This document discusses hydraulic and pneumatic systems. It begins by defining the learning outcomes, which are to understand the working principles of hydraulic and pneumatic systems and know how machines using these systems operate. It then provides explanations of how hydraulic systems work using principles like Pascal's law. Examples of equipment that use hydraulic systems are given, such as hydraulic jacks, presses, forklifts, and brakes. The working principles of pneumatic systems are then covered, explaining how compressed air is used to perform tasks. Components of pneumatic systems and diagrams of system setups are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of both systems are listed. References for further information are provided at the end.

1. Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MEE412:
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
ELECTIVE 2

2. Engr. Marc Florenz P. Arnaldo
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TOPIC:
WORKING PRINCIPLES –
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC
SYSTEMS
by Group No. 3
ALBERTO, Alma Kathleen M.
BUCU, Chester Arman
CAJULAO, Aurel Benjamin
DELA CRUZ, Justine

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completion of the discussion, the students should be able to:
• Define and understand the working principles of Hydraulic Systems and
Pneumatic Systems.
• Know how different types of machine that uses Hydraulic System and
Pneumatic System work.

4. Source: Deepnika Jain (2017). Hydraulic Systems. Toppr. https://www.toppr.com/bytes/hydraulic-
systems/#:~:text=The%20hydraulic%20system%20works%20on,and%20area%20of%20cross%2D
section.
Hydraulic System
The hydraulic system works on the principle of Pascal’s law which says the pressure exerted at
any point on a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions.
Defined simply, hydraulic systems function and perform tasks through using a fluid that is
pressurized. Another way to put this is the pressurized fluid makes things work.

5. Example illustration
Source: Byjus(n.d). Pascals Law and Its Application. https://byjus.com/physics/pascals-law-and-its-
application/

6. P1 = P2
𝐹1
𝐴1
=
𝐹2
𝐴2
1𝑙𝑏
1𝑖𝑛2
=
?
10𝑖𝑛2
Source: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2018, July 20). Pascal’s principle. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Pascals-principle

7. Source: Simplify Mechanical(2021). Basic Hydraulic System Circuit Diagram and Working
Animation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2t6etP0P-E
Hydraulic systems parts
• Motor
• Shaft
• Pump
• Reservoir
• Fluid
• Pressure Regulator
• Direction Control Valve
• Cylinder
• Piston

9. Source: https://www.vehiclescene.com/how-to-use-a-bottle-jack/.
Equipment that uses Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Jack cylinder
A hydraulic jack creates pressure by moving oil through two
cylinders via a pump plunger.
1.The pump plunger is drawn back, which opens the suction valve
and draws oil into the pump chamber.
2. As the plunger is pushed down, the oil is transported through an
external discharge valve and into the cylinder chamber.
3.The suction valve then closes, resulting in pressure being built up
within the chamber; causing the piston in the chamber to rise and lift
your heavy object.
This process can be repeated many times, allowing your load to be
lifted higher and higher.

11. Source: https://www.hemel.com.tr/what-is-a-hydraulic-press-and-how-does-it-
work#:~:text=The%20hydraulic%20press%20operates%20by,the%20item%20put%20between%20t
hem.&text=Hydraulic%20systems%20are%20systems%20that%20work%20silently.
Equipment that uses Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Press
Liquids do not compress easily, which is why they are used
in a hydraulic press.
1 .The hydraulic press works by pressing a small amount of
force onto the Plunger which presses the fluid below.
2. This pressure is then distributed evenly which in turn
raises the Ram. The pressure between the Plunger and the
Ram then works to crush the item placed between them.
This works due to Pascal's Law which dictates that the
pressure in the larger cylinder (the Ram) will stay the same
as the pressure in the smaller cylinder (the plunger).

13. Equipment that uses Hydraulic
System
Hydraulic Forklifts
Forklift hydraulics use pressurized fluid to generate
movement.
1. Hydraulic fluid is stored in a reservoir tank that feeds
into the hydraulic pump.
2. The pump pushes the hydraulic fluid through a control
valve to the lift cylinders through a series of hoses.
3. The pressure then pushes against the cylinder, which
moves the forklift forks.
Source: https://www.apexmhc.com/forklift-maintenance/forklift-hydraulics-101-best-practices-for-
proper-forklift-
maintenance/#:~:text=Forklift%20hydraulics%20use%20pressurized%20fluid,through%20a%20s
eries%20of%20hoses.

