I am submit this report for reference to Mechanical Design Engineer (Automotive Plastic Trim). I have more than two of experience in the position of design engineer, during which I’ve become an expert in CAD software and the Plastic Design process. With this experience and expertise, as well as my drive to continually learn and develop my skills.
I am a distinction Postgraduate Engineer with engineering plastic automotive knowledge. My skills on CATIA, GD&T, Nx 9 (Uni-Graphics), AutoCAD, Value Engineering and 6 SIGMA (DMADV) etc.
WHY WE NEED TO DESIGN SEATS
FACTOR FOR SEAT DESIGN
GEOMETRIC FEATURES OF SEAT DESIGN
ERGONOMICS,SIMULATION AND MODELING
VIBRATION APPROACH
PRESSURE APPROACH
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
WHY WE NEED TO DESIGN SEATS
FACTOR FOR SEAT DESIGN
GEOMETRIC FEATURES OF SEAT DESIGN
ERGONOMICS,SIMULATION AND MODELING
VIBRATION APPROACH
PRESSURE APPROACH
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
J. D. Power survey reports seats in car are next to last in satisfaction despite historical high in quality. Add-on content to basic seat design does not change satisfaction rank. Since seats are for sitting, drivers must not be able to sit as they prefer. Car seat design guidelines must improve accommodation for variation in sitting postures.
simple chassis design considerations used for the purpose of presentations in colleges as well as in any industries. i also gives the classification of chassis.
Deniz Akman - MSc Landscape Architect
Deniz is an urban designer, a landscape architect, scholar and researcher who is currently working at GTL Landschaftsarchitekten in Kassel, Germany.
He has a Master's degree in City Planning from Middle East Technical University in which he carried out his thesis project on Parametric Landscape Urbanism: A Model Proposal for Operational Framework.
As a practicing landscape architect, Deniz's works include creating master plans and landscape construction in various scales, designing landscape and preparing construction documents for various contexts including international projects in Germany, USA, China and Turkey. He is also working as a freelance landscape architect and giving urban design consulting services to other companies such as Critical Design Studio located in Istanbul and Charles Strawter Design Inc. located in California.
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
J. D. Power survey reports seats in car are next to last in satisfaction despite historical high in quality. Add-on content to basic seat design does not change satisfaction rank. Since seats are for sitting, drivers must not be able to sit as they prefer. Car seat design guidelines must improve accommodation for variation in sitting postures.
simple chassis design considerations used for the purpose of presentations in colleges as well as in any industries. i also gives the classification of chassis.
Deniz Akman - MSc Landscape Architect
Deniz is an urban designer, a landscape architect, scholar and researcher who is currently working at GTL Landschaftsarchitekten in Kassel, Germany.
He has a Master's degree in City Planning from Middle East Technical University in which he carried out his thesis project on Parametric Landscape Urbanism: A Model Proposal for Operational Framework.
As a practicing landscape architect, Deniz's works include creating master plans and landscape construction in various scales, designing landscape and preparing construction documents for various contexts including international projects in Germany, USA, China and Turkey. He is also working as a freelance landscape architect and giving urban design consulting services to other companies such as Critical Design Studio located in Istanbul and Charles Strawter Design Inc. located in California.
This is a report detailing my industrial placement year at Tomo Motor Parts Ltd. This report was submitted to Brunel University and formed the majority of my A+ result for the year.
Les ministres français et allemand de l'Economie, Bruno Le Maire et Peter Altmaier, ont présenté jeudi un document de 40 pages sur le futur cloud européen.
All About material selection for product design and developmentJayesh Sarode
This document helps to select a proper material while design any product. It contains a ashby chart how to use it as well as includes various material selection parameters.
“CONCEPT VALIDATION AND DESIGN SYNTHESIS OF CAR DASHBOARD AS PER PLASTIC TRIM...Jayesh Sarode
The evolution of dashboard has led to increased
vehicle occupant comfort and convenience as new systems
become available. The project work aims to develop the work
to apply theoretical and practical tools/techniques to solve
real life problems related to industry and current research in
this project automobile (Car) dashboard upper cover is
selected for a design. For doing so conceptual design tool is
used. I am created a five different concepts using different
benchmarking & brainstorming. Select a best option using
different tools in six sigma like trade off analysis. Threedimensional
CAD software (such as CATIA) is used to develop a
CAD model same as concept. The aim is to achieve the essential
function at the lowest overall cost while maintaining
customers’ optimum value assurance. In this project I try to
develop a such dashboard design which follow a design
guidelines, And analyze and discuss the results to Obtain valid
conclusions which follows a design Standards.
