Milestones: 1989–1992
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989
On November 9, 1989, thousands of jubilant Germans brought down the most visible symbol of division at the heart of Europe—the Berlin Wall. For two generations, the Wall was the physical representation of the Iron Curtain, and East German border guards had standing shoot-to-kill orders against those who tried to escape. But just as the Wall had come to represent the division of Europe, its fall came to represent the end of the Cold War. In the White House, President George H. W. Bush and his National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft, watched the unfolding scene on a television in the study, aware of both the historical significance of the moment and of the challenges for U.S. foreign policy that lay ahead.
03. SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE: Country by country takeoverGeorge Dumitrache
In Western Europe, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and Central and Eastern European countries in the Comecon (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania). In Asia, the Soviet Bloc comprised Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, North Korea and China.
in this PPT you can see history/civil war etc.. you can do your project by watching this ppt. All information about Russian Revolution you can get in this ppt. so guys watch/Like/Comment & Share!
Thank You
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: the structure and organisation, party congress meetings, Politburo powers, General secretary powers, administrative hierarchy, party cells, united party, organisation of the party, elections in the party.
03. SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE: Country by country takeoverGeorge Dumitrache
In Western Europe, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and Central and Eastern European countries in the Comecon (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania). In Asia, the Soviet Bloc comprised Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, North Korea and China.
in this PPT you can see history/civil war etc.. you can do your project by watching this ppt. All information about Russian Revolution you can get in this ppt. so guys watch/Like/Comment & Share!
Thank You
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: the structure and organisation, party congress meetings, Politburo powers, General secretary powers, administrative hierarchy, party cells, united party, organisation of the party, elections in the party.
Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE by- YASHUYashu Garg
THE PRESENTATION IS ABOUT THE Difference in MAKING of democracy between POLAND and CHILE. THAT HOW THESE 2 COUNTRIES ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACY. AND STRUGGLE AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE IN IT.
Native English Teacher or Non - Native English Teacher?Self-employed
The contentious issue of (non)nativeness remains unanswered.
Nowadays, being an NNEST or NEST should not count but rather teachers' professional capabilities.
The presentation provides a forum for reflection and discussion about NNESTs.
We should value professional and personal qualities over ‘nativeness.’
The skills and qualities that make an effective language teacher are the most significant.
Both ‘NESTs’ and ‘NNESTs’ are expected to be competent teachers, each with excellent professional skills.
What can non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTs) perform better?
What can native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) manage better?
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
Many people appear to object to the approximation of a 'culture of learning.'
Every formal education institution has a culture of its own, which imitates a system of implicit and explicit beliefs about learning.
Learning also has a cultural dimension that is the manner we see and perceive education which may shift depending on situations and environment.
A culture of teaching and learning is collaboratively constructed by students and teachers. It is about their expectations of 'what should be known' and 'who should experience it.'
THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION
We are observing “a revolution in education.” We know that improving technology play a distinctive role in the evolution, and traditional foundations will face challenges in the future.
In my presentation, I discuss some initial findings on the future of the 21st-century education.
As a passionate teacher, I am interested how do I best educate my students?
It is not about what I teach, but about how I teach them.
According to the recent literature, on the subject, today’s education is behind new requirements and technologies.
There is a vibrant debate about preparing teachers to use new techniques as well as how up-to-date educators might become more “future-oriented” and familiar with new skills.
I am interested in discussing these thoughts with others.
Certainly, we should take into account the wide-ranging nature of education, which is especially significant, in developing countries.
I do not try to search for a universal remedy of worldwide education. It would be unrealistic.
It is certain that the future education will become more technologically driven, and will function in an environment where success depends on the use of new technology, development and improvements.
It is important to underline that from my perspective; new technology is not going to substitute students in a classroom.
More than that, it will neither replace the social life, nor the transformational experience of progress learners whereby they will go through as part of their study.
Halina Ostańkowicz- Bazan
July 2015
The Latest State of Research and Netiquette.
The phenomenal growth of online education is presenting uncharted challenges for academic institutions.
