The Herb Calycophyllum spruceanum (family:Rubiaceae) known to have several medicinal properties. Methanolic extract of bark was administered to albino rats to study the anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced models as well as behavioural activity by using actophotometer. The powdered bark of Calycophyllmm spruceanum was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. The obtained extract was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity at 125, 250 and 500mg/kg/b.w. dose using diclofenac sodium as a standard drug and for the behavioural activity of Calycophyllmm spruceanum at a dose of 125, 260 and 500mg/kg/b.w using diazepam as the standard drug. The obtained results were compared with those of the standard. There results of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the extract exhibits significant reduction of paw volume in comparison with the control group For the behavioural activity, the extract exhibited significant decrease in the mean score which indicated reduction in aggression in comparison with the control group. Considerable depressant anxiolytic effects in association with anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated in the present study might balance each present other, and thus, the plant would be utilized in different inflammation and excitatory situations.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Evaluation of anti epileptic activities of Aegle marmelous (leaves) and antie...kamal969161
Evaluation of antiepileptic activities of Aegle marvelous (leaves) and antiepileptic activities of (bark), analgesic activities (bark and leaves) of Ficus religiosa from Nepal
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
in vitro study on total phenols and flavonoids content and dpph activity of w...IJEAB
The escalating interest in appraisal of antioxidant power of herbal plant as medicine, the current study was carried out to explore the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulan fruit in-vitro. Antioxidant activity; total phenol,total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging assay of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulans fruit aqueous extracts were determined by using reference standards gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid, respectively. The highest total phenols content (mgGAE/g) and total flavonoids content (mgQE/g) was found to be 33.1±0.82 and 1.86±0.01 respectively in aqueous somnifera root extracts as compared to coagulans fruit extract . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the both extracts was increased with the increasing concentration and was observed high in aqueous extract insomniferaroot (IC50= 54) than coagulans fruit (69μg/ml) aqueous extract.Thus,Withania somnifera root has potent antioxidant activity and may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Evaluation of anti epileptic activities of Aegle marmelous (leaves) and antie...kamal969161
Evaluation of antiepileptic activities of Aegle marvelous (leaves) and antiepileptic activities of (bark), analgesic activities (bark and leaves) of Ficus religiosa from Nepal
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
in vitro study on total phenols and flavonoids content and dpph activity of w...IJEAB
The escalating interest in appraisal of antioxidant power of herbal plant as medicine, the current study was carried out to explore the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulan fruit in-vitro. Antioxidant activity; total phenol,total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging assay of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulans fruit aqueous extracts were determined by using reference standards gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid, respectively. The highest total phenols content (mgGAE/g) and total flavonoids content (mgQE/g) was found to be 33.1±0.82 and 1.86±0.01 respectively in aqueous somnifera root extracts as compared to coagulans fruit extract . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the both extracts was increased with the increasing concentration and was observed high in aqueous extract insomniferaroot (IC50= 54) than coagulans fruit (69μg/ml) aqueous extract.Thus,Withania somnifera root has potent antioxidant activity and may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AMARANTHUS...gynomark
Hyperlipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism manifested by increase of plasma concentrations of the various lipid and lipoprotein fractions such as increase of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. The aim of the present study is to promote a potential new herbal formulation to prevent atherosclerosis at a low cost. In this study ethanolic extract of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus- showed positive to following phytochemical constituent’s Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Proteins, Sterols. The significant reduction in serum cholesterol,TG,LDL, ,AI, and also increased in total HDL level in the different dose level(100,200 mg/kg) in high cholesterol diet. Hence it is going to be concluded that the potential benefits of the extracts of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus has been demonstrated well in advance and can be used further to demonstrate the antihyperlipidemic as well as controlling of both triglyceride levels and reducing the risk of factors of cholesterol inducers. The aforementioned results of the research suggest that the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus found to have the potential antihyperlipidemic action.
Keywords: Anti-hyperlipidemic activity, Amaranthus Roxbhurgianus, Albino rats
Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyperlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities.
Hence it is going to be concluded that the potential benefits of the extracts of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus has been demonstrated well in advance and can be used further to demonstrate the antihyperlipidemic as well as controlling of both triglyceride levels and reducing the risk of factors of cholesterol inducers. The aforementioned results of the research suggest that the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus found to have the potential antihyperlipidemic action.
The results found are encouraging for further studies on the selected plants and to identify the bioactive compounds.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
In-vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Mor...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration processNivaasvignopathy
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration process.Maceration is a technique used in wine making and has been adopted in medicinal plant research.
Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Saussurea Lappa Root Extractijtsrd
The plant under evaluation was Saussure a lappa, a plant of Asteraceae, one of the best-known species within this genus, was commonly known as costus in English Based on the literature survey, it was reported that various pharmacological activities were reported on Saussure a lappa After authentification, the collected plant root material it was reduced into small pieces The plant material was extracted by using ethanol by the cold maceration method The study concluded that the root extract have potential bioactive substances that may be used to formulate new drugs The Flavo-Glycosides content in Ethonolic extract of Saussure a lappa root extract for Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated The results were compared with the standard using statistical method However further investigation was required for structural elucidation and pharmacological properties Juluri Krishna Dutta Tejaswi | Dr. R. Govinda Rajan | P. Sara "Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Saussurea Lappa Root Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18390.pdf
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Anti-anemic Activity Of Polygonum Glabrum.pdfgynomark
In present research work, anti-anemic effect of methanolic extract (ME) of aerial parts of polygonum glabrum (PG) was studied in phenylhydrazine (PHZ) induced anemic rats. Fifteen albino wistar rats (3 rats in each group) weighing 100-150 grams were randomly distributed into: normal control group, anemic control group, standard reference group administered with vitamin B12 syrup and two test control groups administered with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of ME of aerial part of PG respectively twice daily. ME of PG was given orally for one month for test groups and collect blood samples from all groups. Collected blood samples were estimated for complete blood count includes RBC, Hb, WBC, PCV, MCH, Platelets, MCV and MCHC. It was observed that, test control group with 400mg/kg of PG dose improves the Hb percentage in PHZ induced anemic rats very similar to standard reference group. It concludes the anti-anemic effect of phenolics and flavonoids of PG in PHZ induced anemic rats.
