consumers while uncontrolled use of pesticides leads to their bioaccumulation and magnification in the environment which pose hazardous effects to the human health. Neha Tyagi | Monika Bajpai "Hazardous Effects of Pesticide Diazinon on Living Organisms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42550.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42550/hazardous-effects-of-pesticide-diazinon-on-living-organisms/neha-tyagi
This document summarizes the effects of various insecticides on beneficial insects like bees and other pollinators. It discusses how neonicotinoids like imidacloprid and clothianidin are highly toxic to bees even at sublethal doses, impairing their homing ability and motor functions. Studies show neonicotinoids severely impact honeybee queen survival and reproduction. Other insecticides like synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates also have adverse effects ranging from moderate to high toxicity on pollinators. The document advocates for safe use of chemicals and protecting habitats to prevent further pollinator population declines critical for food security.
This document discusses a study on the use of Azotobacter chroococcum as a bio-fertilizer to fix atmospheric nitrogen in mulberry gardens. The study found that applying A. chroococcum inoculants at a rate of 108-9 cells per gram of charcoal carrier material as a bio-fertilizer (Nitrofert) replaced 50% of the recommended nitrogen chemical fertilizer dose without negatively impacting mulberry leaf yield, total biomass, or leaf quality. The consistent effectiveness of A. chroococcum in fixing nitrogen and reducing chemical fertilizer needs was demonstrated. Mass culture techniques for producing the Nitrofert bio-fertilizer on a large scale
14 bacterial inoculant.pdf for development of biofertilizerRAJESHKUMAR428748
This document summarizes the role of bacterial inoculants in crop production. It discusses how excessive use of chemical fertilizers has negatively impacted soil health and introduced the concept of biofertilizers as a more sustainable alternative. The summary includes:
1) Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can restore nutrient cycles and support plant growth, providing a more cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers.
2) Common types of beneficial bacteria used as biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms which aid
Similar to Impact of Some Biocides on Chlorophyll and Enzymatic Activities of Rice Plants (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29925 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 150
aquatic organisms.Gupta (1994)observedthatcarbofuranis
toxic to micro crustaceous and vertebrates of a same food
chain. Norberg-King et al., (1991) affirm that carbofuran isa
toxic insecticide to the aquatic wildlife. The use of
carbofuran in agriculture is prohibited in some countries
(Anonymous, 1996a; Anonymous, 1996b; James, 1995) due
to its eco-toxicity. The carbofuran persistence in the paddy
water and in soil solution has been studied in tablelandsand
channels, because carbofuran is degraded mainly by
hydrolysis (Seiber et al., 1978; Tejada and Magallona, 1985
and Trevizan et al., 2002). Tejada and Magallona (1985)
demonstrated that carbosulfan was not detected in samples
of paddy water and soil solution collected few hours after its
application. Hydrolysis is the main path of carbosulfan to
carbofuran degradation, its first metabolite, but in some
cases, th is latter might present longer persistence in a low
pH environment (Ramanand et al., 1991). Other
environmental factors, such as temperaturevariation,might
directly influence the carbosulfan degradation process
(Sahoo et al., 1990).
Oxadiargyl acts as protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitor.
It is pre-emergence and early post-emergence herbicide
active on broad-leaved weeds (Amaranthus, Bidens,
Chenopodium, Malva, Monochoria, Polygonum, Portulaca,
Potamogeton, Raphanus, Solanum, Sonchus,Rotala),grasses
(Echinochloa, Leptochloa, Brachiaria, Cenchrus, Digitaria,
Eleusine, Panicum and wild rice) and annual sedges, in rice,
upland crops (sunflower, potato, vegetables andsugarcane)
and perennial crops (fruit trees and
citrus). Soil/Environment DT50 (lab., aerobic) 18-72 d (20-
30 °C), forming two major metabolites (one of which is
herbicidal) which are, in turn, steadily degraded, resulting in
mineralisation to CO2 and a soil-bound residue. Oxadiargyl
dissipates rapidly from water into the sedimentphaseandis
readily degraded under anaerobic conditions. Strongly
adsorbed to soil (Koc 1000-3000); oxadiargyl and its two
major soil metabolites show low mobility in 4 soil types and
are unlikely to leach. Field results were consistent: DT50 9-
25 d, mean DT90 90 d; for oxadiargyl and its two major
metabolites, DT50 was 9-31 d, DT90 65-234 d; >95% of
oxadiargyl residues remained in the top 10 cmofsoil,and no
residues were found below 30 cm. Oxadiargyl is a potential
herbicide in crops such as lettuce and capsicums (Dickmann
et al., 1997).
Oxidative state of the host plants has been associated with
HPR to insects (He et al., 2010 and Zhao et al., 2009) which
results in production of ROS that are subsequently
eliminated by antioxidative enzymes. POD constitutes one
such group of enzymes, which scavenges the ROS besides
having other defensive roles. PODs are an important
component of the immediate response of plants to insect
damage (Usha Rani and Jyothsna, 2010, War et al., 2011 and
Gulsen et al., 2010). PODs are monomeric hemoproteins
distributed as soluble, membrane-bound, and cell wall-
bound within the cells, and are widely spread in plants and
include several isozymes whose expression depends on
tissue, developmental stage, and environmental stimuli (He
et al., 2010 and Gulsen et al., 2010). A number of process are
regulated by PODs that have direct or indirect role in plant
defense, including lignification, suberization, somatic
embryogenesis, auxin metabolism,andwoundhealing(Heet
al., 2010, Heng-Moss et al., 2004 and Sethi et al., 2009). Role
of PODs in plant resistance to insect pests has been studied
in various plant systems (War et al., 2011 and Gulsen et al.,
2010). Production of phenoxy and other oxidative radicals
by the PODs in association with phenols directly deters the
feeding by insects and/ or produces toxins that reduce the
plant digestibility, which in turn leads to nutrient deficiency
in insects with drastic effects on their growth and
development (Chen et al., 2009 and Zhang et al., 2008). In
addition, PODs have been reported to have direct toxicity in
guts of herbivores (Zhu-Salzman et al., 2008). PODs have
been purified and characterized from many plants where
they were induced in response to insect attack (He et al.,
2010, Gulsen et al., 2010 and Stout et al., 2009).