Six Sigma DMADV Approach for Conceptual Design Synthesis of Car DashboardJayesh Sarode
The main goals of Six Sigma need to incorporate
these specific expected outcomes for the program, and
typically fall within the key areas like Quality, Variability,
Productivity. Without attacking quality issues in any process,
all other improvement efforts will certainly come up short. For
doing that Six Sigma implementation can differ widely
between organizations, depending on their individual goals
and operational strategies.
In this project I have successfully applied many design
processes related with six sigma like Identify Customer CTQs/
Customer Survey, develop a Fishbone Diagram, Input
Requirement Checklist, Quality Function Deployment, Design
Concepts (Competitive assessments (Benchmarking), Tradeoff
Analysis, Engineering Analysis - Develop System & Subsystem
Models, Error Proofing and Fixing, Validation, etc.
The aim is to achieve the essential function at the lowest
overall cost while maintaining customers’ optimum value
assurance. In this project I try to develop a such dashboard
design which follow a plastic design guideline, and analyze
and discuss the results to Obtain valid conclusions which
follows a design Standards. Plastic part dashboard is designed
by following Plastic trim design guidelines as well as DFM
(Design for manufacturing) and DFA (Design for Assembly)
guidelines. This project intends to explore the adoption of Six
sigma as a value creation tool. This project presents the basics
of Six sigma and its different phases that can be implemented
to a dashboard for its optimization.
Material and structure optimization and value engineering applied to car door...Jayesh Sarode
The evolution of dashboard has led to increased vehicle occupant comfort and convenience as new systems become available. The project work aims to develop the work to apply theoretical and practical tools/techniques to solve real life problems related to industry and current research in this project automobile (Car) dashboard upper cover is selected for a design. For doing so conceptual design tool is used. I am created a five different concepts using different benchmarking & brainstorming. Select a best option using different tools in six sigma like trade off analysis. Three-dimensional CAD software (such as CATIA) is used to develop a CAD model same as concept. To reducing variation and improve the quality of processes six sigma DMADV methodology applied to the project. The aim is to achieve the essential function at the lowest overall cost while maintaining customers’ optimum value assurance. In this project I try to develop a such dashboard design which follow a design guidelines, And analyze and discuss the results to Obtain valid conclusions which follows a design Standards.
“MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION AND VALUE ENGINEERING APPLIED TO CAR DOO...Jayesh Sarode
In this project automobile window regulator is selected as a case study for the use of optimization technique in engineering design. This is a project of the work performed towards the stiffness optimization of an automobile window regulator.
The aim of the project is to analyze the car window regulator with presently used material steel and replacing with Plastic if Possible. Also we are going to reduce weight of the window by using Plastic materials replacing with steel. The aim is to achieve the essential function at the lowest overall cost while maintaining optimum value assurance. In this project, the Car window regulator modeled using software CATIA.
This project intends to explore the adoption of Value Engineering (VE) as a value creation tool. This project presents the basics of Value Engineering and its different phases that can be implemented to a window regulator for its optimization. Value Engineering can improve the product cost by reducing the unnecessary costs associated with the product.
My long term goal is to postulate and validate design metrics which effectively and efficiently measure the remanufacturability of given designs. As well as identifying existing re manufacturing guidelines, philosophies, and practices.
Material And Structure Optimization And Value Engineering Applied To Car Door...Jayesh Sarode
In this project automobile window regulator is selected as a case study for the use of optimization technique in engineering design. This is a project of the work performed towards the stiffness optimization of an automobile window regulator
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
2. APPENDIXES
i PUBLICATIONS
• A Paper is Published on “Design Synthesis of Car Dashboard to Improve Interior Safety
Like Head Impact as Per Standard FMVSS 201/ECE 21” In International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development (IJSRD), May – 2019, ISSN (Online) 2321-0613
• A Paper is Published on “Concept Validation and Design Synthesis of Car Dashboard
as Per Plastic Trim Standard” In International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019, e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN:
2395-0072
• A Paper is Published on “Six Sigma DMADV Approach for Conceptual Design
Synthesis of Car Dashboard” In International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019, e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN:
2395-0072
• A Paper is Published and Presented on “Six Sigma Approach for Design Synthesis of
Car Dashboard to improve Interior Safety Like Head Impact and Knee as Per
Standard FMVSS 201/ECE 21’’ Multidisciplinary National Conference on
Management, Engineering & Sciences (MultiCon-2019), The presented papers published
in UGC Approved Journal “Research Journey International E-Research Journal”
3. v
CONTENT
CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................................................ I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................................II
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................. III
CONTENT.................................................................................................................................................. V
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................................x
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF GRAPHS ...............................................................................................................................................xiv
1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY....................................................................................................................... 5
3. THEORY..............................................................................................................................................11
3.1 WHY PLASTIC PRODUCTS FAIL?....................................................................................................................11
3.1.1 Poor specification and material selection – underestimation of the requirements .................................12
3.1.2 Design insufficiency......................................................................................................................................12
3.1.3 Processing issues...........................................................................................................................................12
3.1.4 Misuse of a product......................................................................................................................................12
3.2 DESIGNING A QUALITY PLASTIC PART FOR LIFE ............................................................................................13
3.2.1.Design ............................................................................................................................................................13
3.2.2.Tooling...........................................................................................................................................................16
3.2.3 Processing: Injection Molding.....................................................................................................................17
3.2.4 Assembly and Handling...............................................................................................................................17
3.2.5 Service ...........................................................................................................................................................18
3.2.6 End of Life ....................................................................................................................................................18
3.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ...........................................................................................................................19
3.3.1 Factors in Plastic Part Performance...........................................................................................................19
