Porphyry deposits.ppt
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The document discusses porphyry copper-gold deposits, focusing on the Batu Hijau deposit in Indonesia. It provides details on the geology, alteration, mineralization, fluid inclusions, and formation of porphyry deposits. Key points include: - The Batu Hijau deposit contains over 900 million tons of ore grading 0.55% copper and 0.42 g/t gold. - Hydrothermal alteration produced potassic and phyllic zones with associated copper mineralization like chalcopyrite and bornite. - Fluid inclusion studies show porphyry systems had high salinity brines over 400°C that cooled and deposited ore as temperatures decreased. - P
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Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key parts of a dam include the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, diversion tunnels, spillways, and sluice ways. There are several types of dams - gravity dams rely entirely on their weight and have foundations in competent rock; buttress dams are gravity dams reinforced with supports; arch dams are curved to transmit water pressure to abutments; and earth dams are constructed of clay, sand and gravel where foundations are weak. The Bhakra Dam in India is the highest concrete gravity dam in Asia.
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Landslides refer to the downward movement of land masses along steep slopes under the influence of gravity. They are classified based on speed and type of movement. Slow movements include solifluction, creep, and soil creep. Rapid movements are rapid flows. Landslides occur due to internal causes like steep slopes, groundwater, and lithology as well as external causes like earthquakes. Preventive measures include controlling slope angles, installing drainage systems, and stabilizing weak geological structures.
7.ppt
This document discusses ecosystems and ecological concepts. It defines key terms like ecology, biotic and abiotic factors, populations, communities, and ecosystems. It explains that ecosystems vary in size and diversity promotes stability. Ecosystems experience energy flow, chemical cycling, and change over time. Various biomes and aquatic ecosystems are described. The document also covers primary production, energy flow through trophic levels, biogeochemical cycles like water, nitrogen, carbon, and how materials cycle between organisms and the environment through biological and chemical processes.
USFD-IRSE PROB - Updated.ppt
This document discusses flaws in rails and ultrasonic flaw detection testing. It covers three main points:
1. Flaws inevitably develop in rails due to inherent defects and fatigue from train traffic. Rail stresses are increasing, exceeding the mechanical properties of rail steel.
2. Various types of flaws can occur on the surface or internally in different planes of the rail. Examples of flaws shown include cracks in the head, web, and bolt holes.
3. Ultrasonic testing uses probes with piezoelectric crystals to generate and receive sound waves. Reflections from flaws are detected to locate and size defects. Factors like wave types, frequencies, velocities and attenuation in different materials are explained for accurate flaw detection
Rare Earth Elements.pptx
The Rare Earth Elements
The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of 17 elements that appear together on the periodic table. Three key points about REE:
1. Light REE (LREE) are more abundant in the Earth's crust than heavy REE (HREE) due to the lanthanide contraction trend of decreasing ionic radius across the REE series.
2. Elements with odd atomic numbers are generally less abundant than even atomic numbers due to nucleosynthesis processes (Oddo-Harkins rule).
3. REE form stable aqueous complexes with ligands like fluoride and chloride depending on factors like pH, atomic number, and ligand type according to Pearson's HSAB principles
Holy Smokes-Its a Volcano.ppt
Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hot spots where magma rises from below the Earth's crust. There are three main types of volcanoes - shield volcanoes which are wide and gently sloping due to low viscosity basaltic lava flows, cinder cone volcanoes which are steep-sided due to explosive eruptions of thicker granitic lava, and composite volcanoes which have characteristics of both types. Factors like the amount of trapped gases and magma viscosity determine eruption styles from quiet effusions to violent explosions. Monitoring volcanoes helps predict eruptions by detecting signs like earthquakes and gas changes. Eruptions release lava and ash that shape landscapes but can also endanger lives and property.
earthquake.ppt
- Earthquakes are caused by the accumulation of strain along faults until rupture occurs, releasing seismic waves.
- Their magnitude is measured using different scales based on the amplitude and period of seismic waves or the rupture area and displacement.
- Recurrence refers to the frequency of earthquakes in a given area, which can be estimated from historical records and geology.