Key words: Anti-anemic, Methanolic, Polygonum glabrum, Phenylhydrazine.
More Related Content
Similar to Evaluation of Anti Inflammatory and Behavioural Activities of Calycophyllum Sprucaenum In Albino Rats.pdf
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AMARANTHUS...gynomark
Hyperlipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism manifested by increase of plasma concentrations of the various lipid and lipoprotein fractions such as increase of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. The aim of the present study is to promote a potential new herbal formulation to prevent atherosclerosis at a low cost. In this study ethanolic extract of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus- showed positive to following phytochemical constituent’s Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Proteins, Sterols. The significant reduction in serum cholesterol,TG,LDL, ,AI, and also increased in total HDL level in the different dose level(100,200 mg/kg) in high cholesterol diet. Hence it is going to be concluded that the potential benefits of the extracts of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus has been demonstrated well in advance and can be used further to demonstrate the antihyperlipidemic as well as controlling of both triglyceride levels and reducing the risk of factors of cholesterol inducers. The aforementioned results of the research suggest that the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus found to have the potential antihyperlipidemic action.
Keywords: Anti-hyperlipidemic activity, Amaranthus Roxbhurgianus, Albino rats
Thus the results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the selected medicinal plants possess good antihyperlipidemic activity in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats and led to the development of new Herbal formulation possessing antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities.
Hence it is going to be concluded that the potential benefits of the extracts of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus has been demonstrated well in advance and can be used further to demonstrate the antihyperlipidemic as well as controlling of both triglyceride levels and reducing the risk of factors of cholesterol inducers. The aforementioned results of the research suggest that the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus found to have the potential antihyperlipidemic action.
The results found are encouraging for further studies on the selected plants and to identify the bioactive compounds.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
In-vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Mor...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration processNivaasvignopathy
extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources using maceration process.Maceration is a technique used in wine making and has been adopted in medicinal plant research.
Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Saussurea Lappa Root Extractijtsrd
The plant under evaluation was Saussure a lappa, a plant of Asteraceae, one of the best-known species within this genus, was commonly known as costus in English Based on the literature survey, it was reported that various pharmacological activities were reported on Saussure a lappa After authentification, the collected plant root material it was reduced into small pieces The plant material was extracted by using ethanol by the cold maceration method The study concluded that the root extract have potential bioactive substances that may be used to formulate new drugs The Flavo-Glycosides content in Ethonolic extract of Saussure a lappa root extract for Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated The results were compared with the standard using statistical method However further investigation was required for structural elucidation and pharmacological properties Juluri Krishna Dutta Tejaswi | Dr. R. Govinda Rajan | P. Sara "Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Saussurea Lappa Root Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18390.pdf
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Anti-anemic Activity Of Polygonum Glabrum.pdfgynomark
In present research work, anti-anemic effect of methanolic extract (ME) of aerial parts of polygonum glabrum (PG) was studied in phenylhydrazine (PHZ) induced anemic rats. Fifteen albino wistar rats (3 rats in each group) weighing 100-150 grams were randomly distributed into: normal control group, anemic control group, standard reference group administered with vitamin B12 syrup and two test control groups administered with 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of ME of aerial part of PG respectively twice daily. ME of PG was given orally for one month for test groups and collect blood samples from all groups. Collected blood samples were estimated for complete blood count includes RBC, Hb, WBC, PCV, MCH, Platelets, MCV and MCHC. It was observed that, test control group with 400mg/kg of PG dose improves the Hb percentage in PHZ induced anemic rats very similar to standard reference group. It concludes the anti-anemic effect of phenolics and flavonoids of PG in PHZ induced anemic rats.
Key words: Anti-anemic, Methanolic, Polygonum glabrum, Phenylhydrazine.
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Extract of Calycophyllum Spruceanum (Bent...gynomark
Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark. Methodology The ethanol-HCL and pylorus ligation induced models was selected using swiss albino mice and the animals were fasted overnight and then grouped as negative control (0.9% normal saline), standard (omeprazole 30mg/kg), test 1 (CSBE 100mg/kg) and test 2 (CSBE 200mg/kg). The ulcer score, ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition were determined in ethanol/HCL model. The volume of gastric secretion, pH, total acidity, ulcer index and percent of ulcer inhibition was determined in pylorus ligation model. The ulcerogenic abrasions in the mucosal membrane were observed under a microscope (10X) and scored manually. Results The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of sterols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins. The bark extract was tolerable at dose of 2000mg/kg. The selected doses of the extracts of 100, 200mg/kg was shown the significant and dose dependent antiulcer activity in ethanol/HCL and pylorus-ligation models as 11.08 %, 32.59% and 28.29%, 37.03% respectively. The dose of 200mg/kg of CSBE was shown the superlative activity ((#p?0.001)) in both models. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark has a significant antiulcer activity. This activity might be due to presence of supportive phytochemical like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids. and glycosides. Hence, further evaluation is needed to isolate and identify the specific constituents responsible for the activity.
Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic activity of Calycophyllum Spruceanum.pdfgynomark
Introduction:Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by fluctuated blood lipid
levels which can lead to several diseases.Learning is the ability to acquire new information and
skills through experience whereas Memory is a process by which information acquired through
learning is stored and retrieved.
Objective:To evaluate the antihyperlipidemic activity and also nootropic activity of methanolic
extract of Calycophyllum spruceanumbark
Materialsand methods:Screening of methanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark
(MECSB)for antihyperlipidemic activity was done in high-fat diet Induced rats using atorvastatin
as standard and extracts at a dose of 125, 250, and 500mg/kg. To screen nootropic activity rats
were pretrained using Cook’s Pole Climbing Apparatus.scopolamine was used to induce amnesia
in rats and piracetam as standard and extracts at a dose of 125, 250, and 500mg/kg.
Results: Significantdecrease (p <0.5) in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and increase in
HDL levels shown that the extract has Antihyperlipidemic activity. An increase in CAR
(Conditioned Avoidance Response) and less time taken by the animal as jump response to avoid
shock shows that the extract has Nootropic Activity.
