Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
This deck consists of total of seventy slides. It has PPT slides highlighting important topics of Investment Portfolio Management Power Point Presentation Slides . This deck comprises of amazing visuals with thoroughly researched content. Each template is well crafted and designed by our PowerPoint experts. Our designers have included all the necessary PowerPoint layouts in this deck. From icons to graphs, this PPT deck has it all. The best part is that these templates are easily customizable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button shown below. Edit the colour, text, font size, add or delete the content as per the requirement. Download this deck now and engage your audience with this ready made presentation.
Part of the all day Venture Fast Track: http://www.thecapitalnetwork.org/programs/venture-fast-track/
Financial Projections
Join our experts in an overview discussion of financial projections. Learn the key metrics that will get investors to notice you, as well as those that will get you rejected. If you have no idea where to begin with your financial projections, this program is for you.
Experts:
- Alicia Amaral – Scalar Analytics
-Heather Onstott – LaunchCapital
Nonprofit organizations that have developed a business plan are better prepared to take advantage of opportunities that present and overcome challenges that develop.
Participants will come to understand the value that business planning will bring to their organizations and learn how to proceed with the process.
Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
This deck consists of total of seventy slides. It has PPT slides highlighting important topics of Investment Portfolio Management Power Point Presentation Slides . This deck comprises of amazing visuals with thoroughly researched content. Each template is well crafted and designed by our PowerPoint experts. Our designers have included all the necessary PowerPoint layouts in this deck. From icons to graphs, this PPT deck has it all. The best part is that these templates are easily customizable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button shown below. Edit the colour, text, font size, add or delete the content as per the requirement. Download this deck now and engage your audience with this ready made presentation.
Part of the all day Venture Fast Track: http://www.thecapitalnetwork.org/programs/venture-fast-track/
Financial Projections
Join our experts in an overview discussion of financial projections. Learn the key metrics that will get investors to notice you, as well as those that will get you rejected. If you have no idea where to begin with your financial projections, this program is for you.
Experts:
- Alicia Amaral – Scalar Analytics
-Heather Onstott – LaunchCapital
Nonprofit organizations that have developed a business plan are better prepared to take advantage of opportunities that present and overcome challenges that develop.
Participants will come to understand the value that business planning will bring to their organizations and learn how to proceed with the process.
Technical Analysis: selection of technology, material input and utilities, plant capacity, location & site,
machinery and equipment, structures and civil work, environmental aspects, project charts and layouts.
Financial Estimation: Project cost, source of finance, cost of production.
As per PTU B.Com Entrepreneurship Development Syllabus , Unit No. 2: Identification of Business Opportunities and tests of feasibility Project Management Feasibility and Viability analysis – Technical -Financial – Network – Appraisal and Evaluation – Project Report Preparation, Mobilizing resources for start-up. Basic start-up problems.
Capital and Revenue Expenditure
Before preparing the financial statements of business organisation’s, we should get information about capital and income expenses and capital and income receipts, because having a clear knowledge of these helps in preparing the income statement and balance sheet.
At the end of the financial year, Final Accounts are prepared by every business, in which Trading and Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet are included. Items given in the trial balance are entered either in the trading and profit and loss account or in the balance sheet. For this, it is very important to divide the items given in the trial balance into income and capital, because all the income items given in the balance sheet ie income expenditure and income receipts are written in the business and profit and loss account, while all the capital expenditure and capital receipts are written in the balance sheet. (Position Details) are written in.
Therefore, before preparing the final accounts, it is very necessary to divide the items of trial balance into capital and income. Due to wrong classification of any item into capital and income, the amount of profit or loss reported by the profit and loss account will be wrong and the balance sheet will also not give the correct and proper financial position as on that date.
Classification of Expenditure
Expenses can be divided into three categories :
Expenditure
1. Capital Expenditure
2. Revenue Expenditure
3. Deferred Revenue Expenditure
Similar to Financial Estimations and Projections (20)
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
3. Financial Analysis is the assessment of the viability, stability and profitability
of a business, sub-business or project.