15. Source: https://www.bicycling.com/repair/a20019608/how-your-hydraulic-disc-brakes-work/
Equipment that uses Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Disc Brakes (motorcycle)
1. Squeezing the lever of a hydraulic disc brake
actuates a piston inside the master cylinder (that
mass of metal between the lever and handlebar).
2. The piston moves brake fluid toward the brake
caliper (that neat little box perched above the disc
itself) and the fluid builds pressure within the brake
system.
3. The brake fluid pushes against the backs of a set of
pistons inside the caliper, moving them toward the
rotor. Friction—the basis of stopping is created.

17. WORKING
PRINCIPLE OF
PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM

18. WHAT IS PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
DEFINITIONS:
• The term “Pneuma” means “AIR”
• While the “Pneumatic” means using COMPRESSED AIR
• This system mainly work by using a constant compressed air supply that is
produced by an air compressor.

19. WHAT IS PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
• Pneumatic system contributes a good role in the field of
engineering specially in mechanical engineering.
• It serve as the solution development in industrial automation.

20. PNEUMATIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION
• It can be done by using different component
The component of pneumatic system
includes:
- Intake filter
- Compressor
- Cooler
- Separator
- Motor control center
- Receiver
- Pressure switch
- Secondary air treatment
- Control valve
- Actuator

21. COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
INTAKE FILTER
• It is design to filter out the pollutant
from the air which is also called air filter.

22. COMPRESSOR
• Its function is to lessen the
air volume and increase the
air pressure.
COOLER
• It is mainly used to decrease
the temperature of a
compressed air

23. SEPARATOR
• It is used to separate the
moisture or water vapor
within the air

24. RECEIVER
• this system is a high-pressure
tank. it serve as the storage of
the compressed air from the
air coolers.
MOTOR CONTROL CENTER
• It is the supply of mechanical
energy to the compressor
because the function of the
motor is to convert the energy
from electrical to mechanical

25. PRESSURE SWITCH
• It is used to easily detect the
enlargement and reduction in
air pressure which are either
can change and adjust. This
switch pressure system in
mainly used in vacuum or
pressure applications
AIR TREATMENT
• on the above system of the air
treatment it can be separated in
three stages first is the filtering
contaminants out of the air,
regulating the air pressure level
and lubricating the air.

26. CONTROL VALVE
• In the top system of the control
valve is used to change the
direction of the air flow.
AIR ACTUATOR
• It is the important part of the
system and it is design and used
to compressed the air energy
which is also known as energy
pressure or pressure energy and
change as mechanical energy.
With the used of air actuator we
will be able to get the final output.
.

27. Source:pneumatic system

28. PNEUMATIC SYSTEM DIAGRAM

29. Source: How a Industrial Pneumatic Systems Works And The Five Most Common Elements Used.

30. ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
•Its design is simple.
•Efficient.
•High effectiveness.
•Availability of source is infinite.
•High reliability & durability.
•Safety aspects.
•Economical.
•Air can be stored.
•The transfer of power & speed is very
simple to set up.
•High adaptability to the harsh
environment.
•Simple selection of pressure &
speed..
•Eco friendly.

31. DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
•Relatively low accuracy.
•Low loading.
•The processing required before use.
•Uneven moving speed.
•Needs air-producing equipment installation.
•Easy to leak.
•Less operating pressure.
•Simple condenses.
•As compared to electricity, compressed air is costly.
•A silencer needs to install in each dump line because these
systems will generate loud noise.
•When these systems need special pipes then the cost for
installation will be increased.
•These systems are not upgradable.

32. REFERENCE MATERIALS:
Formoreinquiries,messagemeat:
mfarnaldo@tsu.edu.ph
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
https://www.elprocus.com/pneumatic-
system/?fbclid=IwAR3N9JO9XGKWOnHUrS1x_GW2icmZWUNU_Cef1WHaWik12qEvMM2OeAda
-tY
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM EXPLAINED
https://www.youtube.com/watch?fbclid=IwAR0y99_HlfCo7M78xDLra5s9DgP8jFhpGYOth9M4C3
95ST0c399syV30yZc&v=lBARBZNLxQI&feature=youtu.be
Hydraulic systems
https://www.toppr.com/bytes/hydraulic-systems/
Hydraulic Systems and Fluid Selection
https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/277/hydraulic-systems-fluid
What is Hydraulic System Definition, Design and Components
https://www.vectorsolutions.com/resources/blogs/what-is-a-hydraulic-system-definition-
design-and-
components/#:~:text=Defined%20simply%2C%20hydraulic%20systems%20function,co
mmonly%20used%20in%20heavy%20equipment.
Basic Hydraulic System Circuit Diagram and Working Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2t6etP0P-E
Basic Principles of Hydraulics Explained
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkiBikJuWyE

33. Formoreinquiries,messagemeat:
mfarnaldo@tsu.edu.ph

34. Formoreinquiries,messagemeat:
mfarnaldo@tsu.edu.ph