History, derived from the Greek word 'ἱστορία', is the study of past human events and activities, with historians documenting and investigating these occurrences. It encompasses various fields, including military, religious, social, cultural, economic, and environmental history, each focusing on specific aspects of human experience over time. The historical method is a critical approach used by historians to analyze primary sources and evaluate evidence to construct narratives about the past.

1. Comes from the greek word
“ἱστορία” (historia) meaning
“injury or knowledge
acquired by investigation”
– relates to past events ,
memory, discovery, collection
of information about events.

2. History is the study of the past,
principally how it relates to
humans. It describes & narrates
human activities in the past and
the changes that these
undergone.

3. Refers to the events which
occurred prior to written record.
Scholars who write about
history are called “historians”
Herodotus is known as the
father of HISTORY.

4. History deals with events which
have happened among
mankind.
Historians are concerned with
collecting and recording facts
about the human past and often
to discover new facts.

5. ›A. Periods – Refers to
historical studies which focus
on events and developments
that occur in particular blocks of
time. The historical periods are
constructed retrospectively and
so they can reflect value
judgements made about the
past.

6. ›B. Geographical Locations -
Historians usually turn to
geography to understand why
historic events took place. Like a
regions water supply , climate or
weather patterns and the
landscape are factors that affect
the lives of the people who reside
there.

7.  C. Military History - Deals with
military tactics and strategies,
warfare, battles, weapons
and even the psychology of
combat.

8. ›D. History of Religion - It range
widely from cultural, political
and artistic aspects , to
theology and liturgy. History of
religion covers religions from
all regions in the world where
humans lived. Because
religion is practically a part of
humans life.

9. ›E. Social History – Also called ‘new
social history’ , social history is
the field that comprises history of
ordinary people. It is seen as the
bridging point between economic
and political history.

10. ›F. Cultural History – Normally
combines the approaches
anthropology and history to
explore language, popular cultural
traditions and cultural
interpretations of historical
experience. It principally deals
with how people constructed their
memory of the past.

11. G. Diplomatic History -
Studies the conduct of
international relations
between states or across
state boundaries over time. It
centers on the relationships
between or among nations,
mainly about diplomacy and
causes of wars.

12. H. Economic History - It deals
with economies or economic
phenomena of the past. Inquiry
in economic history is carried
out using a combination of
historical methods , statistical
methods and the application of
economic theory to historical
situations and institutions.

13. I. Environmental History - The
study of human interaction with
the natural world over time.
Environmental historians
analyze how humans both
shape their environment and
are shaped by it.

14. J. World History - It studies
history from a global
perspective. World history looks
for common patterns that
emerge across all cultures as it
studies more civilizations over
the last 3000 years or so.

15. K. People’s History - It is a
history which attempts to
account for historical events
from the perspective of common
people rather than leaders. It
gives emphasis on the oppresed
, the poor , the nonconformists
and otherwise marginalized
groups.

16. L. Intellectual History – This
history cannot be properly dealt
without the knowledge of the
individuals who created and advocatd
the ideas. The thinkers are thus
important element of this history as
ideas do not develop in isolation from
the persons who generate and
promote them. Ideas here are
examined not as abstract statements
but in terms of personalities involved ,
culture and historical contexts that
formed them.

17. M. Gender History - This
history studies the past from the
perspective of gender as it is in
so many ways, an outgrowth of
women’s history. Gender
historians also examine how
sexual difference has been
seen at different times and
places.

18. N. Public History – Refers to
wide range of undertakings
assumed by persons with some
training in the discipline of
history who are normally
working outside of specialized
academic settings.

19. Foremost among the methods in
studying history is the so-called
‘historical method’. It encompasses the
techniques and guidelines by which
historians deal with primary sources
and other pieces of evidence ,
including those from archeology , to do
research and then to write histories.

20. SOURCE OF CRITICISM – It
inloves certain procedures for
dealing with contradictory
sources , core principles for
deremining reliability and
methods of assessing
eyewitness evidence , indirect
witnesses and oral interaction.

21. Thank you for listening!!
-Edgardo Rivera Castro