This document outlines the key financial projections and estimates required to evaluate a new project, including: cost of the project, means of financing, sales and production estimates, cost of production, working capital requirements and financing, profitability projections, cash flow statements, and projected balance sheets. Specifically, it details how to estimate sales and production levels over several years, calculate costs including material, labor and overhead, determine working capital needs, and develop multi-year profit/loss, cash flow and balance sheet projections.

1. Chapter 6
Financial Estimates and Projections

2. Outline
 Cost of project
 Means of financing
 Estimates of sales and production
 Cost of production
 Working capital requirement and its financing
 Profitability projections
 Projected cash flow statements
 Projected balance sheets

3. Balance Sheet
Cash Flow
Statement
Means of Finance
and Time Phasing
Interest and Loan
Repayment
Estimate of
Working Results
Working Capital
Advance (WCA)
Cost of Project and
Time Phasing
Interest on WCA
Tax Factor
Depreciation
Cost of Production
Working Capital
Needs
Production Plan
Projected Sales
Financial Projections

4. Cost of Project
The cost of project represents the total of all items of outlay
associated with a project which are supported by long-term funds.
It is the sum of the outlays on the following:
• Land and site development
• Buildings and civil works
• Plant and machinery
• Technical know-how and engineering fees
• Expenses on foreign technicians and training of Indian technicians
abroad
• Miscellaneous fixed assets
• Preliminary and capital issue expenses
• Pre-operative expenses
• Margin money for working capital
• Initial cash losses

5. Means of Finance
To meet the cost of the project the following means of finance are
available:
• Share capital
• Term loans
• Debenture capital
• Deferred credit
• Incentive sources
• Miscellaneous sources

6. Project Financing Decision
The key business considerations relevant for the project
financing decisions are:
• Cost
• Risk
• Control
• Flexibility

7. Estimates of Sales and Production
In estimating sales and production, assume that:
• The capacity utilisation would be at 40-50 percent of
the installed capacity in the first year, 50-80 percent in
the second year, and 80-90 percent from the third year
onwards
• Production and sales will be equal
• The selling price used may be the present selling price

8. (Details may be furnished separately for each product and until the plant reaches
maximum capacity utilisation)
Product
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
yr yr yr yr
Product
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
yr yr yr yr
1. Installed capacity (qty per day per annum)
2. No. of working days
3. No. of shifts
4. Estimated production per day (qty)
5. Estimated annual production(qty)
6. Estimated output as % of plant capacity
7. Sales (qty) (after adjusting stocks)
8. Value of sales (in’000 of Rs)
Product
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Note : Production in the initial period should be assumed at a reasonable level of utilisation of
capacity increasing gradually to attain full capacity in subsequent years.
Estimates of Production and Sales

9. Cost of Production
Given the estimated production, the cost of production may be
worked out. The major components of cost of production are:
• Material cost
• Utilities cost
• Labour cost
• Factory overhead cost

10. Working Capital Requirement and Its Financing
In estimating the working capital requirements and planning for
its financing, bear in mind the following:
• The working capital requirement consists of raw materials and
components, work-in-process, finished goods, consumable stores,
debtors, and operating expenses.
• The principal sources of working capital finance are working capital
advances provided by commercial banks, trade credit, accruals and
provisions, and long-term sources of financing.
• There are limits to obtaining working capital advances from
commercial banks. They relate to the maximum permissible bank
finance for working capital and the amounts that can be raised
against each individual current asset.

11. Profitability Projections ( or Estimates of Working Results)
Given the estimates of sales revenues and cost of production, the next step is
to prepare the profitability projections or estimates of working results (as
they are referred to by term-lending financial institutions in India). The
estimates of working results may be prepared along the following lines:
A Cost of Production
B Total administrative expenses
C Total sales expenses
D Royalty and know-how payable
E Total cost of production (A+B+C+D)
F Expected sales
G Gross profit before interest
H Total financial expenses
I Depreciation

12. J Operating Profit (G - H - I)
K Other income
L Preliminary expenses written off
M Profit/loss before taxation (J+K - L)
N Provision for taxation
O Profit after tax (M - N)
Less Dividend on
- Preference capital
- Equity capital
P Retained profit
Q Net cash accrual (P+I+L)

13. Sources of Funds
1. Share issue
2. Profit before taxation with interest added back
3. Depreciation provision for the year
4. Development rebate reserve
5. Increase in secured medium and long-term borrowings for the project
6. Other medium/long-term loans
7. Increase in unsecured loans and deposits
8. Increase in bank borrowings for working capital
9. Increase in liabilities for deferred payment (including interest) to machinery
suppliers
10. Sale of fixed assets
11. Sale of investments
12. Other income (indicate details)
Total (A)
Cash Flow Statement