Key Words – Hyperlipidemia, Nootropic activity,Calycophyllum spruceanum, Cholesterol, pole climbing apparatus
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
EVALUATION OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MORNIDO CITROFOLIA IN ALBINO RATS.pdfgynomark
Nephroprotective agents are material that has potential to minimize the effects of nephrotoxic agents. Medicinal
plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. Morinda citrifolia L
(Noni) also known as Indian mulberry is a common plant known to grow in the tropical countries. The present study
was focused on the investigation of Nephroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of fruit Juice of Morinda
citrifolia on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The phytochemical investigation revealed the
presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenols and anthroquinone in
EEMC. The administration of cisplatin during experimentation is effectively induced apoptosis and necrosis, which
was similar to acute renal failure in human. Therefore,it is an effective and an ideal model for nephrotoxicity
research. The evaluation of renal parameters on nephrotoxic rats with EEMC showed significantly elevate the
attenuated body weight, urine volume, creatinine clearanceand significantly reduce in elevated serum creatinine
level, which supports its Nephroprotective activity.
Key words: Nephroprotective activity, Mornido citrofolia, Albino rats, phytochemical screening
Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Canthium dicoccum Ethanolic Extrac...gynomark
Objective:
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Canthium dicoccum on
Gentamicin and Caliculi Producing Diet (CPD) induced urolithasis in rats.
Methods:
Thirty male albino wistarrats were divided randomly into six groups. Group I were treated with normal
saline, Group II were treated with Gentamicin for a period of 7 days, Group III treated with Cystone
(p.o), Group IV,V,VI was treated with plant extract 150, 300,600 mg/kg respectively for 14 days with
gentamicin treatment from day 7 to 14. All the animals were fed with caliculi Producing diet for entire
study period. Later, urine samples were collected at the end of the studyand analysed for renal function
parameters like Creatiinine, BUN, Serum Urea etc. The kidneys of the sacrificed animals were isolated
and sectioned for histopathological studies.
Results:
The rats treated with ethanolic extract of canthiumdicoccum at doses 150,300,600 mg/kg significantly
showed improved effect and prevented urolithasis in rats which is evident in the reduction of creatinine,
Urea and BUN levels when compared to gentamicin treated group. The histopathological studies also
showed less degenerative changes.It also decreased crystal deposition markedly into the renal tubules
in number as well as size and prevented damage to the renal tubules.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract had significantly reduced the urolithiasis that was
caused by an CPD diet combined with gentamicine injection in rats.
Keywords: Gentamicin, Anti-Urolithiatic activity, Canthiumdicoccum, ethanol.
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SALIX SUBSERRATA IN PARACETAMOL IN...gynomark
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effect of ethanolic extract of Salix subserratainn (EESS) against paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in animals. A literature survey revealed that more studies were needed for this plant to ascertain the hepatoprotective potential. The detailed preliminary phytochemical investigations rationalized its use as a drug of therapeutic importance. Theethanolic extract of the planthas phytoconstituents like flavonoids, terpenoids, sterods, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The hepatoprotective effect was assessed using a battery of biochemical and histopathological tests. SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, ACP were some of the biochemical tests done. In vivo tests for antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, LPO) were conducted on albino mice and wistar rats. In both paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity, a lower dose and a high dose of extract were used and compared with the hepatoprotective activity of standard drug silymarin. Control group and an only drug group were also used. EESS ethanolic extract has hepato protective effects against liver toxicity induced by TAA as proven bymacroscopical, microscopical, and biochemical analyses. The effects of EESS are comparable to that of Silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. Accordingly, EESS could beused as an effective herbal product for the prevention of chemical-induced hepatic damage. In conclusion, we can say that has the ability to protect the liver from the damaging effects of paracetamol toxic doses and stimulation of endogenous anti-oxidant defense system.
Key words: Hepatoprotective Activity, Salix Subserrata, Paracetamol Induced, Wistar Rat
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity and Oxidative Stress parameters of Al...gynomark
In spite of the tremendous advances made, no significant and safe
hepatoprotective agents are available in modern therapeutics.
Therefore, due importance has been given globally to develop plantbased
hepatoprotective drugs, effective against a variety of liver
disorders. The aim of the current study is to screen the alcoholic
extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari (AEAH) for
hepatoprotective activity in rats which were intoxicated by
paracetamol. This article describes phytochemical (qualitative),
hepatoprotective activity and oxidative stress parameters of the above
selected plant drugs by studying the serum enzyme levels like SGOT,
SGPT, ALP, ACP, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, SOD, GSH,
Vitamin C and Catalase levels of the animals treated with hepato
toxicant paracetamol. The alcoholic extract of AEAH reversed the
hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in the rats, indicating their
hepato-protective action. The study was also supported by the
histopathological studies which reversed structural damage occurred
due to paracetamol. This study was further supported by the DNA
fragmentation studies which showed the absense of fragmentation of
DNA in AEAH treated groups, indicating the hepatoprotective activity
of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari. Hence it can be concluded
that the plant extract possesses a promising hepatoprotective and
antioxidant effect.
Pharmcological screening of antidepressant activity of plant Tricholepis glab...gynomark
ABSTRACT
Tricholepis glaberrima (Asteraceae), popularly known as “Brahmdandi” has been used for the treatment of variety
of disease. The main objective of this research work was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of Tricholepis
glaberrima in rats. The study was undertaken to evaluate the possible antidepressant effect of Tricholepis
glaberrima aerial parts using forced swimming test and tail suspension test models of depression. Imipramine has
been taken as a standard drug with a dose of 10mg/kg, Group-1(untreated), group-2 (standard) received
imipramine orally. Group 3, 4 and 5 received METG at the doses of 200, 400 and 600mg/kg respectively.
Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima produced significant antidepressant like effect at the
dose of 600mg/kg in both models of FST and TST which indicated reduction in immobility time. The efficacy of
METG at 600mg/kg found to be comparable to that of standard drug Imipramine at 10mg/kg. The results of
present study indicated that methanolic extract of aerial parts of Tricholepis glaberrima possesses significant
antidepressant activity compared to that of standard drug imipramine.
KEYWORDS: Tricholepis glaberrima, Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test, Methanolic extract of
Tricholepis glaberrima, Imipramine.