It seeks to ascertain the financially viability of a project
It assures weather the proposed project is financially viable or not
Financial Analysis
3Financial Estimations and Projections
4. The aspects which have to be looked into while conducting financial analysis
are:
• Project Cost & Investment Outlay
• Means of Financing
• Capital Cost
• Projected Profitability
• Level of Risk
• Break-Even Point
• Cash flows of the project
• Investment worthwhileness
4Financial Estimations and Projections
5. Cost of Project
The cost of project represents the total of all items of outlay associated
with long-term fields.
It is the sum of the outlays on the following:
• Land and Site Development
• Buildings and Civil Works
• Plant and Machinery
• Technical know-how and Engineering Fees
• Expenses on Foreign Technicians and Training of Technicians Abroad
• Miscellaneous Fixed Assets
• Preliminary and Capital Issue Expenses
• Pre-operative Expenses:
• Provision for Contingencies:
• Margin Money for Working Capital
• Initial cash Losses
5Financial Estimations and Projections
6. 1. Land and Site Development: The costs of land site development are-
- Cost of development
- Cost of compound wall and gates
2. Buildings and Civil Works: Building and civil works covers the
following-
- Buildings for the main plants and equipments
- Warehouse, Open yard facilities & Godowns
- Garage
- Sewers, drainage
6Financial Estimations and Projections
7. 3. Plant and Machinery: The plant and machinery consists the following
costs-
i) Cost of Imported Machinery: This is the sum of
a) FOB (Freight on Board) Value
b) Imported duty
c) Clearing, loading and unloading charges.
ii) Cost of Indigenous Machinery: This consists of
a) FOR (Free On Rail) cost
b) Sales tax and other taxes
iii) Cost of Stores and Spares:
Provision of Escalation = (Latest rate of annual inflation to the plant
and machinery X (Length of the delivery period)
4. Technical and Engineering Fees: The technical know-how and
engineering fees for setting up the project is a component of the
project cost which is taken into account as cost of capital.
7Financial Estimations and Projections
8. 5. Expenses on Foreign Technicians and Training of Technicians Abroad:
Expenses on foreign technicians like traveling, boarding and lodging are
considered as a cost of project.
6. Miscellaneous Fixed Assets: Fixed assets and machinery which are not part of
the direct manufacturing process may be referred to as miscellaneous fixed
assets. Like furniture, office machinery and equipment.
7. Preliminary and Capital Issue Expenses:
Preliminary expenses are-
- Identifying the project
- Market survey
- Articles of association
Capital Issue Expenses are-
- Underwriting commission
- Brokerage
- Stamp duty
8Financial Estimations and Projections
9. Financial Estimations and Projections 9
8. Pre-operative Expenses: These types of expenses are the following-
i) Establishment expenses ii) Traveling expenses
iii) Insurance charges iv) Mortgage expenses
v) Miscellaneous expenses
9. Provision for Contingencies: There are 2 procedures that are followed
for provision for contingencies. These are-
i) Divide the cost items into 2 categories
- Firm cost items
- Non-firm cost items
ii) Set the provision for contingencies at 5% to 10%.
10. Margin Money for Working Capital: Margin money for working capital is
an important element of the project cost which is provided by commercial
banks and trade creditors.
11. Initial cash Losses: Most of the projects incur cash losses in the initial years.
Failure to make a provision for such cash losses in the project cost affects
the liquidity position and impairs the operations.
10. Means of Finance
To meet the project cost, following are the means of finance:
• Share Capital
• Term Loans
• Debenture Capital
• Deferred Credit
• Incentive Sources
• Miscellaneous Sources
10Financial Estimations and Projections
11. To meet the cost of the project, the following means of finance are available-
1. Share Capital: Two types of share capitals are-
i) Equity capital, represents the contribution made by the owner’s of the
business and equity shareholders.
ii) Preference capital, represents the contribution made by preference
shareholders.
2. Term Loans: Term loans provided by financial institutions and commercial
banks. There are 2 types of term loans.