A virtual learning environment can also include students and teachers “meeting” online through a synchronous web-based application. The teacher is able to present lessons through video, PowerPoint, or chatting. The students are able to talk with other students and the teacher, as well as collaborate with each other, answer questions, or pose questions. They can use the tools available through the application to virtually raise their hand, send messages, or answer questions on the screen given by the teacher or student presenter.
May 3 National Holiday (also May 3rd Constitution Day; Polish: Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja) is a Polish national and public holiday that takes place on May 3. The holiday celebrates the declaration of the Constitution of May 3, 1791. Festivities date back to the Duchy of Warsaw early in the 19th century, but it became an official holiday only in 1919 in the Second Polish Republic. Delisted during the times of the People's Republic of Poland, it was reestablished after the fall of communism in modern Poland.
May 3 National Holiday (also May 3rd Constitution Day; Polish: Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja) is a Polish national and public holiday that takes place on May 3. The holiday celebrates the declaration of the Constitution of May 3, 1791. Festivities date back to the Duchy of Warsaw early in the 19th century, but it became an official holiday only in 1919 in the Second Polish Republic. Delisted during the times of the People's Republic of Poland, it was reestablished after the fall of communism in modern Poland.
Songs Are The Art Of Speaking
I have been using songs to teach English and Polish for a long time. Personally I firmly believe in the power of good music as well as in the power of well-written lyrics. Songs may help with learning pronunciation and can be the inspiration for extraordinarily interesting, challenging discussions. Different topics often inspire students to talk about various issues and problems, often sharing extremely different perspectives. That is why songs are also materials for practicing conversational skills.
New Year's Day and New Year’s Eve, known in Poland as Sylwester (St Silvester's Day), marks the start of the carnival period, which features celebratory events like balls and parties. A fun tradition that has been popular for centuries is the kulig (sleigh rides). Many people in Poland celebrate New Year’s Day with dances, concerts, and meals featuring traditional Polish dishes including bigos (hunter’s stew).
Polish customs, especially at Christmas time, are both beautiful and meaningful.
The preparations for Christmas begin many days before the actual celebration. Nearly everywhere women are cleaning windows in apartments and houses just before Christmas. The insides of the houses are also cleaned thoroughly. It is believed that if a house is dirty on Christmas Eve, it will remain dirty all next year.
The Breaking of the Oplatek
One of the most beautiful and most revered Polish customs is the breaking of the oplatek. The use of the Christmas wafer (oplatek) is not only by native Poles in Poland but also by people of Polish ancestry all over the world.
The oplatek is a thin wafer made of flour and water. For table use, it is white. In Poland, colored wafers are used to make Christmas tree decorations. In the past, the wafers were baked by organists or by religious and were distributed from house to house in the parish during Advent. Today, they are produced commercially and are sold in religious stores and houses. Sometimes an oplatek is sent in a greeting card to loved ones away from home.
Music in english teaching part 2 moviesSelf-employed
World's Greatest Songs—As Time Goes By
No list of "World's Greatest Songs" would be complete without the ever-endearing "As Time Goes By" from one of the greatest movies of all time, the 1943 Academy Award winning (Best Picture) Casablanca.
• The lyrics are about how the innocence and wonder of childhood can quickly give way to worry and cynicism as children are taught to be responsible adults. It makes the point that logic can restrict creativity and passion. Supertramp keyboard player Roger Hodgson, who wrote this song and sang the lead vocals, said in our 2012 interview: "I think it was very relevant when I wrote it, and actually I think it's even more relevant today. It's very basically saying that what they teach us in schools is all very fine, but what about what they don't teach us in schools that creates so much confusion in our being. I mean, they don't really prepare us for life in terms of teaching us who we are on the inside. They teach us how to function on the outside and to be very intellectual, but they don't tell us how to act with our intuition or our heart or really give us a real plausible explanation of what life's about. There's a huge hole in the education. I remember leaving school at 19, I was totally confused. That song really came out of my confusion, which came down to a basic question: please tell me who I am. I felt very lost. I had to educate myself in that way, and that's why California was very good for me to kind of re-educate myself, if you like.