The mood changes are part of our daily life, when
reactions to these situations become extreme that leads to
clinical condition called depression and it is associated
with lots of morbidity. Hence, it is very important to
address these problems and find effective remedies. Thus
the antidepressant study of tricholepis glaberrima was
done on different groups of white albino rats at the doses
of (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg) by using forced
swimming test (fst) and tail suspension test (tst). Results
showed that the administration of the methanolic extract
of tricholepis glaberrima (metg) produced a decreased
immobility time of rats and at the dose of 600mg/kg
produced significant antidepressant like effect in both
FST and TST models of depression and their efficacies
were found to be comparable to Imipramine (10mg/kg).
The results concluded that the shortening of immobility
time in the (FST) and (TST) mainly depends on the
enhancement of central 5HT and catecholamine
neurotransmitters, these effects are thought to be due to
the presence of chemical constituents like, alkaloids,
flavonoids and glycosides. Hence Tricholepis glaberrima
aerial parts extract possesses antidepressant effect in
animal models of depression. Further investigations in
this line is essential to establish its other therapeutic
benefits.
Phytochemical screening antiepileptic and analgesic activity of leaf extract ...gynomark
Antiepileptic activity of passiflora foetida was evaluated in mice against maximum
electroshock induced convulsions and pentylenetetrazole induced covulsions.Screening
of analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate method using aspirin as
standard.Antispamodic activity was evaluated in mice using Diazepam as standard.
Hypnotic activity was evaluated using thiopentone as standard
evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of bauhinia purpurea linn.pdfgynomark
Present study was carried out to investigate different extracts of Bauhinia purpurea (B.P) for its
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Mature leaves of Bauhinia purpurea were
collected, authenticated and was subjected to extraction using different solvents like chloroform, alcohol and
water. Healthy wistar albino rats (150-200g) of male sex were used for the in-vivo investigations. Liver damage
was induced by administration of 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (1ml/kg body weight). Activities of liver
marker enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),
acid phosphatase (AP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total albumin(TA), total bilirubin(TB), Total protein(TP),
direct bilirubin (DB) at a dose of aqueous extract of leaves (100 mg/kg) chloroform extract of leaf of B.P
(100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of leaf of B.P (100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) showed a significant
hepatoprotective effect in comparison with the standard (sylimarin). It is also confirmed by liver
histopathology of treated animals. The present study demonstrated the extracts of B.P have hepatoprotective
effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
The present study revealed a significant decrease in
the serum enzyme levels which can be attributed to
hepatoprotection. BP extract was found to decrease
the levels of ALP, ACP significantly and there is a
dose dependent decrease in the elevated SGOT and
SGPT levels of the extracts when compared to CCl4
group.
CCl4 treated Liver showed perivenular necrosis,
steatosis with degree of steatosis being variable
from ballooning degeneration to necrosis. Central
lobular vacuoles, frequently dilated and congested
central veins were seen with dilatation of
surrounding sinusoids, which contradicted to the
observations of standard sylmarin, the aqueous,
chloroform and alcoholic extracts showed a clear
portal tract and central vein with normal lobular
architecture and decreased cell degeneration
indicating the hepatoprotective action of extracts of
B.purpurea. The histopathological studies further
confirmed the above results presented in fig 1-8.
Therefore, from the above study the extracts of
Bauhinia purpurea exhibited potent
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver
toxicity which can be ascribed to its ability to
decrease the oxidative damage.
Obesity is very serious and concerned problem these days. Despite availability of many drugs in market to treat
obesity, no single drug is ideal for treating all sorts of problems caused by obesity. The obesity models available
for inducing obesity are by using chemicals and high fat diet. Wistar albino rats were used to study anti-obesity
activity of methanolic extract of Tricholepisglaberrima plant aerial parts at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. and 200
mg/kg p.o. against the standard orlistat 50 mg/kg p.o. in models of anti-obesity activity viz. High fat induced
obesity, Monosodium glutamate induced obesity model. The induction of obesity is done by diet (20
grams/animal/day) and Monosodium glutamate (oral). The study period is 28 days for both models. In both
models, the plant showed anti-obesity activity significantly at a dose of 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kgp.o. by
reducing the body weight, fat pads weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, biomarkers enzymes like
SGOT, SGPT and ALP, whereas significant increase in HDL levels was observed. Further multiple dose preclinical studies and clinical studies have to be carried out for proving for human obesity treatment.
The biological activities of methanolic extract of
Tricholepisglaberrima observed in this study
strongly indicated their great potential as anti-obese
and obesity associated complications like
hyprlipidemia. Oral administration of extracts
reduced the level of circulating lipids significantly,
resulting in the decrease of body weights in various
animal models of obesity bearing close
resemblance to human obesity. Extract appear to
show such activities by modulating the lipid
metabolism through the decreased activity in
lipogenesis or by inhibition of pancreatic lipase
activity.
The methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Tricholepisglaberrima at a dose of 200mg/kg b.w.
p.o. significantly reduced total cholesterol,
triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, biomarkers enzymes
like SGOT, SGPT and ALP, whereas significant
increase in HDL levels was observed.
Phytoconstituents like saponins, tannins and
flavonoids in METG may be responsible for its anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities by
multiple actions.
Apart from anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic
agent, It may also act as hepatoprotective agent due
to possessing significant reduction in SGOT, SGPT
and ALP levels and significant increase in HDL
levels respectively.
Thus it can be said that METG is effective in
ameliorating abnormalities in lipid profile and fat
accumulation in rats and results provides useful
information for the clinical research that this plant
can be used as herbal drug in the treatment of
obesity and hyperlipidemia. Further studies on this
extract may be focused on the possible mechanism
of action, isolation, characterization and
purification of active constituents which is
responsible for anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic
activities.