The PPOs are important enzymes in plants that regulate
feeding, growth, and development of insect pests, and play a
leading role in plant defense against the biotic and abiotic
stresses (He et al., 2010 and Bhonwong et al., 2009). PPOs
can function in following ways: a) PPO-generated quinones
could alkylate essential amino acids, decreasing plant
nutritional quality, (b) quinones may produce oxidative
stress in the gut lumen through redox cycling, and (c)
quinones and ROS produced by phenolic oxidation, could be
absorbed and have toxic effects on herbivores. The PPOsare
metallo-enzymes thatcatalyzetheoxidationofmonophenols
and o-diphenols to quinones, which are highly reactive
intermediate compounds that readily polymerize, and react
with nucleophilic side chain of amino acids and crosslink
proteins, thereby reducing the availability of such proteins,
and affect the nutritional quality of the food (Bhonwong et
al., 2009 and Zhang et al., 2008). Under acidic conditions,
quinones form semiquinone radicals that in turn give rise to
ROS, while under basic conditions; quinines react with
cellular nucleophiles Bhonwong et al., 2009). Quinines are
more toxic to plant herbivores than the original phenols
(Bhonwong et al., 2009). In addition to their role in
digestibility and palatability of plant tissues, melanin
formation by PPOs increases the cell wall resistance to
insects and pathogens (Zhao et al., 2009). Induction of PPO
activity under abiotic and biotic stresses and by treatment
with compounds relatedtotheoctadecanoidpathwaymakes
it an important tool in plant resistance against different
stresses (He et al., 2010 andBhonwongetal., 2009). The PPO
genes are differentially induced by signaling molecules and
injury due to wounding, and pathogen, or insect infestation
(Bhonwong et al., 2009 and Zhao et al., 2009). Correlation
between induction of PPOactivityandinsectfitnesshasbeen
reported in many plants including tomato and lettuce
(Bhonwong et al., 2009 and Sethi et al., 2009). Although
PPOs accumulate in leaves, roots, stems and flowers of the
plants, young tissues with greater vulnerability to insect
attack exhibit greater induction. One of the important
aspects of HPR against insects is the disruption of insect’s
nutrition. The enzymes that impair the nutrient uptake by
insects through formation of electrophiles includes
peroxidases (PODs), polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), ascorbate
peroxidases, and other peroxidases by oxidizing mono- or
dihydroxyphenols, that lead to the formation of reactive o-
quinones, which inturnpolymerizeorformcovalentadducts
with the nucleophilic groups of proteins due to their
electrophilic nature (e.g., -SH or e-NH2 of Lys) (Bhonwong et
al., 2009, Gulsen et al., 2010 and Gill et al., 2010).
Investigation of these pesticides is of the utmost importance
for a better understanding of their dynamics in the
environment. The literature available the effect of neem oil,
carbosulfan and Oxadiargyl on chlorophyll content and
enzymatic activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase)of
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rice crop is very scanty hence the aim of this study was
undertaken to evaluate the impacts of biocides on
chlorophyll contents and enzymatic activities of14day’sold
seedlings.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Pure line seeds of above mentioned cultivars of rice were
procured from Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (O.U.A.T),
Brahmapur. Bio-pesticidesi.e.neemoil,Carbosulfar25%E.C.
(Marshal) and Topstar (Oxadiargy1 80% w.p.) were used in
this present piece of investigation.
Preparation and mode of application of test chemicals:-
The common recommended doses, of different
concentrations of the test chemicals were preparedbyusing
distilled water as solvent. In this piece of investigation the
preliminary concentrations 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5,
5.0 ml/l or gm/kg of all the bio-pesticides i.e. Neem oil,
carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) and Topstar (oxadiargy1
80% W.P.) were prepared.
Experimental schedule:-
Seed germination and seedling growth experiments of test
plant were conducted in the laboratory condition and study
the vegetative growth parameters and chlorophyll contents.
METHODOLOGY
Surface Sterilization
All the glass wares including seeds have been properly
sterilized. Prior to germination, all the seeds were surface
sterilized by treating with 5% concentration of sodium
hypochloride solution for 12 minutes and then thoroughly
washing it with distilled water for 3 to 4 times to remove
completely the sodium hypo-chloride solution. Glass
materials, absorbent cotton, filter papers and vermiculites
were properly sterilized and used for germination of test
plant rice seeds.
GERMINATION BED
Clear and sterilized petridishes were divided into triplicate
for each concentration of test chemical and control for
experimental purpose. Ten ml of different concentrations of
neem oil, carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) and Topstar
(oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0,
4.5, 5.0 ml/l were applied to different petridishes (10 cm in
size )@ 50 test plant seeds per dish lined with blotting
paper. Control set of petridishes were prepared by taking
same amount of water. Watering was allowed in all
petridishes at an interval of 12 hr with 10 ml of water.
GERMINATION CHAMBER
Specially designed germinationchamberwasmeanttostudy
the vigoursity of germination of test seeds under different
pesticides i.e. treatment with scheduledconcentrationoftest
pesticides. Light is an inhibitory factor for the process of the
germination, hence precaution were taken to make the
germination chamber light proof throughout the course of
investigation.