- Native Term Loans
- Foreign Currency Term Loans
3. Debenture Capital: There are 2 types of debenture capital. These are-
i) Non- convertible debentures, are straight debt instruments which
maturity period of 5 to 9 years.
ii) Convertible debentures, are debentures which are convertible wholly or
partly into equity shares.
11Financial Estimations and Projections
12. 4. Deferred Credit: The credit which is provided by suppliers (for plant and
machinery) as a deferred credit facility is deferred credit.
5. Incentive Source: Government provides different types of incentives for
financing. These are-
- Tax exemption
- Capital subsidy
6. Miscellaneous Sources: Miscellaneous sources are-
- Unsecured loans
- Public deposits
- Leasing and hire purchase finance
12Financial Estimations and Projections
13. Estimates of Sales and
Production
In estimating sales revenues, the following considerations should be kept in
mind:
1. It is not advisable to assume a high capacity utilization level in the first year
of operation. It is sensible to assume that capacity utilization would be
some what low in the first year and rise there after gradually to reach the
maximum level in the third or fourth year of operation.
2. It is not necessary to make adjustments for stocks of finished goods.
3. The selling price considered should be the price realizable by the company
net of excise duty.
4. The selling price used may b the present selling price- it is generally
assumed that changes in selling price will be matched by proportionate
changes in cost of production.
13Financial Estimations and Projections
14. Cost of Production
The major components of cost of production are :
• Material cost
•Utilities cost
• Labor cost
• Factory overhead cost
14Financial Estimations and Projections
15. Materials : The most important element of cost , the material cost
comprises of the cost of raw materials, chemicals, components and
consumable stores required for production. It is a function of the
quantities in which these materials are required and the prices payable
for them.
Utilities : Utilities consist of power , water , and fuel. The requirements
of power , water, and fuel may be determined on the basis of norms
specified by the collaborators, consultants, etc or the consumption
standards in the industry, whichever is higher.
Labor : Labor cost is the cost of all manpower employed in the factory.
labor cost naturally is a function of the number of employees and the
rate of remuneration.
Factory Overhead : The expenses on repairs and maintenance, rent,
taxes, insurance on factory assets , and so on are collectively referred as
factory overhead.
15Financial Estimations and Projections
16. Working Capital Requirement
and Its Financing
In estimating the working capital requirement and planning for its financing,
the following pints have to be kept in mind:
• The working capital requirement consists of the following:
(i) Raw materials
(ii) Stocks of goods in process
(iii) Stocks of finished goods
(iv) Debtors
(v) Operating expenses
(vi) Consumable stores
16Financial Estimations and Projections
17. • The principal sources of working capital finance are:
(i) Working Capital Advances
(ii) Trade Credit
(iii) Accruals and Provisions
(iv) Long term Sources of Financing
The margin requirement varies with the type of current assets as follows:
Current Assets Margin
Raw materials 10-25 percent
Work-in-process 20-40 percent
Finished Goods 30-50 percent
Debtors 30-50 percent
17Financial Estimations and Projections
18. Profitability Projections (Estimates of
Working Results)
The Profitability Projection or Estimates of Working Results are prepared along the following
lines:-
A. Cost of Production
B. Total administrative expenses
C. Total sales expenses
D. Royalty and know-how payable
E. Total cost of production (A + B + C + D)
F. Expected sales
G. Gross profit before interest
H. Total financial expenses
I. Depreciation
J. Operating Profit (G – H –I)
K. Other income
L. Preliminary expenses written off
M. Profit /Loss before taxation (J + K – L)
N. Provision for taxation
O. Profit after tax (M – N)
Less Dividend on Preference capital or Equity capital
P. Retained profit
Q. Net Cash accrual (P + I + L)
Financial Estimations and Projections 18
19. Profitability Projection ( Continued…)
Cost of Production:
Represent the cost of materials, labor, utilities and factory overheads.