This was the title track of The Eagles’ 1976 album of the same name, and is an allegory about hedonism and self-destruction in the Southern California music industry of the late 1970’s. The May 1977 single release went to Number 1 in the USA and won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
4. Between Germany and Russia, Poland is
under constant threat of invasion from the
time of its Formation in the middle of the
10th Century. The country's borders
expand and contract dramatically over
the centuries as regions are either annexed
by or won back from its neighbours.
Following the First World War, Poland
achieves an uneasy and short-lived
independence that is shattered when
Germany invades on 1 September 1939,
starting the Second World War.
6. At the end of the war the country falls behind the
Soviet Union’s 'Iron Curtain', becoming a satellite state
of the superpower. A pro-Soviet communist
government is installed. Popular dissent mounts as the
Polish economy begins to falter. When the Soviet
Union begins to break apart the Polish people seize
the opportunity to again achieve their
independence.
Poland
is changing borders
1945
7. The Soviet Union’s “Iron Curtain“
Poland’s Borders in 1945 After the World War II
8. There had been regular protests in
Poland during Communist rule.
These were due to a
deepening internal crisis
Soviet-style societies.
Protests were centred
around poor living
conditions in relation to
the West.
10. The deteriorating economic conditions and the
Poles' overall exasperation with communism led the
Polish working class to stage as series of
demonstrations in 1956,1968,1970 and 1976.
However, these revolts were unsuccessful because
the Poles weren't united in their fight to end
communism.
11. The ups and downs of Communist
rule
In December, 1970 there was a
bloody clash with shipyard workers
where Władysław Gomulka ordered
soldiers to fire upon those entering
the factories.
Gierek replaced Gomulka and
began a programme of reform.
Using foreign loans, he modernised
industry and increased availability of
consumer goods.
Edward Gierek
12. Economic crisis
Despite Gierek being hailed a
miracle worker, the economy
began to falter in 1970’s.
1976 price increases became
necessary.
High foreign debts, food
shortages, and an outmoded
industrial base compelled a
new round of economic reforms
in 1980.
Food shortages in 1976
13. The Solidarity movement
stemmed from years of
economic hardship resulting
from communist rule.
Communism was firmly
established in Poland by
1948, only four years after the
U.S.S.R. had invaded the
country.
Communist officials firmly
believed that by government
central planning, all goods
and services would be shared
equally.
14. Religion
On 16th October, 1978,
bishop of Cracow, Karol
Wojtyla, was elected
Pope John Paul II.
During his pilgrimage to
Poland millions of people
attended his masses.
This flew in the face of
the Polish United Workers
Party authority.
Millions cheer Pope John
Paul II during his first visit
to Poland, 1979.
15. Democracy,
Poles came together to form
"Solidarnosc," or the Solidarity
trade union, which fought for
equal rights and better
conditions for Poles.
Although Solidarity faced
opposition, it eventually led to
the downfall of communism in
Poland and also inspired other
Soviet satellites to revolt.
Thus, the uprisings in Gdansk
served a frontier in the fall of
the iron curtain throughout
Eastern Europe.
16. The Solidarity movement, which began in
Gdansk, Poland, served as a frontier in the fall
of Eastern European communism.
Poland's poor economic and political situation,
which had increased since the rise of
communism, fueled this revolt.
17. Lech Walesa
17th August, 1980 Walesa
put forward his 21 demands.
By end of the wave of strikes,
over 600 factories had joined
the committee under
Walesa.
They had brought the
economy to a halt and
forced the government to
agree to their demands.
18. Solidarity
As a result of the agreement there
were several outcomes:
• Gierek was replaced.
• Representatives of the strike set
up a nationwide trade union
called “Solidarity”
• Walesa was elected its president.
• With its increasing
popularity, Solidarity turned from
being a mere trade union to
becoming an entire social
movement.
19. Strikes in Gdansk
In 1979, John Paul II,
a Pole, was elected Pope.
Returning to his homeland, he
evoked a massive outburst of
national pride, and
encouraged a revolt to gain
religious freedom.