The duration of germination experiment limitedto72hr.for
first observation of germination was recorded after 12 hr.
treatment and subsequently at an interval 12 hr. duration
the germination strategy of scheduled i.e. 72 hr. Emergence
of radical through the coleoptiles extending the length of 0.1
cm was considered as the standard of germination.
SEEDLING CHAMBER
A special type of chamber has been designed for the growth
of germination seed designated as seedling chamber. The
chamber is partitioned by wooden plates to keep the
petridishes. Besides maintaining of thermo-stability, Photo-
stability has been allowed with 2000 ± 200 lux of
fluorescent light throughout the course of seedling growth.
Temperature constancy maintained at 250 C during the
course of seedling growth investigations.
Petridishes with germination seeds were transferred to the
seedling chamber. Growth of radical and plumule of the
germinating seeds were allowed for sevendays.Throughout
the period of seedling growth aeration under the laboratory
conditions was kept intact. Random collection of days old
seedlings was made from the seedling chamber for the
different vegetative parameters and chlorophyll content.
The collected seedlings were washed properly with water
and separated root and shoot portion. The separated shoot
and root portions were soaked with blotting paper and
measured length and fresh weight. The shoot and root were
dried in a woven with 60 o centigrade and measured dry
weight.
Extraction and estimation of chlorophyll:
In order to measure the chlorophyll content in leaves, ten
seedlings of 14 days old were taken randomly from each
petridish of both control and treated a sets, leaves were
separated from seedlings, washed thoroughly, dried the
surface water by soaking on a blotting paper, cut in to small
pieces and weighted for 50 mg. then this weighted samples
were homogenized with 1-2 ml. of 80% ethanol(v/v) with
mortar and pestle and the homogenate were centrifuged at
3000 xg for 20 minutes at 28± 10c. The pellets were again
homogenized with 80% ethanol and centrifugation was
repeated till colorless pellets obtained which were further
used for other chemical analysis. All the supernatants were
pooled together and a total volume of 10ml. was prepared
with 80% ethanol. The optical density (O.D) of the extract
was measured with help of Elico digital spectrophotometer
(model CL-27) at 663 and 645 nm, taking 80% ethanol as
blank. Estimations were calculated following the formulae
suggested by Arnon (1949).
Total Chl. = v
mg/g (fresh weight)
Where V= Total volume of extract in C.C
W= Weight of samples in gram
And O.D. = Optical density of the extract
Extraction and Assay of Peroxidase
In order to measure the peroxidase content in leaves, ten
seedlings of 14 days old were taken randomly from each
petridish of both control and treated a sets, leaves were
separated from seedlings, washed thoroughly, dried the
surface water by soaking on a blotting paper, cut in to small
pieces and weighted for 50 mg. then this weighted samples
were homogenized with 4ml. 0.1m phosphate buffer
(pH=7.0) with a pre-chilled mortar and paste and
homogenate was centrifuged at 15,500 × g for 30 minutes at
40C and the supernatant was used as the source peroxidase.
Peroxidase activity was assayed following the modified
method of Kar and Mishra (1976). Assay mixture for
peroxide contained 2ml of 0.1m phosphatebuffer(pH=7.0),
1ml. 0.01 M pyrogallol, 1ml 0.0005Mhydrogenperoxideand
1ml well diluted enzyme extract. The reaction was stopped
by adding 1ml. 2.0 ml sulphuric acid after 5 minutes
incubation at 25 at 250C and the amount of purpurogallin
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was estimated by the absorbance at 420 nm. Peroxidase
activity was expressed in absorbency units.
Extraction and Assay of Polyphenyl Oxidase
Polyphenyl oxidase extraction was similar to that of
Peroxidase. Polyphenyl oxidase activity was assayed by a
modified method of Kar and Mishra (1976). Assay mixture
contained 2ml. 0.1m phosphate buffer (pH=7.0), 1ml 0.01M
Pyrogallol and 1ml diluted enzyme extract.The reactionwas
stopped by adding 1ml 2.0m sulphuric acid after 5 minutes
incubation at 250C and the amount of purpirogallin formed
was estimate by measuring the absorbance at 420 nm.
Polyphenol oxidase activity was expressed in absorbency
unit.
RESULT
CHOROPHYLL CONTENTS IN RICE SEEDLINGS
Effect of neem oil
The different concentrations of neem oil considerably
checked the chlorophyll contents of rice seedling. The
seedling of control set exhibited maximum chlorophyll - a
contents 3.04 ± 0.06 mg at 14 days.Howeverthechlorophyll
- a contents of rice seedling exhibited 2.68 ± 0.06mg with
treatment of 0.5 ml./lit. concentration of neemoil at14days.
The chlorophyll - a contents 0.89 ± 0.02 mg in 14 days old
rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5 ml./lit.
concentration of neem oil. All other concentration of neem
oil shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum chlorophyll -
b contents 0.89 ± 0.02 mg at 14 days. However the
chlorophyll - b contents of rice seedling exhibited 0.83 ±
0.02 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml./lit. concentration of neem
oil at 14 days. The chlorophyll-b contents 0.37 ± 0.01 mg in
14 days old rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5
ml./lit. concentration of neem oil. All other concentration of
neem oil shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum total
chlorophyll contents 3.93 ± 0.09 mg at14days.Howeverthe
total chlorophyll contents of rice seedling exhibited 3.51 ±
0.08 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of neem
oil at 14 days. Total chlorophyll contents 1.26 ± 0.03 mg in
14 days old rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5
ml/lit. concentration of neem oil. All other concentration of
neem oil shows intermediate values (Table - 1).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of neem oil and chl.-a, chl.-b and total chl.
trough out theobservation.Significancevaluesp≤0.001 were
calculated taking degree of freedom 20 for the different
concentration of biocide. The values were r = -0.978, r= -
0.967 and r = - 0.976 for chl.-a., chl. b and total chl.
respectively at p≤0.001 level of significance (Table - 1).