The present study reveals the acute toxicity of Diospyros malabarica fruit extract. No morbidity and mortality were observed at a higher dose of 2000 mg/kg throughout the 14 days observation period. This acute study helps to predict that it does not contain any type of toxicity and it it full safe. Gentamicin induced nephroxicity is characterized by elevated levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein sodium and potassium in serum as well as urine urea and creatinine, severe proximal tubularnecrosis, renal failure were found to be significantly increased in rats treated with only gentamicin. Similar pattern of changes were also observed in this study following gentamicin treatment. DM supplemation to GM treated rats recorded decrement in levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, sodium and potassium in serum and also in urine urea and creatinine. These observations indicate an improved in renal function. GM administration to control rats produced a typical pattern of nephrotoxicity which was manifestated by marked increase in serum BUN. DM supplementations to GM treated rats recorded decrement in levels of blood urea nitrogen in plasma. Histopathological results demonstrating structural changes n renal tissue of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as GM were reported by some researches. Histopathological view of renal sections in GM treated groups showed the degeneration, desquamation and necrosis in tubules, blood vessel congestion and swelling in glomerulus, as compared to control groups. Groups treated with GM + DM 200 mg/ kg showed tubular necrosis, necrotic changes, karyopicnosis, glomeruli showed mesangeal matrix expansion. Glomerular and tubular epithelial changes were considerably mild in groups treated with GM + 400 mg/kg and GM + 600 mg/kg i.e animal treated with DM 400 mg/kg showed mild glomerular mesangeal matrix expansion, mild tubular epithelial changes and no congestion in blood vessels while in case of animal treated with DM 600 mg/kg showed regeneration in tubular epithelial cells. Thus, morphological changes in kidneys were because of GM administration, but these changes tended to be mild in GM + DM treatment.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-ALZHEIMER AND ANTIPARKINSON ACTIVITY OFETHANOLIC EXTRACT.pdfgynomark
Whole plant extract of celosia cristata linn showed anti alzheimer's and anti parkinson's activity as evidenced by the statistical data provided by the study
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Evaluation of Anti Inflammatory and Behavioural Activities of Calycophyllum Sprucaenum In Albino Rats.pdf
1. Research
Article
Evaluation
Of Anti-Inflammatory AndBehavourial
Activities
Of
CalycophyllumSprucaenumInAlbino
Rats
Veena
Rani
Inugala, Sadhya B,Vanitha
Prakash
Karnam
Email:
vina913@gmail.com
56
Abstract
The
Herb
Calycophyllum
spruceannm
(family:Rubiaceae)
isknown
tohave
several
medicinal
properties,
Methanolic
extract
of Calycophyllom
spruceanun
bark
was
ad toalbino
rats
tostudy theanti-inflammatoryactivity
bycarrageenan
induced
model
as
well
as
behavioural
activity by usingactoplhotonetre.
Thepowdered
bark
of
Calycoplhyllum
spruCeanum
was
extracted
using aSoxhlet
apparatuswithmethanol.
Theobtained
extract
was
assessed
foranti-inflammatory
activity at 125,250
and
500
mg/kg/b.w.doses
usingdiclofenac
sodium
as
a
standard
drug and
forthebelhavioural
activity of Calycophyllun
spruceanum
atadose
of 125,260
and500mg/
kg/b.w usingdiazepam
as
thestandard
drug, Theobtained
results
were
comparedwiththose
of thestandard.
The
results
of anti-inflammatory
activity revealed
thatthe
extract
exhibited
significantreduction
inpaw
volume
incomparison
withthecontrol
group.
Forthebelhavioural
activity,theextract
exhibited
asignificantdecrease
inthemean
score,
which
indicated
areduction
inaggressionincomparisonwiththecontrol
group.
Considerable
depressant
andanxiolytic effects
inassociation
withanti-inflammatory
activity as
demonstrated
inthepresent
study might balance
each
other,andthus,theplant would
beutilized
indifferent
inflammation
andexcitatory
situations.
Key words:
Actophotometer,CalycophyllumSpruceanun,Carrageenan,Diclofenac
Sodium
Introduction
Inflammation
is atermoriginated fromtheLatin
wordinflammation',
whichindicates
being seton
fire, andit is avital process
in thebody's immune
system,where
it plays aroletoeradicate
and
repair
aninjured tissue
orto n foreign entities
orharmfulagents 1, Multiple drugs havebeen
produced to treatthe diseases
of inflammation
of
chronic
origin. Forexample,glucocorticoidsare
the
steroidal
hormones
thatstimulate
theexpression of
around
130
genes,
which
adds
to thephagocytosis,
anti-inflammation,antioxidative
stress
andblocks
thegenes
of pro-inflammation ,A long duration
utilization
of glucocorticoidsraises
the apoptosis
of growth platehypertrophic
chondrocytes,
which
Veena
Rani
Inugala*, Sadhya B,Vanitha
Prakash
Karnam
Department
ofPharnmacology,
SSJ
CollegeofPharmacy,
Vattinagulapally,
Hyderabad-75,
Telangana
State,India
*
Corresponding
Author
Date
ofSubmission:
14-Aug-2019,
Date
ofRevision:
28-Aug
2019;Date
ofAcceptance:
30-Aug-2019
decreases
the growth of boneslongitudinally
On the other hand, it is found that around
one
percent of long term utilizers of NSAIDs,
likepatients with severe
inflammatory disorders,
progress
togastrointestinal
(GI) complexities
like
the damage of mucosa
whichleadsto bleeding
1S, A few scientistshave even
shown acute renal
damage asanoutcome
of NSAIDsconsumption
CoJ,
Natural
medicinal
components
presentattentive
major pharmacological
attention
dueto various
uninvestigated
plant products,exhibiting abroad
varieties
of effects
suchasanti-inflammatoryand
anti-cancer
effects[7-8],
Calycoplyllum
spruceanum
grows
straight upto a
height of around
30m,andhasbeenutilizedas
a
resource
of best
lumber
of high density.It generates
sufficient
little, white, aromatic
flowers(during
June
and
July), in turnresultingin seedpods
with
elongated
structure
containingthree
tofive
seeds.
It
may
frequently beseen
around
water,due
tofactthat
itcould
survive
generalperiodic
floodinginthearea.
Howto citethisartícle:
Inugala RV,SandhyaB, Karnam
VPEvaluation
Of Anti-Inflammatory
AndBehavourial
Activities
Of
Calycophyllum
Sprucaenun
InAlbino
Rats.
MJPS
20
19;5(2):56-61.
Manipal Journal
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
| September 2019 Volume5 Issue 2
Created with Docutain
2. Inugala
RV,etal:Evaluation
OfAnti-Inflammatory
And
Behavourial
Activities...