His speeches attracted
thousands of Poles,
encouraging them to revolt
against communist rule.
20. Roundtable negotiations
1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became
leader of the Soviet Union.
He carried out a number of reforms
that were reflected in the politics of
Soviets satellites.
Round Table Talks were held
in 1989 with the government,
Solidarity and a number of other
opposition groups.
1990 Solidarity was again
legalised.
21. A strong-arm policy
The Polish United Workers Party
seemed unsure what to do with
increasing union action.
In the end, due to pressure from
Moscow to strengthen its
position, General Wojciech
Jaruzelski was made leader.
He imposed Martial Law
in 1981
General Wojciech
Jaruzelski
22. Polish government
declared Marital Law in
1981
Trade unions were outlawed,
Walesa and other leader were
jailed.
Strict rules were set in Poland.
No one could leave town and
everyone had to be in their
house by six o'clock.
However, solidarity went
underground, and leaders
continued to press for
reform.
23. Breakdown of Solidarity
Solidarity was de-legalised in
1982.
Workers demonstrations were
broken up by paramilitary
units.
They would shoot upon such
demonstrations and a
number were killed during
1981.
Solidarity appeared crippled
and strikes ceased.Paramilitary units
24. Underground Solidarity
Throughout mid-1980’s, Solidarity
remained as an underground
organisation supported by the
Church and the CIA.
1982, Walesa was released and
by 1983, Martial Law was lifted.
1984, Walesa won the Noble
Peace Prize which his wife
collected.
26. Oppression of Solidarity
Despite the lifting of Martial Law
members of Solidarity were still
persecuted.
1984, popular pro-Solidarity
priest, Jerzy Popieluszko, was
murdered by three agents of the
Ministry of Internal Security.
1985, three members of the
underground Solidarity were arrested
and sentenced to prison without
being allowed consultation with their
defence lawyers.
Jerzy Popieluszko
27. Martial Law persisted for almost a decade.
The communist party
found that military rule
could not revive Poland's
failing economy.
As the economic crisis
worsened, public
discontent increased.
In August 1988, the
communist government,
faced with the largest
labor unrest since 1980,
agreed to hold talks with
Solidarity leaders
28. Negotiations began in
February 1989.
By April, representatives had
agreed on the legalization of
Solidarity and free elections for
seats in the Sejm (Polish
Parliament).
Polish voters overwhelmingly
supported Solidarity
candidates.
On August 25, 1989, the Polish
parliament chose Solidarity
leader Tadeusz
Mazowiecki as the
nation's first
noncommunist prime
minister. Thus, Poland was
free from communist rule.
29. The revolutionary changes
in Poland sparked reforms
throughout Eastern Europe.
As in Poland, other Soviet
satellites were faced with
deteriorating economic
conditions and oppressive
communist governments.
Inspired by the collapse of
communism in Poland,
radicals in Hungary opened
its borders and dissolved its
communist party.
Demonstrations in Eastern
Germany led to the fall of
the Berlin Wall and the
reinstatement of
democracy. Communist
governments also fell in
Czechoslovakia and
Romania. Because of the
Solidarity movement, the
iron curtain, which had cast
its shadow on Eastern
Europe since World War II,
had finally been lifted.
30. The revolutionary changes in Poland sparked reforms throughout
Eastern Europe. As in Poland, other Soviet satellites were faced
with deteriorating economic conditions and oppressive communist
governments. Inspired by the collapse of communism in Poland,
radicals in Hungary opened its borders and dissolved its communist
party.
35. Milestones: 1989–1992
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe,
1989
On November 9, 1989, thousands of jubilant Germans
brought down the most visible symbol of division at the heart
of Europe—the Berlin Wall.
For two generations, the Wall was the physical
representation of the Iron Curtain, and East German border
guards had standing shoot-to-kill orders against those who
tried to escape.
But just as the Wall had come to represent the division of
Europe, its fall came to represent the end of the Cold War. In
the White House, President George H. W. Bush and his
National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft, watched the
unfolding scene on a television in the study, aware of both
the historical significance of the moment and of the
challenges for U.S. foreign policy that lay ahead.