Effect of Carbosulfan 25% E.C.(Marshal)
All the concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal)
considerably checked the chlorophyll contents of rice
seedlings. The seedling of control set exhibited maximum
chlorophyll - a contents 3.04 ± 0.06 mg at 14 days. However
the chlorophyll - a contents of rice seedling exhibited 2.46 ±
0.05 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) at 14 days. Chlorophyll - a
contents 0.76 ± 0.02 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal). All other concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum chlorophyll-
b contents 0.89 ± 0.02 mg at 14 days. However the
chlorophyll - b contents of rice seedling exhibited 0.68 ±
0.02mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) at 14 days. The chlorophyll-
b contents 0.27 ± 0.01 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml/lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal). All other concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum total
chlorophyll contents 3.93 ± 0.09 mg at14days.Howeverthe
total chlorophyll contents of rice seedling exhibited 3.14 ±
0.07mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal)at14days.Total chlorophyll
contents 1.03 ± 0.02 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml/lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. All other concentrationofCarbosulfan
25% E.C. (Marshal) shows intermediate values (Marshal)
(Table - 2).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) and
chl.-a, chl.-b and total chl. trough out the observation.
Significance values p≤0.001 werecalculatedtakingdegreeof
freedom 20 for the different concentration of biocide. The
values were r = -0.953, r= - 0.974 and r = - 0.958 for chl.-a.,
chl. b and total chl. respectively at p≤0.001 level of
significance (Table - 2).
Effect of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.)
The different concentrations of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80%
W.P.) considerably checked the chlorophyll contents of rice
seedlings. The seedling of control set exhibited maximum
chlorophyll - a contents 3.04 ± 0.06 mg at 14 days. However
the chlorophyll –a contents of rice seedling exhibited 2.39 ±
0.05 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) at14days.Thechlorophyll-a
contents 0.68 ± 0.02 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 mg./lit. concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum chlorophyll -
b contents 0.89 ± 0.02 mg at 14 days. However the
chlorophyll –b contents of rice seedling exhibited 0.66 ±
0.02mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) at 14 days. Chlorophyll - b
contents 0.23 ± 0.01 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml/lit. concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum total
chlorophyll contents 3.93 ± 0.09 mg at14days.Howeverthe
total chlorophyll contents of rice seedling exhibited 3.05 ±
0.07mg with treatment of 0.5 mg/lit. concentration of
Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) at 14 days. Total chlorophyll
contents 0.91 ± 0.02 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows intermediate values (Table -
3).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of Topstar(Oxadiargyl 80%W.P.)andchl.-
a, chl.-b and total chl. trough out the observation.
Significance values p≤0.001 werecalculatedtakingdegreeof
freedom 20 for the different concentration of biocide. The
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values were r = -0.961, r= - 0.952 and r = - 0.969 for chl.-a.,
chl. b and total chl. respectively at p≤0.001 level of
significance (Table - 3).
CHANGES IN ENZYME ACTIVITIES
A number of enzymes are inducedorsuppressedin response
to biocides. In the present study an attempt has been made
to assess the changes in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase.
Peroxidase content
Effect of neem oil
The different concentrations of neem oil considerably
checked the peroxidase contents of rice seedling. The 14
days old seedling of control set exhibited maximum
peroxidase contents in leaves was 1.19 ± 0.32 mg. However
the peroxidase contents of rice seedling exhibited 1.06 ±
0.27 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml./lit. concentration of neem
oil at 14 days. The peroxidase contents 0.62 ± 0.06 mg in 14
days old rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5
ml/lit. concentration of neem oil. All other concentration of
neem oil shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum peroxidase
contents in roots was 1.26 ± 0.41 mg at 14 days. However
the peroxidase contents of rice seedling exhibited 1.19 ±
0.39 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of neem
oil at 14 days. The peroxidase contents 0.76 ± 0.09 mg in 14
days old rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5
ml/lit. concentration of neem oil. All other concentration of
neem oil shows intermediate values (Table - 1).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of neem oil and peroxidase of leave and
root trough out the observation. Significancevaluesp≤0.001
were calculated taking degreeoffreedom20forthedifferent
concentration of biocide. The values were r = -0.961 and r= -
0.968 for peroxidase activities of leave and root of 14 days
old seedling of test rice plant respectively at p≤0.001level of
significance (Table - 1).
Effect of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal)
The different concentrations of Carbosulfan 25% E.C.
(Marshal) considerably checked the peroxidase contents of
rice seedling. The 14 days old seedling of control set
exhibited maximum peroxidase contents in leaves was 1.19
± 0.32 mg. However the peroxidase contents ofriceseedling
exhibited 0.92 ± 0.25 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit.
concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) at 14days.
The peroxidase contents 0.45 ± 0.06 mg in 14 days old rice
seedlings were found in treatment with 5 ml/lit.
concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal). All other
concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) shows
intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum peroxidase
contents in roots was 1.26 ± 0.41 mg at 14 days. However
the peroxidase contents of rice seedling exhibited 1.07 ±
0.36 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) at 14 days. The peroxidase
contents 0.57 ± 0.13 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal). All other concentration of
Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) shows intermediate values
(Table - 2).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) and
peroxidase of leave and root trough out the observation.
Significance values p≤0.001 werecalculatedtakingdegreeof
freedom 20 for the different concentration of biocide. The
values were r = -0.972 and r= - 0.968 for peroxidase
activities of leave and root of 14 days old seedling of testrice
plant respectively at p≤0.001 level of significance(Table- 2).
Effect of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.)
The different concentrations of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80%
W.P.) considerably checked the peroxidase contents of rice
seedling. The 14 days old seedling of control set exhibited
maximum peroxidase contents in leaveswas1.19± 0.32mg.