Justtwo investigations havebeencommunicated
ontheplant. In 2009,scientists
showed
thatit
possesses
powerful antifungaleflects
invitroon
11
usual
skinyeastsandfungi , Whereas
in 2003,
researchers
reportedthejdentification
of various
new
plant constituents
knownasseco-iridoids
andfound
thatthreeof themwere
potent against
Trypansoma
cruzi,thetropicalparasite
Co),Based
on
these
investigations,
includingthetwo
groups
of
phytoconstituents
exhibiting effects
of antifungal,
antibacterial,
andinsecticidal,
researchers
are
now
beginningtoprove
itstraditional
applications
for
difterent
infections
of fungi andbacteria
of theskin,
andit isutilized
as
arepellent of insect.
Themain
aim
of thisprojectistoassess
theanti-inflammatory
andbehavioural
aspectsof methanolic
extract
of
Calycophylhum
spruceanum
barkin Wistarratsby
usingsuitable
experìmental
models.
Materials and Methods
Materials:
The barkof Calycoplyllum
spruceanum
utilized
for the currentinvestigation was
collected
from
Sri Venkateshwara
University, Tirupati, India.
The authentication
of the plant was
doneat the
Departnentof Botany,and
thespecimen
of voucher
was
conserved
at the herbarium
library of the
institute.
Adult Wistar rats werecollected from Sainath
Enterprises,Hyderabad.Theratswere
categorized
intosixgroups
randomly consisting of sixratsin
eachgroup.The rats weighing between
180-200
g were
kept asaseparate group (six rats in each
cage). The animalswere
kept for two to seven
days to acclimatize
to theconditions
of theanimal
room
They were
managed
inprescribed
laboratory
conditions
of temperature22t2 °Candcyclesof
12hours
of light anddark.They were
fed witha
standard
diet (Hindustan Lever, Bangalore)and
sufficient
tap water.
Plantcollectionandextraction
The barkof afreshplant was
collected
and the
adhered
dirt was
rermoved.
Theleaves
were
removed
andcleaned
withdístilled
water,blotted
anddried
by theshade
instead
of sun
light. Theshade-dried
material
was
powderedusing acommercial
mixer:
Thispowderwas
further
sieved
togetafine
powder
andwas
utilizedfor solventextraction.
Around100
gof thepowderwas
keptfortheSoxhlet
extraction
using 1000
mlmethanol.
Thisparticularcycle was
repented
again
and
again,
forhours
toafew
days,
till
the
colour
of thesolvent
faded
away
in thesiphon
of the soxhlet.The extractwas
thenconcerntrated
under
reduced
pressure
andstored
in arefrigerator
before
further
use.
Attheend
of theprocess
of the
hot
extraction,
the
extract
was
filtered
byfilter
paper:
The filtrate was
concentrated and the solvent was
retrieved
by a
rotary evaporator. Theextractwas
then
placedindesiccators
toget ridof renaining
moisture,if present,andlastly, was
preserved inair
tight containers
at4°Cinarefrigerator:. Theextract
was
then
subjectedtoapreliminary phytochemical
evaluation
(carbohydrates,
proteinsand
amino
acids,
alkaloids,
fixed
oils
and
fats,
glycosides,
triterpenoids,
phenolicsandtannins) as
perthestandard
methods
Animal model used for the anti-inflammatory
study(Carrageenan
induced
acute
paw
oedema):
[19-14]
Theeffect
of oraladministration
of 125, 250and500
mg/kg of themethanolic
extract
of CS,20ng/kg
diclofenac
sodium
orvehicle
(saline, 10ml/ kg) was
assessed
for anti-inflammatory in therats.Therats
were
induced
withedema
to thehindpaw
by asub
plantarinjectionof 0.1
mlofcarrageenan
(1%w/v).
One
of thegroups
was
kept as
Normal
control
where
no
treatment
was
given. Swelling in thepawinduced
by carrageenan
injection was
recorded
at0, one,
two
andthreehoursby using aPlethysmometre.
The
animals
were
administered
with the plant extract
one
hourprior totheadministration
of carrageenan.
Measurement
was
doneimmediately beforeand
threehoursafterthe injection of Carrageenan.
Percent
inhibition
was
calculated
as
comparedtothe
Vehicle
control
(100%).
Behavourial
studyof theextract
using
Actophotometre Ciei3
The locomotor
behaviour
of the animals
was
recorded
using anactophotometre.
The animals
were
kept inan
actophotometre
andthebasal
score
of theactivity was
documnented
for fiveminutes.
Manipal
Journal
ofPharmaceutícal
Sciences
| September
2019
| Volume
5| Issue
2 57
Created with Docutain
3. Each
animal
was
administered
withthedrug and
thescore
of activity was
recorded
after30 and
60minutes.
A reduction
in theactivity score
was
considered
asanindex of the central nervous
system
(CNS)depression.
Thestudyprotocolfor
anti-inflammatory
andbehavioural
activities
of the
methanolic
extract
of calycophyllum
sprucaenum
is
presented
inTable
1.
Table
1: Study DesignforAnti-inflammatory
andBehavioural
Activities
of Methanolic
Extract
of Calycophyllumsprucaenum
(MCS)
Antiinflammatory
Activty
GROUP 1:
Control
group
was
administered
with a
normalsaline
58
GROUP 2: Sub
plantarinjectionof
0.ImlCarrageenan
(1%
w/v) andno
treatment
GROUP$: Standard
dose
of 0mg/kg of
Diclofenacsodim
GROUP4: Testdoseof
195
mg/kg of MCS
GROUP5: Testdoseof
250
mg/kg of MCS
Results
GROUP6: Testdoseof
500mg/kg of MCS
InugalaRV,etal:Evaluation
OfAnti-Inflammatory
And
Behavourial
Activities...
S.
No.
1
5
5
6
Phytochemicalinvestigation
Tests
The resultsof the presence
of preliminary
phytochemicalconstituents
in the methanolic
extract
of Calycophyllum
sprUCAenum
are
shown
in
Table2. The variousconstituents
present were:
Alkaloids,
Glycosidesand
Triterpenoids.
