POPULATION DYNAMICS
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This document discusses key concepts related to population dynamics including population, overpopulation, underpopulation, population distribution, factors affecting population change, and sustainable development. It defines key terms and provides examples to illustrate population density is highest in the riverine plains of Asia due to abundant resources, while arid, mountainous, and forested regions tend to have lower population density due to environmental challenges. Both overpopulation and underpopulation can have negative economic and social impacts.
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Population dynamics
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. If births and immigration exceed deaths and emigration, the population increases. Under ideal conditions without limitations, a population would experience exponential growth. However, limiting factors like resource availability typically cause logistic growth, where the population levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
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The document discusses population pyramids and the information they provide about a population. Population pyramids show the number of males and females in different age groups through side-by-side bar graphs. They can reveal a population's birth and death rates, life expectancy, and whether it is experiencing rapid growth, slow growth, or is stable or decreasing. Pyramids for less economically developed countries typically have a wide base indicating high fertility rates and dependency, while developed countries have narrow bases and wider tops due to lower birth rates and longer lifespans. The shape of the pyramid provides implications for a country's resources, jobs, and future population growth.
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Population dynamics is the study of changes in population sizes over time. Key aspects include population size, density, distribution, and growth trends. Population size is the number of individuals in an area, while density is the number per unit area. Mark-recapture sampling estimates population size by capturing, marking, and recapturing individuals. Demography analyzes population changes through birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration to determine growth rates. Populations can exhibit exponential or logistic growth patterns, with the latter limited by environmental carrying capacity. Many factors like resources, competition, and species interactions influence population growth.
Population dynamics
Populations have characteristics like population size, density, age distribution, and dispersion that can change over time. A population's growth is determined by births and immigration minus deaths and emigration. Exponential growth occurs when births exceed deaths, but resources are ultimately limited by the environment's carrying capacity. Populations may exhibit r-selected or K-selected reproductive strategies depending on environmental pressures and resource availability.
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This document discusses population dynamics and factors that affect population sizes. It covers monitoring wild populations and how succession leads to climax plant communities. Density-independent factors like temperature and rainfall can influence populations. Density-dependent factors such as disease, food supply, predation, and competition also impact population change. Monitoring is important to understand wild population fluctuations over time. Succession describes the process by which pioneer species are replaced by later species until a climax community establishes.
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The document discusses population, population growth, and population growth rates. It defines these terms and explains factors that affect population growth rates like birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. It notes that the three sources of population change are fertility, mortality, and migration. It then provides details about India's census, current and historical population sizes in India and worldwide, challenges of overpopulation, and strategies to control population growth like family planning programs and education.
Population Dynamics
1. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. The size of a population depends on factors like birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration.
2. Population growth is influenced by birth rate, death rate, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity. When birth rates exceed death rates, the population increases, but environmental factors can cause the population to fluctuate over time.
3. Key factors that affect population size include natality, mortality, survivorship, life tables, and emigration. Population growth patterns follow J-curves or S-curves as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH
Beginning in the 21st century, the world population reached approximately 6 billion and has since grown to over 7 billion. Population density is measured as the number of people per square kilometer, and can be categorized as high (over 200 people/sq km), middle (11-50 people/sq km) or low (1 person/sq km). Population growth or change refers to the change in a population's size over a specific time period, and can be positive if the birth rate exceeds the death rate, or negative if the birth rate falls below the death rate. In addition to births and deaths, migration between locations also impacts population size.
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A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. If births and immigration exceed deaths and emigration, the population increases. Under ideal conditions without limitations, a population would experience exponential growth. However, limiting factors like resource availability typically cause logistic growth, where the population levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
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Population dynamics
Populations have characteristics like population size, density, age distribution, and dispersion that can change over time. A population's growth is determined by births and immigration minus deaths and emigration. Exponential growth occurs when births exceed deaths, but resources are ultimately limited by the environment's carrying capacity. Populations may exhibit r-selected or K-selected reproductive strategies depending on environmental pressures and resource availability.
