Fall of communism
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The fall of communism in Eastern Europe led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe and republics sought independence. Ethnic tensions and violence erupted in Yugoslavia as Serbia's Slobodan Milosevic attempted to dominate the republics. Wars broke out in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo as Milosevic carried out ethnic cleansing campaigns against non-Serbs. By 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia emerged as the dominant successor state led by Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin.
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The document discusses Stalin's Five-Year Plans from the 1920s to 1930s in the Soviet Union. It describes the plans' goals of rapidly industrializing the country, introducing socialized farming, eliminating private enterprise, and developing education and transportation. It discusses the collectivization of agriculture, which faced resistance from farmers, and the purges and cult of personality Stalin used to consolidate his power and control over society. Overall, the Five-Year Plans industrialized the Soviet Union but also had many negative consequences for citizens and caused much suffering.
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Globalization and convergence are complex processes that are transforming cultures worldwide. While optimists believe the internet and increased travel can empower communities and increase understanding, pessimists argue it risks homogenizing culture and further marginalizing the poor. Academics note globalization lacks a precise definition and depictions of media imperialism are outdated, as cultural flows now enhance states and transform identities. Rapid changes include the stretching of activities across borders, intensified interconnectedness, and accelerated interactions, with corporations playing a key role in cultural distribution, though their influence may be overstated.
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The Cuban Revolution overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959, led by Fidel Castro. Castro established a communist government in Cuba and seized property owned by Americans and Cubans. This strained relations with the United States, who did not approve of a communist country so close. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis further deteriorated relations between the two countries. Due to the US embargo and Cuba's communist policies, Cuba's economy declined significantly.
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The document summarizes the history of revolution and communism in China from the early 20th century to modern times. It describes the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 and the rise of nationalist and communist movements led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong. Mao emerged as the leader of the communists after their famous Long March retreat. The communists defeated the nationalists in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's leadership. Mao implemented authoritarian policies and economic programs that had mixed results, including the Great Leap Forward that caused a devastating famine.
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The Weimar Republic was established in Germany after World War 1 ended in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, including war reparations that severely damaged its economy. In the early 1920s, political unrest grew as extremist groups on the far left and right fought for control. Hyperinflation hit Germany hard in 1923, wiping out savings and causing economic chaos. Though the economy recovered in the late 1920s, the Great Depression led to high unemployment and further political instability. By 1932, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party had become the largest party in the Reichstag, and Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933.
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This document summarizes the rise of totalitarianism in several 20th century countries. It describes how leaders like Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, and Tojo seized power by capitalizing on economic and political instability. They established totalitarian regimes characterized by single-party rule, propaganda, censorship, secret police, and little tolerance of political opposition. Total control was exerted over all aspects of society to serve the aims of the state. Under these dictators, millions of citizens suffered from loss of civil liberties and human rights abuses like forced labor and mass killings.
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The document provides an overview of Russian history from 1861 to the rise of Stalin. It discusses the vast Russian Empire under the tsars and the various political and social groups that struggled for change. Key events included the 1905 revolution in response to Bloody Sunday, World War I and food shortages causing the February Revolution of 1917 that overthrew the monarchy. Lenin and the Bolsheviks then took power in October 1917 and established a communist government, fighting a civil war against opposing forces. Under Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization and collectivization through five-year plans, though at great human cost and with limited improvements to people's lives.
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2) The League of Nations proved ineffective at preventing aggression by Germany, Italy, and Japan, failing to take action against their violations.
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Fall of communism
- 2. Soviet “Bloc” or “satellite” nations
- 3. Breshnev Doctrine -The USSR would intervene in any satellite nation that seemed to be moving away from communism. -Invasion of Czeckoslovakia in 1968.