However the peroxidase contents of rice seedling exhibited
0.88 ± 0.23 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml./lit. concentration
of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.)at14days.Theperoxidase
contents 0.41 ± 0.07 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml/lit. concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum peroxidase
contents in roots was 1.26 ± 0.41 mg at 14 days. However
the peroxidase contents of rice seedling exhibited 1.04 ±
0.34 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of
Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) at 14 days. The peroxidase
contents 0.53 ± 0.13 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows intermediate values (Table -
3).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) and
peroxidase of leave and root trough out the observation.
Significance values p≤0.001 werecalculatedtakingdegreeof
freedom 20 for the different concentration of biocide. The
values were r = -0.967 and r= - 0.959 for peroxidase
activities of leave and root of 14 days old seedling of testrice
plant respectively at p≤0.001 level of significance(Table- 3).
Polyphenol Oxidase
Effect of the Neem oil
The different concentrations of neem oil considerably
checked the polyphenol oxidase contents of rice seedling.
The 14 days old seedling of control set exhibited maximum
polyphenol oxidase contents in leaves was 1.65 ± 0.56 mg.
However the polyphenol oxidase contents of rice seedling
exhibited 1.57 ± 0.53 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit.
concentration of neem oil at14days.Thepolyphenol oxidase
contents 1.08 ± 0.18 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of neem oil.
All other concentration of neem oil shows intermediate
values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum polyphenol
oxidase contents in roots was 1.43 ± 0.48 mg at 14 days.
However the polyphenol oxidase contents of rice seedling
exhibited 1.32 ± 0.46 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit.
concentration of neem oil at14days.Thepolyphenol oxidase
contents 0.81 ± 0.14 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were
found in treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of neem oil.
All other concentration of neem oil shows intermediate
values (Table - 1).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of neem oil and polyphenol oxidase of
leave and root trough out the observation. Significance
values p≤0.001 were calculated taking degree offreedom 20
for the different concentration of biocide. The values were r
= -0.972 and r= - 0.976 for polyphenol oxidase activities of
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leave and root of 14 days old seedling of test rice plant
respectively at p≤0.001 level of significance (Table - 1).
Effect of Carbosulfan 25% E.C.(Marshal)
The different concentrations of Carbosulfan 25% E.C.
(Marshal) considerably checked the polyphenol oxidase
contents of rice seedling. The 14 days old seedling of control
set exhibited maximum polyphenol oxidase contents in
leaves was 1.65 ± 0.56 mg. However the polyphenol oxidase
contents of rice seedling exhibited 1.42 ± 0.45 mg with
treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentration of Carbosulfan 25%
E.C. (Marshal) at 14 days. The polyphenol oxidase contents
0.86 ± 0.12 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were found in
treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of Carbosulfan 25%
E.C. (Marshal). All other concentration of Carbosulfan 25%
E.C. (Marshal) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum polyphenol
oxidase contents in roots was 1.43 ± 0.41 mg at 14 days.
However the polyphenol oxidase contents of rice seedling
exhibited 1.17 ± 0.29 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit.
concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) at 14days.
The polyphenol oxidase contents 0.63 ± 0.08 mg in 14 days
old rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5 ml/lit.
concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal). All other
concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) shows
intermediate values (Table - 2).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) and
polyphenol oxidase of leave and root trough out the
observation. Significance values p≤0.001 were calculated
taking degree of freedom 20 for the different concentration
of biocide. The values were r = -0.964 and r= - 0.961 for
polyphenol oxidase activities of leave androotof14daysold
seedling of test rice plant respectively at p≤0.001 level of
significance (Table - 2).
Effect of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.)
The different concentrations of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80%
W.P.) considerably checked the polyphenol oxidasecontents
of rice seedling. The 14 days old seedling of control set
exhibited maximum polyphenol oxidase contents in leaves
was 1.65 ± 0.36 mg. However the polyphenol oxidase
contents of rice seedling exhibited 1.38 ± 0.43 mg with
treatment of 0.5 ml/lit. concentrationofTopstar(Oxadiargyl
80% W.P.) at 14 days. The polyphenol oxidase contents 0.79
± 0.14 mg in 14 days old rice seedlings were found in
treatment with 5 ml./lit. concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other concentration of Topstar
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows intermediate values.
The seedling of control set exhibited maximum polyphenol
oxidase contents in roots was 1.43 ± 0.48 mg at 14 days.
However the polyphenol oxidase contents of rice seedling
exhibited 1.14 ± 0.27 mg with treatment of 0.5 ml/lit.
concentration of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) at 14 days.
The polyphenol oxidase contents 0.57 ± 0.09 mg in 14 days
old rice seedlings were found in treatment with 5 ml/lit.
concentration of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.). All other
concentration of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) shows
intermediate values (Table - 3).
The correlation coefficient values were calculating between
the concentration of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) and
polyphenol oxidase of leave and root trough out the
observation. Significance values p≤0.001 were calculated
taking degree of freedom 20 for the different concentration
of biocide. The values were r = - 0.958 and r= - 0.956 for
polyphenol oxidase activities of leave androotof14daysold
seedling of test rice plant respectively at p≤0.001 level of
significance (Table - 3).
DISCUSSION
Seedling establishment is considered as one of the crucial
stage, after germination, where various morphogenesis
activities are established alongwithchangesinphysiological
and biological processes. Duringthisperiodtheseedlingstry
to become self established by the development of root and
shoot systems. The growth and development of shoot and
root are controlled by various metabolic activities carried
out in leaves, hence changes in total chlorophyll contents
and enzymatic activities in leaves were considered
important parameters of seedling establishment.