- While prediction of individual quakes remains difficult, hazards can be assessed through evaluating faults, recurrence, and the effects of local geology on shaking intensity. Preparedness involves building design, codes, and public education.
update__lecture_3.ppt
The document discusses laminar and turbulent flow in pipes. Laminar flow occurs at low velocities where fluid particle paths do not intersect and viscous forces dominate. Turbulent flow occurs at higher velocities where paths do intersect and inertial forces dominate. The transition from laminar to turbulent occurs around a Reynolds number of 2000. Head loss due to friction is directly proportional to velocity for laminar flow but varies with velocity to the power of 1.75-2 for turbulent flow. Reynolds number characterizes the transition based on the ratio of inertial to viscous forces.
alkali-aggregatereaction-180101220255.pdf
Alkali-aggregate reaction is the reaction between the active mineral constituents of some aggregates and the alkali hydroxides in concrete. This reaction is only harmful when it produces significant expansion. There are two main forms: alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate reaction.
Alkali-silica reaction, also known as ASR, causes cracking in concrete due to the reaction between alkalis and reactive silica in some aggregates. Symptoms include cracking and pop outs. Reactive aggregates include certain rocks and synthetic materials.
Alkali-carbonate reaction is influenced by factors like clay or calcite/dolomite content and crystal size in aggregates. It can be controlled by selective
GEOL311-Groundwater-Sp2017.pptx
Groundwater is water stored underground in rock pores and sediments. Over 65% of groundwater used in the US supports agriculture. Demand has depleted groundwater supplies in many areas, so new sources must be found and existing ones protected. Groundwater is capable of shaping landscapes through erosion and depositing materials. Porosity refers to empty rock spaces while permeability means how well fluids can move through rock. Materials like sand and gravel that are porous and permeable make good aquifers for groundwater storage and flow. Overpumping groundwater can lower water tables, reduce pressure, allow saltwater intrusion, cause land subsidence, and enable contamination. Wetlands are often connected to and supported by groundwater systems. Karst landscapes
Volcanoes.ppt
Volcanic eruptions occur when hot molten rock (magma) rises up from below the Earth's surface and reaches the vent of a volcano. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity and gas content of the magma. Explosive eruptions are driven by gas and eject ash and rock high into the air, while effusive eruptions allow lava to flow slowly. Major hazards from eruptions include pyroclastic flows, ash falls, lava flows, lahars, earthquakes, and noxious gases. Volcano observatories monitor seismic activity, deformation, and gas emissions to study volcanoes and provide warnings of impending eruptions to reduce risks to nearby populations.
Ch 4-Igneous Rocks.ppt
This document discusses igneous rocks and magma. It describes how igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Magma is the molten rock located either at the surface as lava or at depth. Factors like cooling rate and composition determine the texture of the igneous rock. The document also examines the compositions of different igneous rocks and how magmas evolve during crystallization through processes like differentiation and assimilation.
(Lab14)_Biaxial_Interference_Figures_F12.ppt
1. There are three methods for determining the optic sign of a biaxial mineral using an interference figure: Biaxial (BXA) figure, centered Optic Axis (OA) figure, and off-centered BXA or OA figure.
2. For all three methods, the mineral is biaxial positive if the gray area between or outside the isogyres turns yellow when a compensator is inserted. The mineral is biaxial negative if the gray area inside the isogyres turns yellow.
3. The 2V angle, which indicates the strength of birefringence, can be estimated from the separation of melatopes in a BXA figure or the
Lecture 23 - Igneous Rocks (1).ppt
This document provides information on igneous rocks, including their classification, textures, and mineralogy. It discusses:
1. The classification of igneous rocks based on texture (phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, etc.) and composition (felsic, mafic, ultramafic).
2. The main igneous minerals like quartz, feldspars, olivines, and pyroxenes.
3. How mineral assemblages in igneous rocks are determined by melt composition and cooling rate. Texture is influenced by the rate of nucleation and crystal growth.
4. Different types of igneous textures including glassy, vesicular
GPS-1.ppt
GPS uses a network of satellites and receivers to calculate locations on Earth. The GPS network consists of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice a day transmitting navigation signals. GPS receivers detect these signals and use trilateration to calculate the user's position by computing distances to four or more satellites. Accuracy can be affected by factors like atmospheric conditions, satellite geometry, and interference. Differential correction improves accuracy by comparing mobile receiver locations to a known base station location.