Table2: Phytochemical constituents
present in methanolic
extract
ofCalycophyllum
sprucaenum
Carbohydrates
Alkaloids
Behavourial
Study
GROUP1:
Control
group
was
administered
with anormalsaline
Fixedoils and fats
GROUP 2:
Glycosides
Standard
dose
Triterpenoids
of mg/kg/b.w
of Diazepam
GROUP: Testdose
of 125
mg/kgof MCS
GROUP 4: Test doseof 250
mg/kg of MCS
GROUP5:Testdose
of 500
mg/kg of MCS
Proteinsandamino
acids
Phenolicsandtannins
Methanolic
Extract
Effectof methanolic
extract
of Calycophyllum
sprucaenum
onanti-inflammatory
activity by
Plethysmometre
In case
of the effectof methanolic
extractof
Calycophyllum
sprucaenum
onanti-infl
ammatory
activity by the Plethysmometre,the extract
exhibited
a
significantdecrease
inthe
paw
volume
in
comparison
withthecontrol
group
(p<0.01),Here,
thehighest reduction
was
seen
for standard
drug,
followed
by thehighest dose
of extract
atthethird
hourTheresults
of theanti-infl
ammatoryactivity
are
shownin Table3.
Table
3:Effect
of Methanolic
extracts
ofCalycophyllum
sprucaenum
on
anti-inflammatory
activity by Plethysmometre
Groups Meandifference
in pawvolume
(ml)
3hr
Norimalcontrol
Disease
control
Diclofenacsodium
20mg/kg
Extract
(ECS)
125
mg/kg
Extract
(ECS)
250mg/kg
2 hr
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.15±0.06 0.21t0.08 0.34t0.07
0.14+0.05 0.12+0.06 0.09t0.0g**
1hr
0.16£0.06
Discussion
0.15±0.07
0.16±0.06
0.19±0.07 0.16£0.06
0.18±O.08 0.14t0.05*
Extract
(ECS)
500mg/kg
Data
represented as
mean
±S.E.Mvalues
of six animals
each.
#p<0.05and**p<0.01(One-wayANOVA
withDunnet's
post
hoctest); controlwas
compared with theextractandstandard
treated
groups
0.14t0.05** 0. 10±0.01*
Effectof methanolic
extractof Calycophyllum
sprucaenum behavioural activity by
actophotometre
In case
of the effect of methanolic extract on
Calycophyllum
sprucaenum
on
behavioural
activity by
actophotometre,
theextract
exhibited
asignificant
decrease
in the mean
score,which indicatesa
reduction
inaggressionas
comparedtothecontrol
group
(p<0.01).Here,thehighest reduction
was
seen
forthestandard
followed
by thehighest dose
of extract.
Theresults
of thebehavioural
activity
are
shown
inTable4.
Anxietyand
hypno-sedation
are
basicallyregulated
in the CNSthrough the complex of GABAA
receptor Ci9).A variety of medications
that are
ManipalJournal
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences| September 2019| Volume
5 | ssue
2
Created with Docutain
4. appliedto different
disorders
of neurological
and
psychological
mayaltertheGABA
systematthe
level
of theproductionof GABA,which
can
cause
hypnosis
oranxiolysis
inanimals
viapotentiating
theGABA-regulated
postsynaptic
inhibition
by an
allosteric
alteration
of GABAreceptors Ci, and
by adirect
raise
in theconductance
of chloride
or
indirectly through potentiatingGABA-stimulated
conductance
of chlorideat the same
timewith a
depressionof voltage stimulated
Ca++currents
suchas
barbituratesC).
Table4: Effectof Methanolic
extracts
of Calycophyllum
Sprucaenumon
Behavioural
activity by actophotometre
Groups Meanscore
in 10min
30 min
338.3±l1.3
239.6+19,8***
Control
Diazepam
mg/kg
Extract
(ECS)
195
mg/kg
Extract
(ECS)
250
mg/kg
Extract
Inugala
R
V,etal:Evaluation
Of
Anti-Inflammatory
And
Behavourial
Activities...
(ECS)
500
mg/kg
Basal
345.27110.1
352.5+22,2
355.78+13.6
349.66+17.3
295.76+15.9
267.56+
14.22*
357.29t13.22 947.67t15.39**
60 min
342.76+12.5
112.74+1l1.27#**
233.65t16.26***
179,29+15.8***
125.42+
11.7%**
Data represented asimean
± S.E.M valuesof six animals
each.
p<0.05, **p<0.0 land***
p<0.001 (One-way
ANOVAwith Dunnet's
post-hoc test); control was
comparedwithextract
andstandard
treated
groups
were
compared.
In thisinvestigation,CNSdepressant
effect
of
methanolic
extract
of Calycophyllum
Sprucaentnm
was
screened
by alocomotor
activity of theanimal
test.The extractconsiderably decreased
the
locomotor
activity as
observed
in theresults
by the
actophotometretest.
Methanolic
extract
of Calycophyllum
Sprcaenum
contains
different
phytochemical
constituents
like
triterpenoidsaponins(A and
B),exhibitingoleanolic
acidasaglycone,alkaloid
achyranthine, water
soluble
base
betaine,andsteroids.
CNSdepressant
and
anxiolytic activity of ECS
was
suggested
tobe
contributed
by these
phytochemicals
observed
inthe
extract.
Various
medicinal
plants havebeenshown
topossess
CNS
depressant
and
anxiolyticeffect
due
totheavailability
of triterpenoids,
tiosaponins,
Ci)
and
flavonoids
[l3,10g
Phytochemical
screening
of methanolic
extract
of
Calycophylum
Sprucaenum
also
showed
the
presence
of triterpenoid
saponins;
even
thoughflavanoids
were
shown
to beabsent.
Triterpenoid saponins
are
already
reported
topossess
agonistic/facilitator
effects
at thereceptorcomplexof GABAA
1],
which
suggests
thehypothesis
thatthey exhibit
action
as
benzodiazepine-similar
molecules.
Thisis
evident
by behavioural
activities
in animal
models
of CNS
depressionandanxiety Cls,
16],
In this investigation, wealsoscreened
the anti
inflammatory efectof themethanolic
extract
of
Calycoplyllum
Sprucaenum
by experimental
models,
i.e., carrageenan-induced
pawedema
model.
The
carrageenan-induced
pawedema
model
is utilized
to evaluatethe anti- inflammatory effect of a
medication
in theinflammation
acute
phase.Edema
caused
by carrageenan
isthought tobebiphasicel.