- 4. Detente Definition: Easing of tension between the USSR and US in the 1970s Ended in 1979 Soviet support of anti-western movements Neither nation willing to give up nuclear weapons. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
- 5. Soviet Economy Under Breshnev -Inefficient and troubled -Decline in standard of living -Agricultural failures -Inadequate transportation -Outdated factories -Heavy military spending -1982: Breshnev dies (need for economic reform was clear)
- 6. The Gorbachev Revolution 1985:Mikhail Gorbachev becomes new leader Renounced Brezhnev Doctrine Improve economy by reducing military spending Pulled troops out of Afghanistan Must make an agreement with the United States about nuclear weapons
- 7. Gorbachev Reform Glasnost: “openness” Ended censorship, encouraged discussion of problems People could speak freely and read whatever they wanted. Perestroika Restructuring of the government and economy Reduced size of bureaucracy “essence of communism” State still owns factories, but managers make decisions Land is still owned by state, but farmers can have more for personal profit
- 8. Relations with U.S. improved Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan met several times to sign several arms-reduction agreements Perestroika mad more consumer goods available, but there were still shortages of basic necessities Freedom of speech provided by glassnost increased tensions between various Soviet ethnic groups and nationalities. Rival groups could now express opinions. Ethnic fighting broke out between the Muslim Soviet republic of Azerbaijan and the Christian Soviet republic of Armenia.
- 9. Gorbachev Loses Power Reform = economic chaos. Problems are actually worse Without gov. help, factories closed, increasing unemployment Discontent spread Independence for many Bloc nations (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) Dec., 1991: Gorbachev resigns. Communism dead after 74 years. Communism fell, but so did Gorbachev.
- 11. Communist Party Voted Out
- 12. 1991: Russia Under Yeltsin 1991: Boris Yeltsin president of Federation of Russia (largest and most powerful of the newly independent states) 1993:Dissolves legislature Privatization of state-run industries and farms Orthodox church regained strength High unemployment and prices Led to organized crime, prostitution, and corruption
- 13. Problems in Russia 1994: Revolt in Chechnya. Want to secede (rich in oil) Many ethnic groups, but mostly Muslim 1996: Peace treaty (International criticism and heavy casualties) 1999: Terrorist activity in Moscow by Chechen rebels 1999:Russian troops invade again=Stalemate 2000 and on: Vladimir Putin hard line against Chechnya. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07zq8fiG1J0&feature=fvsr
- 15. Vladimir Putin Member of Soviet secret police, reputation for ruthlessness. Not a strong supporter of Democracy. Acting president in 1999 when Yeltsin resigned, elected in 2000 Unable to stop terrorist activity by Chechen rebels Corruption is still a problem
- 16. 15 Republics = The CommonwealthEstablished 1991
- 17. Yugoslavia Made up of 6 republics and many different ethnic groups (Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Macedonians, Albanians) Different religions: Serbs: Eastern Orthodox Croats and Slovenians: Roman Catholic Bosnia and Herzogovina: Muslim When Communism fell: Serbia under President Slobodan Milosevic tried to dominate all of Yugoslavia. 1991: Slovenia and Croatia declared independence Serbia and Croatia went to war ending in a truce mediated by the UN.
- 19. 1992: Bosnia declares independence BOSNIA -Greatest challenge: diverse population -Muslims formed the largest single religious group. (did not form a majority) -1/3rd of population identified themselves as Serbian -1/5 claim to be Croatian. -Many Bosnian Serbs wanted to remain part of Serbian-dominated Yugoslavia. -Receiving aid from the Yugoslavian government in Belgrade, Bosnian Serbs began a program of ethnic cleansing: a campaign of terror and murder intended to drive the Muslims out of areas Bosnian Serbs claimed.
- 20. Ethnic Cleansing Bosnia U.N. stops the flow of weapons into the region. (Actually made it harder for Muslim-controlled Bosnian gov. to fight off better armed Serbs.) UN set up protected safe havens (did not stop Serbs who continued to bomb the capital of Sarajevo as well as safe havens) At least 30,000 Bosnian Muslims were executed, tortured, or made into refugees 1995: NATO airstrikes against the Bosnian Serb military Dayton Accord Gave Bosnian Serbs control over certain areas while still recognizing the overall sovereignty of Bosnia’s Muslim led government.
- 21. 1998: Kosovo Ethnic Albanians demanded independence for Kosovo The Serbian government cracked down and sent troops in. (Ethnic cleansing part 2) 1999: NATO bombed for 11 weeks: Serbian forces withdrew. Kosovo placed under UN control -Feb, 2008: Kosovo declared itself indepenent (Security council members: USA, France, and UK recognize them. Russia and China do not.)
- 22. The End for Milosevic Overthrown in 2003 Yugoslavia becomes Serbia and Montenegro Montenegro seceded Milosevic accused and set to be tried for war crimes. Died before sentencing.