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This document discusses population dynamics and factors that affect population sizes. It covers monitoring wild populations and how succession leads to climax plant communities. Density-independent factors like temperature and rainfall can influence populations. Density-dependent factors such as disease, food supply, predation, and competition also impact population change. Monitoring is important to understand wild population fluctuations over time. Succession describes the process by which pioneer species are replaced by later species until a climax community establishes.
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The document discusses population, population growth, and population growth rates. It defines these terms and explains factors that affect population growth rates like birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. It notes that the three sources of population change are fertility, mortality, and migration. It then provides details about India's census, current and historical population sizes in India and worldwide, challenges of overpopulation, and strategies to control population growth like family planning programs and education.
Population Dynamics
1. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. The size of a population depends on factors like birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration.
2. Population growth is influenced by birth rate, death rate, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity. When birth rates exceed death rates, the population increases, but environmental factors can cause the population to fluctuate over time.
3. Key factors that affect population size include natality, mortality, survivorship, life tables, and emigration. Population growth patterns follow J-curves or S-curves as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH
Beginning in the 21st century, the world population reached approximately 6 billion and has since grown to over 7 billion. Population density is measured as the number of people per square kilometer, and can be categorized as high (over 200 people/sq km), middle (11-50 people/sq km) or low (1 person/sq km). Population growth or change refers to the change in a population's size over a specific time period, and can be positive if the birth rate exceeds the death rate, or negative if the birth rate falls below the death rate. In addition to births and deaths, migration between locations also impacts population size.
Population Growth
The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
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This document discusses key concepts related to population growth and dynamics. It defines what a population is and describes demography as the statistical study of populations. Population size, density, and dispersion are identified as key features of populations. Crude density and ecological density are important indexes used to describe populations. Methods for estimating population densities include mark-recapture and minimum known alive techniques. The concepts of growth rate, sources and sinks, and meta-populations are also introduced. Population dispersion patterns like regular, random, clumped and regular clumped are described. Finally, the document discusses age structure and different types of age pyramids in populations.
Factors influencing population growth
This document compares population growth in Jamaica and India. It discusses factors influencing growth such as birth rates, death rates, and migration. In Jamaica, birth and fertility rates have decreased in recent decades due to more career-focused women, birth control availability, and emigration exceeding immigration. In India, high poverty rates, religious beliefs encouraging large families, and decreasing death rates have contributed to continued population growth, despite some emigration.
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Population dynamics
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. There are three characteristics of populations: geographical area, density, and growth rate. Population growth is determined by birth rate, death rate, and migration. Exponential growth occurs under ideal conditions with no limits, but logistic growth occurs when limiting factors cause the population to level off at the carrying capacity. Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting large populations through competition and predation, or density-independent like natural disasters.
Population dynamics
- Population growth is determined by birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates and can take the form of exponential or logistic growth.
- Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, while logistic growth occurs when resources become limited, causing the population to level off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
- Population regulation occurs through density-dependent factors like competition and disease, which increase mortality at high population densities, and density-independent factors like weather.
- R-strategist species are adapted to unstable environments through high reproduction rates, small body size, and short lifespans. K-strategist species are adapted to stable environments through slower growth, larger body size, and investment in fewer offspring.
Population growth
This document discusses population growth models, including exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited and the population grows rapidly in a J-shaped curve. Logistic growth occurs when resources are limited, causing the population to initially grow rapidly then slow down, reaching an asymptote as the carrying capacity is approached. Key factors that influence population growth are birth rates, death rates, immigration, emigration, food availability, and competition for limited resources. Governments have implemented controls to limit unsustainable human population growth.
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This document provides an overview of the Module 4 topics on human population and the environment from the Department of MLT at SMAS. It includes 7 sections written by different authors on topics such as population growth curves, causes of population growth, factors controlling growth, and family planning programs. The document examines biological and socioeconomic drivers of population increases and consequences of overpopulation like resource depletion and increased pollution.
Population and demography
The document discusses key concepts in population and demography including:
1. Population refers to a collection of human beings that share characteristics that can be analyzed. Population growth rate measures the increase in a population over a period of time.
2. Demography is the statistical study of human populations and how they change over time due to factors like birth, death, migration, and aging.