All the concentration of neem-oil, marshal (carboslfan 25%
E.C) and Top star (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) considerably
reduced the seedling growth due to interaction of
phytotoxins with photophosphorylation pathway and
inhibition of light activated mg +2 ATPase activities
(Moreland,1980).Thoughthecarbohydratesynthesismainly
depends on the efficacy of photosynthetic processes, the
accumulation of carbohydrate in plants is directly
proportional to the amount of chlorophyll present in the
leaves.
The decrease in various parameters of seedling growth in
the test crop is might be due to controlling of enzyme
activities responsible for synthesis of plant growth
regulators like GA3 and IAA that control shoot and root
growth. Butler (1973) and Mishra and Adhikary (1986)
reported that plant growth regulators, at lower
concentrationsinducesynthesisofmacromoleculesresulting
better seedling growth whereas higher concentration act as
inhibitors.
Abdl Baki and Anderson (1972) suggested that many
physiological and bio-chemical processessuchasrespiration
fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis, oxido-reduction
reaction and several enzyme activities are associated with
seedling vigor.
Vegetative growth of the plant body also depends on
different environmental factors such as change in
temperature, humidity, photoperiod and application of
different agrochemicals(Bremner,1969bandCannel,1979).
It is quite common the most visible tillers die without
producing grains and there may be many buds which never
reach the visible stage (Davidson, 1964), Vergara et al
(1966) opinion that plant height is prime importance while
working on the crop plants. Cleland (1964) suggested that
gibberellins play important role on the growth of plants.
Jones and Phillips (1966) suggested that in many plants
highest level of gibberellins occur in apices of stem and root,
young leaves, embryos and endosperm of developing seeds.
The application of different synthetic pesticides, herbicide
and other biocides is a common and modern agricultural
practice by the farmers for better yields, which more or less
selectively interfere with growth of plant species. Further
these chemical have a high toxicity on wide range of plants
while others are very resistance to degradation in the
environment andaccumulateintheplantscreatingproblems
faster than they can solved. Moore (1965) suggested that all
the biocides are not hazardous but most of them are toxic. A
vast reports are available on effect of biocides several crop
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plants such as soya bean (Hsia and Cao, 1978), ragi (Kumar
and Khan, 1982 and Acharya, 1994). Further due to
advancement of biotechnologies, pesticides of plant origin
(biological pesticide or biopesticides active) are developed
and recorded for use. Neem oil is one of such biological
derived pesticide having pesticidal active indegredients
“Limonoids” which include azadiractuin, nimbocinal,
epinimbocinal, nimbin, solamin and meliontriol. There are
limonoid compound contain complex of active ingredients
which act on crop pests by its larvicidal activities, disrupts,
the growth process of insects, repellant or antifeedant to
insect and act afectively against many fungal diseases like
smut, rust, powdery mildew etc because of the above
features neem oil is approved by the integrated pest
management (IPM). As insects and pathogens die by the
application of biocides, there isnoguaranteethatcrop plants
affected. These days may be significant in first generation
but certainly these are physiologically are genetically
hazardous as the plants and animals are more or lesssimilar
at molecular or sub-molecular level. Based on the results
obtained by the application of different concentration of
neem oil, carbosulfan and oxadiargyl on 14 days old
seedlings of test cultivar the discussion aredescribed below.
Chlorophyll content of 14 days old seedling of rice were
significantly reduced by all concentrations of neem oil,
carbosulfan and oxadiargyl which might be due to inhibiting
and/or checking of protein, nucleic acids and carbohydrate
synthesis. Such type of results have been reported by Kohli
et al.,(1988) on green gram, Padhy et al.,(1992) on sesame,
Jayakumar et al.,(1990), Panda(1994) on ground nut by the
eucalyptus globulus leaf leachate which contain
allelochemics like phenolics , terpenoid and flavonoidwhich
are more or less similar in structure and functionofneem oil
and other biocides. Further, it was reported that influence of
biopesticide in relation to cell multiplication to auxin
production in cells, influence of auxins on translocation of
carbohydrates from source to sink are needed for better
understanding on physiological and biochemical changes
that occurs during seedling growth. Such type of related
allelochemics present in neem oil might have suppressed
various metabolic activities resulting decrease in seedling
growth.
The decreased in height of plant suggests that the
metabolites might have synthesized less and could not
properly trans-located from source to sink. Murty et al.,
(1973) suggested that leaf thickness or specific leaf weight
has significance correlation with photosynthetic rate per
unit area in rice. Yoshida and Ahn (1968) observed that
carbohydrate content of grain is largely depends on the
amount of photosynthates formed after flowering.
All the concentration of neem-oil, marshal (carboslfan 25%
E.C) and Top star (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) considerably
reduced the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in 14 days
old seedling due to change the stoichiometry of enzymes
structure by interaction of different biocides. Most of the
biocides are polyphenolic compounds with its derivatives.
Above critical concentration of neem-oil, marshal
(carboslfan 25% E.C) and Top star (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.)
are interrupted the metabolic pathways of oxidation of
phenolic compounds through its hydroxylation reactions to
monophenols to o-diphenol and the oxidation of o-diphenol
to o-quinone with different reactive oxygen species.
Peroxidase is an enzyme which is responsibleforscavenging
of hydrogen peroxide. This enzyme has received maximum
attention to study the toxicity of plants. PPO is a dicopper-
containing enzyme. Several studies have reported the
involvement of PPO in the oxidation of the polyphenolsfrom
plants. PPO activity can be monitored by oxygen
consumption or spectrophotometrically using a variety of
substrates such as pyrogallol, pryocatechol, 4-
methylcatechol, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-tert-
butylcatechol and chlorogenic acid. PPO shows high activity
with diphenols. Two kinds of reactionsgenerated byPPOare
the hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenol and the
oxidation of o-diphenol to o-quinone.