14. Disposition of Funds
1. Capital expenditure for the project
2. Other normal capital expenditure
3. Increase in working capital*
4. Decrease in secured medium and long-term borrowings
- All India Institutions
- SFCs
- Banks
5. Decrease in unsecured loans and deposits
6. Decrease in bank borrowings for working capital
7. Decrease in liabilities for deferred payments (including interest) to machinery
suppliers
8. Increase in investments in other companies
9. Interest on term loans

15. 10. Interest on bank borrowings for working capital
11. Taxation
12. Dividends
- Equity
- Preference
13. Other expenditure (indicate details)
Total (B)
- Opening balance of cash in hand and at bank
- Net surplus/deficit (A-B)
- Closing balance of cash in hand and at bank
* Working capital here is defined as: (Current assets other than cash )-
(Current liabilities other than bank borrowings)

16. Projected Balance Sheet
For preparing the projected balance sheet at the end of year n+1, we
need information about the following:
• the balance sheet at the end of year n
• the projected income statement and the distribution of earnings for
the year n + 1
• the sources of external financing proposed to be tapped in the year
n+1
• the proposed repayment of debt capital (long-term, intermediate
term, and short-term) during the year n + 1
• the outlays and the disposal of fixed assets during the year n + 1
• the changes in the level of current assets during the year n + 1
• the changes in other assets and certain outlays like preoperative and
preliminary expenses (which are capitalised) during the year n + 1
• the cash balance at the end of year n +1

17. • To judge a project from the financial angle, we need information about the
following : (i) cost of project, (ii) means of financing, (iii) estimates of sales and
production, (iv) cost of production, (v) working capital requirement and its
financing, (vi) estimates of working results (profitability projections), (vii) break-
even point, (viii) projected cash flow statements, and (ix) projected balance sheets.
• The cost of project represents the sum of all items of outlay associated with a project
which are supported by long-term funds. It is the sum of outlays on the following:
(i) land and site development, (ii) buildings and civil works, (iii) plant and
machinery, (iv) technical know-how and engineering fees, (v) expenses on foreign
technicians and training of Indian technicians abroad, (vi) miscellaneous fixed
assets, (vii) preliminary and capital issue expenses, (viii) pre-operative expenses, (ix)
provision for contingencies, (x) margin money for working capital, and (xi) initial
cash losses.
• To meet the cost of project, the following sources of finance (referred to commonly
as the means of finance) may be available: share capital (equity capital and
preference capital), term loans (rupee term loans and foreign currency term loans),
debenture capital (non-convertible debentures and convertible debentures), deferred
credit, incentive sources (seed capital assistance, capital subsidy, and tax deferment
or exemption), and miscellaneous sources (unsecured loans, public deposits and lease
and hire purchases finance)
Summary

18. • To determine the specific means of finance for a given project, the following
should be borne in mind:(i) norms of regulatory bodies and financial institutions,
and (ii) key business considerations, namely cost, risk, control, and flexibility.
• Typically, the starting point for profitability projections is the forecast for sales
revenues. In estimating sales it is reasonable to assume that capacity utilisation
would be somewhat low in the first year and rise thereafter gradually to reach
the maximum level in the third or fourth year of operation.
• The major components of cost of production are: material cost, utilities cost,
labour cost, and factory overhead cost. The material cost comprises the cost of
raw materials, chemicals, components, and consumable stores required for
production. The cost of utilities is the sum of the cost of power, water, and fuel.
The labour cost includes the cost of all manpower employed in the factory. The
expenses on repairs and maintenance, rent, taxes and insurance on factory
assets, and so on are collectively referred to as factory overheads.

19. • In estimating the working capital requirement and planning for its financing, the
following must be borne in mind: the build up of current assets till the rated level
of capacity utilisation is reached, the maximum permissible bank finance as per
the second method of lending recommended by the Tandon Committee, and the
margin requirements against various current assets.
• The profitability projections or estimates of working results (as they are referred
to by term-lending financial institutions) are prepared along the following lines:
(i) cost of production, (ii) total administrative expenses, (iii) total sales expenses,
(iv) royalty and know-how payable, (v) total cost of production (vi) expected sales,
(vii) gross profit before interest, (viii) total financial expenses, (ix) depreciation,
(x) operating profit, (xi) other income, (xii) preliminary expenses written off, (xiii)
profit/loss before taxation, (xiv) provision for taxation, (xv) profit after tax, (xvi)
dividend,(xvii) retained profit, and (xviii) net cash accrual.
• The cash flow statement shows movement of cash into and out of the firm and
its net impact on the cash balance with the firm.
• The balance sheet, showing the balance in various asset and liability
accounts, reflects the financial condition of the firm at a given point of time.