Total Administrative Expenses:
Consist of Administrative salaries, remuneration to directors, professionals fees, light,
postage, telegrams and telephones and office supplies ( stationary , printing etc)
Total Sales Expense:
Consist of commission payable to dealers, packing and forwarding charges, salary of
sales staff, sales promotion and advertising expense and other miscellaneous expenses.
Royalty and Know-how Payable:
Rate is usually 2-5 % of sales and generally payable for a limited numbers of years i.e.
5 to 10 years
Financial Estimations and Projections 19
20. Profitability Projection (Continued..)
Total cost of production:
Gross Profit before interest:
Cost of
producti
on
Total
Admin.
expense
s
Total
sales
expense
s
Royalty
& know
how
payable
Total
cost of
productio
n
Expected
Sales
Total Cost
of
Productio
n
Gross
before
interest
Financial Estimations and Projections 20
21. Profitability Projection (Continued…)
Total Financial Expenses:-
It consist of interest on term loans, interest on bank borrowings, commitment charges
on term loans, and commission for bank guarantees etc.
Depreciation:-
It is an important factor, particularly for capital intensive projects. For financial
reporting purpose, the method of depreciation may be either the Written down value
(WDV) method or straight line method.
Other Income:
Income arising from transactions is not part of the normal operations of the firm. i.e.
sale of machinery, disposal of scrap etc.
Write off Preliminary Expenses:
5% of the cost of project or capital employed ,whichever is higher, can be amortized in
five equal annual installments.
Financial Estimations and Projections 21
22. Profitability Projection (Continued…)
Provision for Taxation:
Profit After Taxation:
A part of profit after tax usually paid out as dividend.
Retained Profit:
Net Cash Accrual:
Profit
after
tax
Dividen
d
paymen
t
Retain
ed
Profit
Retained
profit
Depreci
ation
Write off of
preliminary
expenses
Other non
cash charge
Net cash
accrual
Financial Estimations and Projections 22
23. Projected Cash Flow Statement
The cash flow statement shows the movement of cash into and out of the firm and
its net impact on the cash balance within the firm.
Cash Flow Statement
Sources of fund
1. Share issue
2. Profit before taxation with interest added back
3. Depreciation provision for the year
4. Development rebate reserve
5. Increase in secured medium and long-term borrowings for the project
6. Other medium/long–term loans
7. Increase in unsecured loans and deposits
8. Increase in bank borrowings for working capital
9. Increase in liabilities for deferred payment to machinery suppliers
10. Sale of fixed assets
11. Sale of investments
12. Other income (Total A)
Financial Estimations and Projections 23
24. Projected Cash Flow Statement (Continued..)
Disposition of Funds
1. CAPEX for the project
2. Other normal CAPEX
3. Increase in Working capital
4. Decrease in secured medium long-term borrowings
5. Decrease in unsecured loans and deposits
6. Decrease in bank borrowings for working capital
7. Decrease in liabilities for deferred payments to machinery suppliers
8. Increase in investment in other companies
9. Interest on term loans
10. Interest on bank borrowings for working capital
11. Taxation
12. Dividends ( Equity/ Preference)
13. Other expenditure ( Total B)
• Opening balance of cash in hand and at bank
• Net surplus/deficit (A – B)
• Closing balance of cash in hand and at bank.
Financial Estimations and Projections 24
25. Projected Balance Sheet
The balance sheet, showing the balances in various asset and liability accounts, reflects
the financial condition of the firm at a given point of time. The format of balance sheet
as prescribed by the Companies Act is as given below :-
Liabilities Assets
Share Capital Fixed assets
Reserves and surplus Investment
Secured loans Current assets, loans and advances
Unsecured loans Miscellaneous expenditure and losses
Current liabilities and provisions
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26. Multi-Year Projections
• It is a process wherein the financial projections are made over a longer time
frame.
• The Multi Year projection consist of projection about:-
1. Proposed Outlays and Financing.
2. Projected Revenues and costs.
3. Projected profit and loss statements.
4. Projected cash flow statements.
5. Projected Balance Sheets.
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