The related activity of PPO and POD is due to the generation
of hydrogen peroxide during the oxidation of phenolic
compounds in PPO-catalyzed reactions (Francisco and Juan
Carlous, 2001, Khann and Robinson, 1994 and Sugai and
Tadini, 2006). The catalytic reactions of the oxidative
enzymes, POD and PPO, have been studied in fruits and
vegetables for many years. Both enzymes have some
common substrates, but each also has its specific substrates
(Banci, 1997, Onsa et al., 2000 & 2004, Furumo, 2008).Their
common substrates are diphenolic products. A binding of
ligand and protein may result in the activation or the
inhibition of the enzyme (Furumo, 2008 and Altschul et al.,
1997). PPO has a slightly smaller binding pocket than POD.
Therefore, the number of binding amino acid residues was
observed. Interaction energy of benzoic compoundsshowed
high affinity to grape ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol
oxidase. Peter and John, (1996) reported that 2, 3-
dihydroxybenzoic acid showed no inhibitory effect whereas
2, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was a strong polyphenoloxidase
inhibitor. The inhibitor 3, 4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid has
high affinity with both enzymes. The series of
monohydroxybenzoic acids (m-, o-, p-hydroxybenzoic acid)
have high affinities with grape polyphenol oxidase with
lower negative interaction energy values than those with
peroxidase. Other compounds, including 2,3-
dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, o-
hydroxybenzoic acid, and m-hydroxybenzoic acid, can be
used as common inhibitors for both enzymes. The present
experimental results suggest that different biocide viz.
neem-oil, marshal (carboslfan 25% E.C) and Top star
(Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) might have inhibited peroxidaseand
polyphenol oxidase activities of 14 daysriceseedlingattheir
respective critical concentration is due to its polyphenolic
derivatives and high affinity to above test chemicalsstudied.
PODs are monomeric hemoproteins distributed as soluble,
membrane-bound, and cell wall-bound within the cells, and
are widely spread in plants and include several isozymes
whose expression depends on tissue, developmental stage,
and environmental stimuli (He et al., 2010 and Gulsen et al.,
2010). A number of processes are regulated by PODs that
have direct or indirect role in plant defense (He et al.,
2010). The PPOs are metallo-enzymes that catalyze the
oxidation of monophenols and o-diphenols to quinones,
which are highly reactive intermediate compounds that
readily polymerize, and react with nucleophilic side chain of
amino acids and crosslink proteins, thereby reducing the
availability of such proteins, andaffectthenutritional quality
of the food (Bhonwong et al., 2009 and Zhang et al., 2008).
Since no adequate reports are available on the effect of
different biocide viz. neem-oil,marshal (carboslfan25%E.C)
and Top star (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) on any crop plants, no
definite correlationsandconclusionscanbedrawnforwhich
in-depth research at molecular level is highly essential.
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Conclusion
The chlorophyll content of leaves was significantlyinhibited
at different concentration of biocide viz. neem-oil, marshal
(carboslfan 25% E.C) and Top star (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.)
and exhibited a positive correlationwithchlorophyll content
and different test chemical studied. The impact of neem-oil,
marshal (carboslfan 25% E.C) and Top star(Oxadiargyl 80%
W.P.) on peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase also exhibited
same trend as it found in chlorophyll content. The
experimental data noticed that among three test biocides
neem oil was found less inhibitory effect on chlorophyll
content, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase followed by
carbosulfan and Oxadiargyl. Hence, awareness should be
created among the paddy farmer on successful
implementation of integrated pest management strategies
for more productivity of crop and eco-friendly agriculture.
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Table – 1 Effect of Neem oil on chlorophyll content and enzyme activities of Oryza sativa var.IR- 36 on fourteen
day old seedling (values are in mean ± S.D. of ten samples). Correlation coefficient (r) values are calculated
between different concentration of Neem oil on fourteen days and different parameters studied. Significance
levels are shown (p)value in parentheses with d.f.20
Treatment (ml/lit.)
Control 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Correlation
coefficient
with level of
significance
(p value)
Parameters
Chlorophyll
Content mg/g
Chl. a
3.04±
0.06
2.68±
0.06
2.45±
0.05
2.27±
0.05
2.06±
0.05
1.85±
0.04
1.68±
0.04
1.57±
0.04
1.48±
0.03
1.07±
0.03
0.89±
0.02
r=-0.978
(p≤0.001)
Chl. b
0.89±
0.02
0.83±
0.02
0.78±
0.02
0.72±
0.02
0.68±
0.02
0.63±
0.02
0.57±
0.02
0.45±
0.02
0.47±
0.02
0.43±
0.02
0.37±
0.01
r=-0.967
(p≤0.001)
Total ch1
3.93±
0.09
3.51±
0.08
3.23±
0.08
2.99±
0.07
2.74±
0.06
2.48±
0.06
2.25±
0.05
2.11±
0.05
1.95±
0.04
1.50±
0.04
1.26±
0.03
r=-0.976
(p≤0.001)
Peroxidase
content
Mg/g
Leaves
1.19±
0.32
1.06±
0.27
1.01±
0.21
0.97±
0.19
0.93±
0.16
0.86±
0.19
0.81±
0.17
0.75±
0.15
0.71±
0.12
0.68±
0.09
0.62±
0.06
r=-0.961
(p≤0.001)
Roots
1.26±
0.41
1.19±
0.39
1.15±
0.32
1.11±
0.31
1.07±
0.29
1.03±
0.29
0.97±
0.26
0.92±
0.23
0.86±
0.17
0.82±
0.13
0.76±
0.09
r=-0.968
(p≤0.001)
Poly phenol
oxidase
content mg/g
Leaves
1.65±
0.56
1.57±
0.53
1.52±
0.49
1.47±
0.46
1.42±
0.41
1.35±
0.32
1.31±
0.38
1.24±
0.34
1.17±
0.27
1.13±
0.23
1.08±
0.18
r=-0.972
(p≤0.001)
Roots
1.43±
0.48
1.32±
0.46
1.26±
0.39
1.21±
0.36
1.16±
0.33
1.12±
0.38
1.06±
0.29
1.01±
0.24
0.95±
0.19
0.87±
0.16
0.81±
0.14
r=-0.976
(p≤0.001)
Table – 2 Effect of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) on chlorophyll content and enzyme activities of Oryza sativa
var.IR- 36 on fourteen day old seedling (values are in mean ± S.D. of ten samples). Correlation coefficient (r)
values are calculated between different concentration of Carbosulfan 25% E.C. (Marshal) and different
parameters studied. Significance levels are shown (p)value in parentheses with d.f.20
Treatment (ml/lit.)