GPS-1.ppt
GPS uses a network of satellites and receivers to calculate locations on Earth. The GPS network consists of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice a day transmitting navigation signals. GPS receivers detect these signals and use trilateration based on the time difference of multiple signals to determine the user's latitude, longitude, and elevation. Accuracy can be affected by factors like atmospheric conditions, satellite geometry, and interference. Differential correction can improve accuracy.
phase_diagrams.ppt
1) The document describes a phase diagram for plagioclase feldspars that explains the transition from calcium-rich to sodium-rich plagioclase crystals with decreasing temperature.
2) The phase diagram shows the liquidus and solidus lines that separate the "all liquid", "liquid + crystal", and "all crystal" fields, and indicates how temperature and composition of crystals and melt change during crystallization.
3) If crystallization occurs slowly enough for equilibrium, the composition of crystals and melt will move in tandem down the diagram. But rapid cooling can result in zoned crystals with calcium-rich cores surrounded by progressively more sodium-rich zones.
1.1. Remote Sensing_Lecture-1.docx
This document discusses aerial photography and its uses in geology. It defines photogeology as the identification and study of geological features through aerial photographs. Aerial photographs are taken from aircraft and have advantages over ground observations like improved vantage point and ability to see large areas. They are used in topographic mapping and image interpretation. The document describes different types of aerial photographs based on camera axis position and scale. It also discusses the geometry and differences between aerial photographs and maps.
Remote Sensing 1.3.docx
Basic elements that can aid in identifying objects in aerial photographs include tone, size, shape, texture, pattern, shadow, site, and association. Tone refers to the brightness or color of objects. Size must be considered in the context of the photograph's scale. Shape provides clues, like geometric shapes indicating human presence. Texture describes smoothness or roughness. Pattern reveals organized versus random arrangements. Shadows help determine height but also obscure. Site, or location, is important for identifying landforms and vegetation. Association provides context, as some objects are typically found together.
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VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Gas agency management system project report.pdf
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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Porphyry deposits.ppt
- 2. The Importance of Porphyry Deposits as a Copper and Gold Resource Gold Resources Copper Resources
- 3. A Geological Cross Section through the Batu Hijau Porphyry Deposit, Indonesia (920 million tons of ore grading 0.55 wt.% Cu, 0.42 g/t Au)
- 4. Batu Hijau Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Indonesia
- 5. Batu Hijau Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Indonesia Goethite-coated quartz veins cutting sericite-altered diorite Tonalite porphyry
- 6. Hydrothermal Alteration at Batu Hijau
- 7. Batu Hijau Porphyry Cu-Au Ores Supergene Hypogene Chalcopyrite Bornite Malachite
- 8. Spatial Distribution of Porphyry Deposits
- 9. The Origin of Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Magmas Hydration Melting
- 10. Porphyry-epithermal-skarn system - overview
- 11. Idealized Porphyry Alteration/Mineralization (Lowell and Gilbert, 1970)
- 13. Potassic Alteration High Grade Ore Bornite Chalcopyrite Porphyry Ore and Alteration Textures Phyllic Alteration
- 14. Potassic Alteration Revealed by Staining
- 15. 3KAlSi3O8 + 2H+ = KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 6SiO2 + 2K+ K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz Hydrothermal Alteration – Chemical Controls 2KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 2H+ + 3H2O = 3Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ Muscovite Kaolinite
- 16. Metal Zonation in Porphyry Systems Bingham Mineral Park
- 17. Tectonic Setting of Porphyry Deposits
- 18. Porphyry metal associations as a function of intrusive composition
- 19. LV inclusions VL inclusions LVHS inclusions Fluid Inclusions in Porphyry Ore Depositing Systems Aqueous-carbonic Fluid inclusion
- 20. 100 mm Primary, Pseudosecondary and Secondary Fluid Inclusions Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in dolomite
- 21. Isochores for Fluid Inclusions in the System H2O
- 23. Microthermometry of Aqueous Fluid Inclusions
- 24. Isochores for Halite-bearing inclusions
- 25. Isochores for the System NaCl-H2O
- 26. Salinity Determination from Halite Dissolution
- 27. Salinity Determination from Ice Melting
- 28. P-T-X Relationships in the System NaCl-H2O
- 29. Salinity-Temperature Relationships in Porphyry Systems Note existence of high temperature VL and LVS inclusions. Evidence of boiling or condensation? Data from the Sungun Cu-Mo porphyry, Iran (Hezarkhani and Williams-Jones, 1997)
- 30. Laser Ablation ICP-MS and Fluid inclusions
- 31. Stable Isotope Data for Porphyry Deposits
- 33. Chemical Controls on Ore Formation CuClo +FeCl2 o + 2H2S + 0.5O2= CuFeS2 + 3H+ + 3Cl- + 0.5H2O Deposition of Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) Deposition favoured by an increase in f O2, an increase in f H2S and an increase in pH What about temperature?