3. Thomas Malthus' theory proposed that population increases faster than the food supply, pushing people to the verge of starvation. The demographic transition model shows populations transitioning through stages of high then low birth and death rates.
World human population growth through history
The human population has grown exponentially since 1350 AD, reaching over 7 billion currently. It took until 1800 for the population to reach 1 billion, but only 127 years to double to 2 billion in 1927. Rapid growth was driven by improved agriculture, medicine, and sanitation. Currently, the population grows by around 75 million per year and is expected to reach 8.5-10.9 billion by 2050. Population growth rates vary by region and development level, with less developed countries having higher birth rates and shorter doubling times. Continued rapid growth could stress environmental resources if not balanced.
Population migration
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Demographic transistion
This document discusses demographic concepts related to population size, growth, and transition. It defines demography and demographic transition, outlining the 5 stages of transition from high birth and death rates to lower rates as a country develops. Stage 1 involves very high birth and death rates and a stable population. Stage 2 sees falling death rates and slow population growth. Stage 3 has rapidly falling birth rates and growing populations. Stage 4 stabilizes population growth. Stage 5 has slightly falling birth rates and stable death rates with potential population decline. Factors like population size, composition, and growth rates vary and impact development.
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This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including the five characteristics of a population: geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It provides examples and explanations of each characteristic. Geographic distribution describes the area inhabited by a population. Density is the number of individuals per unit area. Dispersion describes the spatial distribution of individuals as either clumped, even, or random. Growth rate measures changes in population size over time. Age structure diagrams show population breakdown by age and sex.
Optimum
The document discusses the concept of optimum population, which refers to a population size that allows for a balanced relationship between population and resources. It is introduced as an economic concept concerned with quality of life. Optimum population occurs when a country's population is able to fully utilize available resources, resulting in the highest possible standard of living and per capita output. A few economists' definitions are provided, relating optimum population to maximum social welfare, income per head, or standard of living. Criteria for assessing optimum population include per capita income, employment, consumption, and resource usage.
Human population
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
Characteristics of Population
The document discusses various characteristics of populations including:
1) Population density which measures the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
2) Population growth rate which is the rate at which a population increases each year as a percentage of the initial population.
3) Birth and death rates which measure the number of live births and deaths per 1,000 people in a population each year.
Population growth
Scientists describe population growth using models like exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth assumes unlimited resources leading to rapid growth, while logistic growth incorporates limiting factors that slow growth as the population approaches the carrying capacity. Population size is regulated by biotic factors like competition for resources, disease, predation, and physiological stress at high densities, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, weather, and natural disasters. No population perfectly fits either the exponential or logistic growth models due to the complex interplay of these limiting factors.
Theories of population
This document discusses several theories related to population growth and carrying capacity of the Earth:
- Cornucopians believe that continued technological progress will allow humanity to meet its material needs and support continued population growth, even drawing on outer space for resources.
- Malthusians argue that population growth will eventually outpace the Earth's ability to produce food and resources, leading to scarcity.
- William Catton's overshoot theory holds that humanity has already exceeded the planet's carrying capacity through environmental damage from overconsumption.
- Ester Boserup believed that population growth enables agricultural innovations to increase food production through more intensive farming methods.
- The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that based on
Population Structure
The document discusses population structure and its representation through population pyramids. It defines key terms like CBR, CDR, and life expectancy. Countries are expected to be at different stages of the demographic transition model based on their CBR and CDR. Population pyramids show the ratio of age groups in a population and how this structure impacts a population's needs. Interpreting pyramids involves placing descriptive sentences on sample pyramids from France and Kenya. Calculating a country's dependency ratio involves dividing the number of non-working young and elderly by the working-age population. Homework involves calculating dependency ratios for several countries.
Population Distribution
Population distribution is influenced by both physical and human factors. Physical factors like climate, landforms, resources, and vegetation determine whether an area is densely or sparsely populated. Areas with extreme climates or hostile environments tend to be sparsely populated, while temperate areas and places rich in resources see higher population densities. Human factors also impact population distribution, as economic opportunities, social preferences, and political stability can encourage or discourage large populations in certain areas.