13,Thefirstphase(onehour) includes
thesecretion
of histamine
andserotonin, whereas
the second
phase(> one
hour) isregulatedby cyclooxygenase
endproducts. T he connection
between
the two
phasesisgiven by kinin
[1], Themethanolicextract
of Caycoplyllum
Sprucaenum
significantlyinhibited
theformationof edema
in boththefirst andsecond
phases. The anti-edematous
effectof methanolic
extract
of Calycoplyllum
Sprucaenum
in thefirst
phasemight bedue
totheconsiderable
depletionof
histamine
signaling
throughthe
stabilizing
effect
of mastcell, [1319]
anddrect inhibitionof histidine
decarboxylase
gene
transcriptions
and
histamine
H1
receptor
[990,
In the currentinvestigation, the anti-edematous
effect
of themethanolic
extract
of Calycophyllhem
Sprucaenum
continued
inthesecond
phasewiththe
maximal
actionseen
at one
hour.This might be
simplifiedby theprobableinhibition
of thesecretion
and/or
effect
of theprostaglandin
andkininby
extract.
Flavanoids
andsaponinsare
shown
to possess
anti
inflammatory
activity through various
mechanisms
(us,
e] andotherpharmacological
activities
like
analgesic,antioxidant,antimicrobial,antiviral,
anticancer,
anti-diabetic,
andanti-platelet
activities
c2s0,
Hence,
inlight of thecurrent
experimental
data,
Manipal Journal
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences September 2019 | Volume
5 | Issue
2 59
Created with Docutain
5. theanti-inflammatory effect
of theECSmight be
contributed
by itsflavanoids
and
saponins.
Conclusion
Fromthe outcome, wemayconclude
that the
methanolic
extractof CalycophyllumSprucaenum
containsanadequate CNS depressant and
anxiolytic effectwhencomparedwith the
standard.
Triterpenoids andsaponinsmight bethe
phytochemical constituents
thatcontribute
forthis
effect.
Thecentral
depressantandanxiolytic effect
along with strong anti-inflammatory activity as
earlier
demonstrated
in theinvestigations might
complement eachother, amd
thus, might beused
in differentpainful andexcitatory situations.
It
canbe concluded that the methanolic extract
of CalycophyllumSprucaenumpossesses
ananti
inflammatory effectdue to the claimns
of ethno
pharmacology.
This
information
mightbeutilized
to formulatenovelagents to cure
allergic and
inflammatoryailments.
References
InugalaRV,etal:Evaluation
OfAnti-Inflammatory
And
Behavourial
Activities...
1. Ma D1,Gajewski M.Some
aspects
of the
inflammatory process
Folia
Neuropathol. 1998;
36(4):199-204.
2. FranchimontN, Canalis-
E. Management
of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in
premenopausal Women with autoimmune
disease.
Autoimmunity reviews.2003 1;
2(4):224-8.
Yona
S,Gordon
S.Inflammation:
Glucocorticoids
turnthemonocyteswitch.
Immunol
CellBiol.:
2007;85(2):81-2.
4. Wu S,
DeLuca
EInhibition
of theproteasomal
function in chondrocytes down-regulates
growth platechondrogenesis
and
longitudinal
bone
growth.Endocrinology.
2006;
147(8):876
1
8
60
5. ChanFK,
Cryer B,
Goldstein
JL, Lanas
A,Peura
DA,Scheiman
JM, Simnon
LS,Singh G,Stillman
MJ,
Wilcox
CM,BergerME.
Anovel
composite
endpointto evaluate
thegastrointestinal(GI)
effects
of nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs
through theentire
GI tract.TheJournal
of
rheumatology.
2010;
37(1);
167-74.
6. Griffin
JM,Gilbert
KM, Pumford
NR.
Inhibition
of CYP2El
reverses
CD4+T-cell
alterations
in trichloroethylene-treated MRL+/+ mice.
ToxicologicalSciences.
2000;
54(2):384-9.
7. Chang J. Medicinal
herbs:drugs ordietary
supplements?Biochemical
pharmacology.2000;
59(3):211-9.
8. Raghav SK, Gupta B, Shrivastava
A, DasHR.
Inhibition
of lipopolysaccharide-inducible
nitric
oxide
synthaseandIL-1ßthrough suppression
of NF-KB
activation
by 3-(1'-1'dimethyl
allyl)-6-hydroxy-
7-methoxy-coumarin
isolated
from
Ruta
graveolens
L.European
journal of
pharmacology.
2007;
29;560(1);
69-80.
9. Portillo
A, Roser
Villa, Blanca
Freixa,Tomás
Adzet.
"AntifungalactivityofParaguayan
plants
used
intraditional
medicine."
J.Ethnopharmacol
2001;
76(1):93-98.
10.Cardona
Zuleta, L. M., et al. "Seco-iridoids
from Calycophyllumspruceanum
Rubiaceae."
Plytochemistry.
9003;642):549-53.
11.
Kokate,
CK, Purohit,A.P,and
Gokhale,S.B.
2004.
Practical
Pharmacognosy,2ndedition.
Vallabh
Prakashan, NewDelhi, 466-47o.
12.M.DiRosa,J.P.
Giroud,D.A.
VWilloughby
Studies
onthe mediators
of the acuteinflammatory
response
induced
in rats in differentsitesby
carrageenan
andturpentineJ Pathol,1971;104
(1971); 15-29.
13.
D.Salvemini,
Z.Q.
Wang,
PS.
Wyatt,et
al.
Nitric
oxide:
akey mediator
intheearly andlatephase
of carrageenan-induced
ratpawinflammation
Br J Pharmacol, 1996; 118:829-838
14.S. Shashidhara, A.V. Bhandarkar, M. Deepak
Comparative evaluation
of successive
extracts
of leaf and stem bark of Albizzia lebbeck
for
mast
cellstabilization
activity Fitoterapia, 2008;
79: 301-302
15.Galani
VJ, PatelBG.Effectof hydroalcoholic
extract of saphaeranthus indicusagainst
experimentallyin duced
anxiety,depressionand
convulsaions
in rodents.Int J Ayurveda Res.
2010; 1:87-92.
16.
KadamU,
Bhosale
A.
Zopiclone
(Cyclopyrrolone):
ANovel
Hypnosedative;
HypnosedationCaused
by ZopicloneDoes
Not Impair Memory
Learning inAlbinoMice.
CNS
Neurosci
Ther.
2010; 16:180-184.
ManipalJournal
ofPharmaceutical
Sciences
| September
2019
| Volume
5 | Issue
2
Created with Docutain