- 34. Decreasing Temperature – the Main Control on Porphyry Copper Ore Formation? (Hezarkhani and Williams-Jones, 1998) Modelling ore deposition in the Sungun porphyry, Iran. Solubility of chalcopyrite in a 1 m NaCl solution. Copper solubility drops to ~ 4,000 ppm at 400 oC, the temperature of ore formation and 1 ppm at 300 oC
- 35. Decreasing Temperature – the Main Control on Porphyry Copper Ore Formation (Landtwing et al., 2005) Copper concentrations in fluuid inclusions of the Bingham porphyry, USA
- 36. Cu-Mo Zoning in Porphyry Systems Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are commonly zoned with a deeper, higher temperature molybdenite-rich zone and a shallower, lower temperature chalcopyrite-rich zone. Cooling of an aqueous fluid initially containing 2 m NaCl, 0.5 m KCl, 4000 ppm Cu and 1000 ppm Mo in equilibrium with K-feldspar, muscovite and quartz.
- 37. Magma Emplacement, and the Nature of the Exsolved Fluid 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 500 1000 1500 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 Vapour Liquid 600C 800C Halite H2O-NaCl V V L L H Magmatic fluid Pressure (bar) Depth (Km) Fluid inclusions NaCl wt.%
- 38. Transport of Metals by Vapour? Extinct fumarole Summit of Merapi volcano, Indonesia Fumarole emitting magmatic gases at 600 oC Mo3O8.nH2O Ilsemanite
- 39. Quartz monz onite porphyry E quigranular monz onite > 0 . 7 % C u > 0 . 7 % C u > 0 . 3 5 % C u > 0 . 3 5 % Cu > 0 . 3 5 % C u < 0.35% Cu S edimentary R ocks upper lim it of critical-type inclus ions 1 - 5 v o l . % q u a r t z v e i n s 1 - 5 v o l. % q u a rt z v e i n s < 1 vol % quartz veins 5-10 vol. % quartz veins brine inclusions critical-type inclusions vapor-rich inclusions 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 P aleo-depth (k m) NNW halite opaq ue va por va por va por va por sylvite liq uid liq uid liq uid chalc opyrite 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm hema tite 1997 Pit SS E The Bingham Porphyry Deposit - A Case for the Vapour Transport of Copper (Williams-Jones and Heinrich, 2005)
- 40. The Solubility of Chalcopyrite in Water Vapour Increasing PH2O promotes hydration (and solubility) and increasing temperature inhibits hydration. Migdisov et al. (2014)
- 41. From Hypogene to Supergene Supergene Hypogene Chalcopyrite Bornite Malachite
- 42. Oxidised zone Primary zone Enriched zone Leached zone Mineralized gravel Mineralized bedrock Barren gravel Supergene enrichment FeS2 + H2O + 7/2O2= Fe2+ + 2SO4 2- + 2H+ 2Fe2+ + 2H2O + 1/2O2 = Fe2O3 + 4H+; 2Cu+ + H2O = Cu2O + 2H+ 2Cu+ + SO4 2- = Cu2S + 4O2 Leached zone – acidity creation CuFeS2 + 4O2= Fe2+ + Cu2+ + 2SO4 2- Oxidised zone – Fe and Cu oxides, acidity creation Enriched zone – reduction and sulphide deposition
- 44. References Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Proffett Jr, J.M., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J.A, 2006, Porphyry Deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features in Hedenquist et Al. (eds) Economic Geology One Hundreth Anniversary Volume, p.251-298. Williams-Jones, A.E. and Heinrich, C.H., 2005, Vapor transport of metals and the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits: Econ. Geol., 100, p.1287-1312. Evans, A.M., 1993, Ore geology and industrial minerals, an introduction: Blackwell Science, Chapter 14. Pirajno, F. 2009, Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems, Springer, Chapter 5. Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, Porphyry copper systems: Econ. Geol., 195, 3-41.