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The document provides an overview of population growth trends globally and in India. It discusses key topics like the demographic transition model, past and projected world population growth, and current population growth rates in different countries and regions. The demographic transition model outlines the typical stages that societies progress through as mortality and birth rates change due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, and increased access to family planning. World population grew slowly until the 18th century but has increased rapidly in recent centuries, reaching 6.8 billion in 2010, with most growth occurring in developing countries still in the early stages of the demographic transition.
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This document discusses key concepts related to population growth and dynamics. It defines what a population is and describes demography as the statistical study of populations. Population size, density, and dispersion are identified as key features of populations. Crude density and ecological density are important indexes used to describe populations. Methods for estimating population densities include mark-recapture and minimum known alive techniques. The concepts of growth rate, sources and sinks, and meta-populations are also introduced. Population dispersion patterns like regular, random, clumped and regular clumped are described. Finally, the document discusses age structure and different types of age pyramids in populations.
Factors influencing population growth
This document compares population growth in Jamaica and India. It discusses factors influencing growth such as birth rates, death rates, and migration. In Jamaica, birth and fertility rates have decreased in recent decades due to more career-focused women, birth control availability, and emigration exceeding immigration. In India, high poverty rates, religious beliefs encouraging large families, and decreasing death rates have contributed to continued population growth, despite some emigration.
10. population changes
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Population dynamics
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. There are three characteristics of populations: geographical area, density, and growth rate. Population growth is determined by birth rate, death rate, and migration. Exponential growth occurs under ideal conditions with no limits, but logistic growth occurs when limiting factors cause the population to level off at the carrying capacity. Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting large populations through competition and predation, or density-independent like natural disasters.
Population dynamics
- Population growth is determined by birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates and can take the form of exponential or logistic growth.
- Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, while logistic growth occurs when resources become limited, causing the population to level off at the carrying capacity of the environment.
- Population regulation occurs through density-dependent factors like competition and disease, which increase mortality at high population densities, and density-independent factors like weather.
- R-strategist species are adapted to unstable environments through high reproduction rates, small body size, and short lifespans. K-strategist species are adapted to stable environments through slower growth, larger body size, and investment in fewer offspring.
Population growth
This document discusses population growth models, including exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited and the population grows rapidly in a J-shaped curve. Logistic growth occurs when resources are limited, causing the population to initially grow rapidly then slow down, reaching an asymptote as the carrying capacity is approached. Key factors that influence population growth are birth rates, death rates, immigration, emigration, food availability, and competition for limited resources. Governments have implemented controls to limit unsustainable human population growth.
Human population, population issues, population growth curvue, factors contro...
This document provides an overview of the Module 4 topics on human population and the environment from the Department of MLT at SMAS. It includes 7 sections written by different authors on topics such as population growth curves, causes of population growth, factors controlling growth, and family planning programs. The document examines biological and socioeconomic drivers of population increases and consequences of overpopulation like resource depletion and increased pollution.
Population and demography
The document discusses key concepts in population and demography including:
1. Population refers to a collection of human beings that share characteristics that can be analyzed. Population growth rate measures the increase in a population over a period of time.
2. Demography is the statistical study of human populations and how they change over time due to factors like birth, death, migration, and aging.
3. Thomas Malthus' theory proposed that population increases faster than the food supply, pushing people to the verge of starvation. The demographic transition model shows populations transitioning through stages of high then low birth and death rates.
World human population growth through history
The human population has grown exponentially since 1350 AD, reaching over 7 billion currently. It took until 1800 for the population to reach 1 billion, but only 127 years to double to 2 billion in 1927. Rapid growth was driven by improved agriculture, medicine, and sanitation. Currently, the population grows by around 75 million per year and is expected to reach 8.5-10.9 billion by 2050. Population growth rates vary by region and development level, with less developed countries having higher birth rates and shorter doubling times. Continued rapid growth could stress environmental resources if not balanced.