3.3.2 Part performance and life expectancy........................................................................................................19
3.3.3 Structural part design..................................................................................................................................20
3.3.4 Effect of time.................................................................................................................................................22
3.4 MANUFACTURING ASPECTS OF DESIGN .......................................................................................................22
4. vi
3.4.1 Part design considerations for molding......................................................................................................23
3.4.2 Mold filling....................................................................................................................................................24
3.4.3 Cooling ..........................................................................................................................................................25
3.4.4 Ejection..........................................................................................................................................................26
3.5 AFTER USE AND RECYCLING.........................................................................................................................26
3.5.1 Disassembly...................................................................................................................................................26
4 STANDARDS......................................................................................................................................28
4.1 FMVSS 201 ..................................................................................................................................................28
4.1.1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................28
4.1.2 Impact Zone Marking Procedure ...............................................................................................................28
4.1.3 Test Procedure..............................................................................................................................................29
4.1.4 Judging Criteria ...........................................................................................................................................29
4.1.5 CAE ...............................................................................................................................................................29
4.2 ECE-R-21......................................................................................................................................................30
4.2.1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................30
4.2.2 Impact Zone Marking Procedure ...............................................................................................................30
4.2.3 Test Procedure Ece R21...............................................................................................................................31
4.2.4 Judging Criteria ...........................................................................................................................................31
4.2.5 CAE ...............................................................................................................................................................32
4.3 PLASTIC GUIDELINE’S...................................................................................................................................32
4.3.1 Designing Parts for Up & Down Molding Helps Control Cost.................................................................32
4.3.2 Injection Molding Design Guidelines..........................................................................................................33
4.3.3 Uniform Wall................................................................................................................................................33
4.3.4 Radius............................................................................................................................................................36
4.3.5 Voids and Shrinkage ....................................................................................................................................38
4.3.6 Warpage........................................................................................................................................................39
4.3.7 Draft ..............................................................................................................................................................40
4.3.8 Ribs Design ...................................................................................................................................................41
4.3.9 Boss Design ...................................................................................................................................................44
5 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................46
5.1 DEFINE..................................................................................................................................................46
5.1.1 Identify Project CTQs..................................................................................................................................47
5.1.2 Define Process Map......................................................................................................................................54
5.1.3 Define Performance Standards ...................................................................................................................54
5.1.4 Identify Customer CTQs/ Customer Survey..............................................................................................55
5.2 MEASURE .............................................................................................................................................58
5.2.1 Input Requirement Checklist......................................................................................................................58
5.2.2 Quality Function Deployment .....................................................................................................................61
5. vii
5.3 ANALYZE...............................................................................................................................................68
5.3.1 Design Concepts (Competitive assessments (Benchmarking).................................................................68
5.3.2 Tradeoff Analysis .......................................................................................................................................74
5.4 DESIGN.................................................................................................................................................78
5.4.1 Engineering Analysis - Develop System & Subsystem Models...............................................................78
5.4.2 CTQ FLOWDOWN - For Each CTQ, Identify Design Parameters.......................................................80
5.5 VERIFY..................................................................................................................................................81
5.5.1 Error Proofing and Fixing...........................................................................................................................81
5.5.2 Validation......................................................................................................................................................82
6 MECHANICAL MODELING..............................................................................................................84
6.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................84
6.1.1 Draft Analysis...............................................................................................................................................85
6.1.2 Rules of Thumb for Design for Assembly ..................................................................................................86
6.2 CONCEPT TO WIREFRAME CAD MODELLING ................................................................................................87
6.3 UPDATE MODEL ACCORDING TO PLASTIC STANDARD GUIDELINES...............................................................88
Step 1 Tooling Line Generation ...........................................................................................................................88
Step 2 Modify Design for Draft & Tangency ......................................................................................................88
Step 3 Design with 100% Tangency.....................................................................................................................89