Control 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Correlation
coefficient
with level of
significance
(p value)
Parameters
Chlorophyll
Content mg/g
Chl. a
3.04±
0.06
2.46±
0.05
2.32±
0.05
2.12±
0.05
1.91±
0.04
1.72±
0.04
1.52±
0.04
1.42±
0.03
1.31±
0.03
0.92±
0.02
0.76±
0.02
r=-0.953
(p≤0.001)
Chl. b
0.89±
0.02
0.68±
0.02
0.64±
0.02
0.62±
0.02
0.58±
0.02
0.54±
0.02
0.49±
0.02
0.43±
0.02
0.38±
0.01
0.34±
0.01
0.27±
0.01
r=-0.974
(p≤0.001)
Total ch1
3.93±
0.09
3.14±
0.07
2.96±
0.07
2.74±
0.06
2.49±
0.06
2.26±
0.05
2.01±
0.05
1.85±
0.04
1.69±
0.04
1.26±
0.03
1.03±
0.02
r=-0.958
(p≤0.001)
Peroxidase
content
Mg/g
Leaves
1.19±
0.32
0.92±
0.25
0.86±
0.21
0.82±
0.21
0.78±
0.18
0.73±
0.15
0.68±
0.12
0.64±
0.12
0.58±
0.09
0.51±
0.08
0.45±
0.06
r=-0.972
(p≤0.001)
Roots
1.26±
0.41
1.07±
0.36
1.03±
0.32
0.97±
0.29
0.92±
0.25
0.87±
0.21
0.83±
0.24
0.76±
0.21
0.71±
0.19
0.64±
0.16
0.57±
0.13
r=-0.968
(p≤0.001)
Poly phenol
oxidase
content mg/g
Leaves
1.65±
0.56
1.42±
0.45
1.37±
0.42
1.31±
0.37
1.25±
0.36
1.19±
0.32
1.16±
0.29
1.08±
0.24
1.02±
0.21
0.94±
0.16
0.86±
0.12
r=-0.964
(p≤0.001)
Roots
1.43±
0.48
1.17±
0.29
1.12±
0.26
1.06±
0.28
1.02±
0.25
0.95±
0.19
0.89±
0.16
0.83±
0.18
0.75±
0.14
0.69±
0.07
0.63±
0.08
r=-0.961
(p≤0.001)
Table – 3 Effect of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) on chlorophyll content and enzyme activities of Oryza sativa
var.IR- 36 on fourteen day old seedling (values are in mean ± S.D. of ten samples). Correlation coefficient (r)
values are calculated between different concentration of Topstar (Oxadiargyl 80% W.P.) and different parameters
studied. Significance levels are shown (p)value in parentheses with d.f.20
Treatment (ml/lit.)
Control 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Correlation
coefficient
with level of
significance
(p value)
Parameters
Chlorophyll
Content mg/g
Chl. a
03.04±
0.06
2.39±
0.05
2.27±
0.05
2.08±
0.05
1.87±
0.04
1.68±
0.04
1.47±
0.03
1.38±
0.03
1.24±
0.03
0.87±
0.02
0.68±
0.02
r=-0.961
(p≤0.001)
Chl. b
0.89±
0.02
0.66±
0.02
0.63±
0.02
0.61±
0.02
0.56±
0.02
0.52±
0.02
0.46±
0.02
0.41±
0.02
0.36±
0.01
0.31±
0.01
0.23±
0.01
r=-0.952
(p≤0.001)
Total ch1
3.93±
0.09
3.05±
0.07
2.90±
0.07
2.69±
0.06
2.43±
0.06
2.20±
0.05
1.93±
0.04
1.79±
0.04
1.60±
0.04
1.18±
0.02
1.91±
0.02
r=-0.969
(p≤0.001)
Peroxidase
content
Mg/g
Leaves
1.19±
0.32
0.88±
0.23
0.83±
0.21
0.79±
0.19
0.75±
0.17
0.69±
0.16
0.65±
0.18
0.65±
0.15
0.54±
0.11
0.48±
0.09
0.41±
0.07
r=-0.967
(p≤0.001)
Roots
1.26±
0.41
1.04±
0.34
0.99±
0.29
0.93±
0.24
0.89±
0.28
0.85±
0.25
0.78±
0.12
0.76±
0.24
0.68±
0.19
0.59±
0.16
0.53±
0.13
r=-0.959
(p≤0.001)
Poly phenol
oxidase content
mg/g
Leaves
1.65±
0.56
1.38±
0.43
1.34±
0.39
1.27±
0.31
1.21±
0.28
1.17±
0.23
1.11±
0.25
1.04±
0.21
0.96±
0.16
0.89±
0.19
0.79±
0.14
r=-0.958
(p≤0.001)
Roots
1.43±
0.48
1.14±
0.27
1.08±
0.32
1.03±
0.28
0.97±
0.23
0.92±
0.25
0.85±
0.21
0.78±
0.18
0.72±
0.15
0.65±
0.12
0.57±
0.09
r=-0.956
(p≤0.001)