Population migration
The document discusses migration, which refers to people who move from one place to another to live or work. Migration can be voluntary, with people moving for better opportunities or quality of life, or forced, where people are compelled to migrate involuntarily such as due to persecution. The key types of migrants are emigrants who leave their home country, immigrants who enter a new country, asylum seekers who flee persecution and seek permission to stay, refugees who flee without permission, illegal immigrants who enter a country without authorization, economic migrants who move for work, and internal migrants who relocate within their home country.
Demographic transistion
This document discusses demographic concepts related to population size, growth, and transition. It defines demography and demographic transition, outlining the 5 stages of transition from high birth and death rates to lower rates as a country develops. Stage 1 involves very high birth and death rates and a stable population. Stage 2 sees falling death rates and slow population growth. Stage 3 has rapidly falling birth rates and growing populations. Stage 4 stabilizes population growth. Stage 5 has slightly falling birth rates and stable death rates with potential population decline. Factors like population size, composition, and growth rates vary and impact development.
Population Ecology Notes
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including the five characteristics of a population: geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It provides examples and explanations of each characteristic. Geographic distribution describes the area inhabited by a population. Density is the number of individuals per unit area. Dispersion describes the spatial distribution of individuals as either clumped, even, or random. Growth rate measures changes in population size over time. Age structure diagrams show population breakdown by age and sex.
Optimum
The document discusses the concept of optimum population, which refers to a population size that allows for a balanced relationship between population and resources. It is introduced as an economic concept concerned with quality of life. Optimum population occurs when a country's population is able to fully utilize available resources, resulting in the highest possible standard of living and per capita output. A few economists' definitions are provided, relating optimum population to maximum social welfare, income per head, or standard of living. Criteria for assessing optimum population include per capita income, employment, consumption, and resource usage.
Human population
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
Characteristics of Population
The document discusses various characteristics of populations including:
1) Population density which measures the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
2) Population growth rate which is the rate at which a population increases each year as a percentage of the initial population.
3) Birth and death rates which measure the number of live births and deaths per 1,000 people in a population each year.
Population growth
Scientists describe population growth using models like exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth assumes unlimited resources leading to rapid growth, while logistic growth incorporates limiting factors that slow growth as the population approaches the carrying capacity. Population size is regulated by biotic factors like competition for resources, disease, predation, and physiological stress at high densities, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, weather, and natural disasters. No population perfectly fits either the exponential or logistic growth models due to the complex interplay of these limiting factors.
Theories of population
This document discusses several theories related to population growth and carrying capacity of the Earth:
- Cornucopians believe that continued technological progress will allow humanity to meet its material needs and support continued population growth, even drawing on outer space for resources.
- Malthusians argue that population growth will eventually outpace the Earth's ability to produce food and resources, leading to scarcity.
- William Catton's overshoot theory holds that humanity has already exceeded the planet's carrying capacity through environmental damage from overconsumption.
- Ester Boserup believed that population growth enables agricultural innovations to increase food production through more intensive farming methods.
- The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that based on
Population Structure
The document discusses population structure and its representation through population pyramids. It defines key terms like CBR, CDR, and life expectancy. Countries are expected to be at different stages of the demographic transition model based on their CBR and CDR. Population pyramids show the ratio of age groups in a population and how this structure impacts a population's needs. Interpreting pyramids involves placing descriptive sentences on sample pyramids from France and Kenya. Calculating a country's dependency ratio involves dividing the number of non-working young and elderly by the working-age population. Homework involves calculating dependency ratios for several countries.
Population Distribution
Population distribution is influenced by both physical and human factors. Physical factors like climate, landforms, resources, and vegetation determine whether an area is densely or sparsely populated. Areas with extreme climates or hostile environments tend to be sparsely populated, while temperate areas and places rich in resources see higher population densities. Human factors also impact population distribution, as economic opportunities, social preferences, and political stability can encourage or discourage large populations in certain areas.
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2. Population density varies based on factors like climate, resources, and level of development. densely populated areas have over 200 people per square km while sparsely populated areas have under 1 person per square km.
3. Population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. Most countries have experienced a demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as development increased.
UNIT 3 POPULATION ECOLOGY (1)
This document provides an overview of population ecology, including terminology, patterns of dispersion, population growth, survival patterns, factors influencing population growth, methods for determining population size, human population trends, and social organization. Some key points include:
- Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to their environment. A population is a group of the same species in the same area. Density, dispersion, demography, birth and death rates are important concepts.