Step 4 Primary Draft Analysis .............................................................................................................................89
Step 5 SCALE X6 to length = 1270 mm Approx. ...............................................................................................90
Step 6 A Surface ....................................................................................................................................................90
Step 7 B Surface ....................................................................................................................................................91
Step 8 C Surface ....................................................................................................................................................91
Step 9 Closed Volume ...........................................................................................................................................92
Step 10 Part with Draft & Tangency ...................................................................................................................92
Step 11 Part with Draft & Tangency B side........................................................................................................93
Step 12 How to decide parting line ......................................................................................................................93
Step 13 Constraint.................................................................................................................................................94
Step 14 Model Without Ribs.................................................................................................................................96
Step 15 Model with Ribs .......................................................................................................................................97
Step 16 Draft Analysis...........................................................................................................................................97
7 MATERIAL SELECTION................................................................................................................ 100
7.1 RECENT RESEARCH IN AUTOMOTIVE PLASTIC INDUSTRY............................................................................100
7.1.1 The Nature of Plastic Materials ................................................................................................................100
7.1.2 Characteristics of plastic materials...........................................................................................................101
7.1.3 Technology activities and priorities..........................................................................................................101
7.2 MATERIAL SELECTED FOR DASHBOARD......................................................................................................106
6. viii
7.2.1 Materials Properties Table........................................................................................................................107
7.3 GRAPHS OF MATERIALS VS PROPERTY .......................................................................................................108
7.3.1 Young Modulus ..........................................................................................................................................108
7.3.2 Density.........................................................................................................................................................108
7.3.3 Yield Strength [Pa].....................................................................................................................................109
7.3.4 Poisson Ratio...............................................................................................................................................109
7.3.5 Thermal Expansion....................................................................................................................................110
7.3.6 Price.............................................................................................................................................................110
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS............................................................................................................. 111
8.1 FORCE CALCULATION.................................................................................................................................111
8.2 CONSTRAINS .............................................................................................................................................112
8.3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................117
8.3.1 Overall part analysis ..................................................................................................................................117
8.3.2 Analysis report Specific Nodewise ............................................................................................................119
8.4 ANALYSIS RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................122
9 HEAD IMPACT ANALYSIS............................................................................................................ 124
9.1 HEAD IMPACT ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................124
9.1.1 Mesh Generation:.......................................................................................................................................125
9.1.2 Contact Generation....................................................................................................................................127
9.1.3 Deck Preparation........................................................................................................................................127
9.1.4 Constrains ...................................................................................................................................................128
9.1.5 Post Processing ...........................................................................................................................................128
9.2 HIC FROM SOFTWARE (SIMULATION) ........................................................................................................129
9.3 ANALYSIS RESULT......................................................................................................................................130
9.3.1 Stress (Von-Mises) [=86pa].......................................................................................................................130
9.3.2 Displacement (mm) ....................................................................................................................................130
9.4 RESULT GRAPHS ........................................................................................................................................131
9.4.1 Energy (Kinetic, Internal, Total) ..............................................................................................................131
9.4.2 Internal Energy ..........................................................................................................................................131
9.4.3 Kinetic Energy............................................................................................................................................132
9.4.4 Hourglass Energy.......................................................................................................................................132
9.4.5 Spring and Damper Energy.......................................................................................................................133
9.4.6 Global Velocity ...........................................................................................................................................133
9.5 CALCULATIONS..........................................................................................................................................134
7. ix
10 RESULT........................................................................................................................................... 136
10.1 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN TO CAD..................................................................................................................136
10.2 CAD MODEL MODIFIED ACCORDING TO STANDARDS ...............................................................................137
10.3 MODIFICATION FOR DRAFT AND FEATURES .............................................................................................138
10.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS RESULT ...............................................................................................................139