- Population growth can follow exponential or logistic patterns. Carrying capacity is the maximum population an environment can sustain. Survival patterns include Type I, II, and III curves.
- Population growth is influenced by density-dependent factors like competition, disease, predation, and
World population
The document discusses various topics relating to world population, including:
1. The current world population is approximately 7 billion as of 2012 and is expected to reach 11 billion by 2100. Global population growth is around 80 million people annually.
2. Population growth rates vary significantly between countries, with some experiencing major increases and others experiencing declines. A nation's population can increase through higher birth rates than death rates or through immigration.
3. The distribution of the world's population is uneven, with some areas being sparsely populated and others being densely populated. Tokyo has a population of over 25 million people.
Unit 3 population ecology
Population ecology studies populations in relation to their environment. Key concepts include population density, dispersion patterns, growth rates, and factors influencing population size like competition and predation. Population size can be estimated using methods like mark-recapture. Human populations have grown exponentially but are slowing, with developing regions still experiencing most growth. Community structures involve interactions between species like competition, predation, herbivory and symbiosis. Ecological succession over time involves communities changing from pioneers to a climax.
populationanddemography-111014011145-phpapp01.pdf
Population and demography refer to the statistical study of human populations in terms of their size, structure, and changes over time. Key factors studied include birth rates, death rates, and migration. Population growth impacts issues like food supply, housing, employment and the environment. Demography analyzes population aggregates using vital statistics and census data on attributes like age, sex and location. Population pyramids and dependency ratios provide insights into a population's structure. Theories like Malthusian and demographic transition theory attempt to explain population growth and decline patterns over time. Demographic data is important for planning education, health and other social services to meet societal needs.
Дэлхийн хүн ам
This document discusses key concepts relating to population geography, including:
1) Population growth has increased dramatically over time, from 250 million people in 0 AD to over 6 billion in 1998.
2) Population is concentrated in regions like East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North America, while sparsely populated areas include dry lands, wet lands, high lands, and cold lands.
3) Demographic transition refers to the change in population characteristics as a country develops, typically moving from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.
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The world population distribution, density and growth
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The document provides an overview of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Industrial Revolution periods. It discusses:
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The document discusses different types of drainage and settlement patterns. It outlines five drainage patterns: trellis, dendritic, parallel, radial, and disappearing. The most common is the dendritic pattern, where tributaries meet the main river from all directions. There are also four settlement patterns: nucleated, dispersed, linear, and radial. Nucleated settlements involve houses built close together, while dispersed settlements are isolated structures scattered across an area. Linear patterns develop along transportation routes in a ribbon-like form.
Directions
This document outlines the main directions and additional intermediate directions. It discusses the four cardinal directions of north, east, south, and west. It then describes eight additional directions that fall between the cardinal directions, such as northwest and northeast. Finally, it mentions four more directions that are between the cardinal directions, like north-east. The purpose is to define the different directions that may be asked about on tests involving directions and locations on maps.
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Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled professionals from developing countries to developed countries. This occurs because developing countries cannot match the higher wages and better opportunities available abroad. While migration benefits individual migrants and their new host countries, it negatively impacts the development of source countries. Specifically, brain drain results in a shortage of skilled workers like doctors, engineers and teachers needed for local industries, infrastructure projects and healthcare systems. It also increases national training and replacement costs as skilled migrants must be replaced. If not addressed, brain drain will hollow out developing countries and impair their economic growth by continuously depleting their human capital resources.
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POPULATION DYNAMICS
- 1. By Jonathan k POPULATION DYNAMICS
- 3. POPULATION, OVERPOPULATION & UNDERPOPULATION POPULATION THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE INHABITING A SPECIFIC AREA OVERPOPULATION A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE FOR THE AVAILABLE RESOURCES IN A REGION. UNDERPOPULATION WHEN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN A REGION IS SO FEW THAT THERE IS A LACK OF FULL UTILISATION OF RESOURCES.
- 4. DEMOGRAPHY / DENSITY OF POPULATION • DEMOGRAPHY – THE STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION • DENSITY OF POPULATION = TOTAL POPULATION DIVIDED BY TOTAL AREA OR • THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER SQUARE KILOMETRE.
- 5. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORLD HIGH DENSITY IN THE RIVERINE PLAINS OF ASIA, WHICH OCCUPIES ONLY 1/5 OF THE WORLD’S LAND AREA. THE GANGA PLAINS FOR EXAMPLE HAVE A DENSE POPULATION MODERATE DENSITY EXTREMES OF CLIMATE, INADEQUATE RAINFALL AND ABSENCE OF IMPORTANT RESOURCES DO NOT ENCOURAGE DENSE POPULATION IN THESE REGIONS. EXAMPLES – RUSSIA, EASTERN EUROPE, TROPICAL WESTERN AFRICA. LOW DENSITY THEY INCLUDE THE ARID REGIONS COMPRISING THE HOT DESERTS AND COLD DESERTS OF THE WORLD, MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS, AND DENSE FORESTS LIKE THOSE IN THE HOT AND WET EQUATORIAL ZONE Examples – Mongolia, Namibia.
- 6. IMPACT OF OVERPOPULATION • DEPLETION OF RESOURCES. • UNEMPLOYMENT. • GROWTH OF SLUMS AND UNHYGIENIC LIVING CONDITIONS. • PRICES OF COMMODITIES WILL RISE, COST OF LIVING WILL INCREASE. • BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS & GREATER DEFORESTATION LEADING TO GLOBAL WARMING. • LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY.
- 7. IMPACT OF UNDERPOPULATION NEGATIVE • POOR UTILISATION OF RESOURCES LEADS TO POOR ECONOMIC GROWTH • & LOW STANDARDS OF LIVING. POSITIVE • BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ABSENCE OF FIERCE COMPETITION, SUFFICIENT RESOURCE AVAILABILITY. • REDUCED LEVELS OF POLLUTION.
- 8. FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION CHANGE • CRUDE BIRTH RATE – THE NUMBER OF LIVE CHILD BIRTHS PER 1000 PERSONS IN AN AREA PER YEAR. • CRUDE DEATH RATE – THE NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1000 PEOPLE IN AN AREA PER YEAR. • POPULATION GROWTH RATE – THE AVERAGE ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN POPULATION. • MIGRATION – THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER WITH THE INTENTION OF SETTLING PERMANENTLY IN THE NEW LOCATION
- 9. IMMIGRANTS AND EMIGRANTS IMMIGRANTS • PEOPLE WHO MOVE INTO OUR COUNTRY FOR PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN THE NEW LOCATION EMIGRANTS • PEOPLE WHO MOVE OUT OF OUR COUNTRY FOR PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN A NEW LOCATION
- 10. COMPOSITION OF POPULATION • AGE COMPOSITION –THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS IN A COUNTRY. • CHILDREN [ LESS THAN 15 YEARS ] – DEPENDENT POPULATION • WORKING AGE [ 15 TO 59 YEARS ] – PRODUCTIVE POPULATION • • OLD AGE [ ABOVE 59 YEARS] – DEPENDENT POPULATION • SEX RATIO – THE NUMBER OF FEMALES PER 1000 MALES IN THE POPULATION
- 11. REASONS FOR DISCREPANCY IN SEX RATIO IN INDIA •FEMALE INFANTICIDE •HIGH MORTALITY RATE AMONG FEMALES DUE TO CARELESS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THEIR HEALTH
- 12. RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION •THERE HAS BEEN A TREND TOWARDS INCREASING URBAN POPULATION IN THE WORLD •THIS LEADS TO PROBLEMS OF HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, UNEMPLOYMENT, POLLUTION,….
- 13. CENSUS •CENSUS IS THE OFFICIAL NUMBERING OF POPULATION, DONE ONCE IN EVERY TEN YEARS.
- 14. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • THE UTILISATION OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT JUDICIOUSLY, WITHOUT COMPROMISING ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS OF THE FUTURE GENERATIONS.
- 15. The End