10.5 HEAD IMPACT ANALYSIS RESULT..............................................................................................................143
11 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 145
FUTURE SCOPE.................................................................................................................................. 146
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................... 148
APPENDIXES....................................................................................................................................... 150
i PUBLICATIONS............................................................................................................................................150
ii Certificate..................................................................................................................................................151
iii REFERENCE IP PHOTOGRAPH ....................................................................................................................152
iv 3D PROTOTYPE (3D PRINTING)..................................................................................................................153
8. x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3. 1 Distribution of causes of failures................................................................................ 12
Figure 3. 2. Life cycle of a plastic product. .................................................................................. 13
Figure 3. 3 Design guidelines for plastics..................................................................................... 14
Figure 3. 4 A mold with two cavities............................................................................................ 16
Figure 3. 5 Plastic part performances (Lampman, 2003).............................................................. 20
Figure 3. 6 Creep, stress relaxation and fatigue behavior of plastics. .......................................... 22
Figure 3. 7 Problems caused by thick sections and uneven wall thickness. ................................. 23
Figure 3. 8 Weld lines (DuPont, 2000)......................................................................................... 25
Figure 4. 1 : FMVSS 201 Head Impact Zone Marking ................................................................ 29
Figure 4. 2: FMVSS 201 Head Impact Exemption Zone.............................................................. 29
Figure 4. 3 : ECE R 21 Head Impact Zone Marking .................................................................... 31
Figure 4. 4 : ECE R 21 Head Impact Exemption Zone ................................................................ 31
Figure 4. 5 Proper wall thickness................................................................................................. 34
Figure 4. 6 Uniform wall thicknesses reduce/eliminate this problem. ........................................ 35
Figure 4. 7 Transition Wall Thickness.......................................................................................... 35
Figure 4. 8 Coring to element sinks.............................................................................................. 36
Figure 4. 9 Gusseting to reduce Warpage..................................................................................... 36
Figure 4. 10 Radius Recommendation.......................................................................................... 37
Figure 4. 11 Boss Design To Eliminate Sinks.............................................................................. 38
Figure 4. 12 Warpage.................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 4. 13 Draft Angles ............................................................................................................. 40
Figure 4. 14 Rib Design................................................................................................................ 42
Figure 4. 15 Rib Design................................................................................................................ 43
Figure 4. 16 Boss Design.............................................................................................................. 44
Figure 5. 1 CTQ’s Process............................................................................................................ 47
Figure 5. 2 Process map................................................................................................................ 54
Figure 5. 3 Cause and effect diagram : Customer satisfaction (Dashboard) ................................ 56
Figure 5. 4 Cause and effect diagram : Safety( Dashboard)........................................................ 57
Figure 5. 5 Cause and effect diagram: Design of Dashboard for DFM & DFA........................... 57
Figure 5. 6 Conceptual design ..................................................................................................... 68
Figure 5. 7 Benchmarking Conceptual Design 1......................................................................... 69
Figure 5. 8 Brainstorming Conceptual Design 2 ......................................................................... 70
Figure 5. 9 Establishing Concept Conceptual Design 3 .............................................................. 71
Figure 5. 10 Developing Alternatives to Concept Conceptual Design 4..................................... 72
Figure 5. 11 Concept Contradiction Conceptual Design 5 ........................................................... 73
Figure 5. 12 Conceptual CAD Design......................................................................................... 78
9. xi
Figure 5. 13 Dimension Taken from Actual Dashboard.............................................................. 79
Figure 5. 14 CTQ Flow down...................................................................................................... 81
Figure 6. 1 Draft analysis Concept Understanding STEP 1-5 ...................................................... 86
Figure 6. 2 Concept 3 Sketch........................................................................................................ 87
Figure 6. 3 Establishing the Primary Concept in CAD from Sketch............................................ 87
Figure 6. 4 Tooling Line Generation ............................................................................................ 88
Figure 6. 5 Modify Design for Draft & Tangency........................................................................ 88
Figure 6. 6 Design with 100% Tangency...................................................................................... 89
Figure 6. 7 Primary Draft Analysis............................................................................................... 89
Figure 6. 8 SCALE X6 to length = 1270 mm Approx.................................................................. 90
Figure 6. 9 A Surface.................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 6. 10 B Surface .................................................................................................................. 91
Figure 6. 11 C Surface .................................................................................................................. 91
Figure 6. 12 Closed Volume......................................................................................................... 92
Figure 6. 13 Part with Draft & Tangency ..................................................................................... 92
Figure 6. 14 Part with Draft & Tangency B side.......................................................................... 93
Figure 6. 15 How to decide parting line ....................................................................................... 93
Figure 6. 16 Doghouse.................................................................................................................. 94
Figure 6. 17 Four Way Locator..................................................................................................... 94
Figure 6. 18 Four Way Locator..................................................................................................... 95
Figure 6. 19 Screw Boss ............................................................................................................... 95
Figure 6. 20 Honey comb ribs....................................................................................................... 96
Figure 6. 21 Model Without Ribs ................................................................................................. 96
Figure 6. 22 Model Without Ribs ................................................................................................. 97
Figure 6. 23 Draft Analysis part A side........................................................................................ 97
Figure 6. 24 Draft Analysis part B side (No Ribs) ....................................................................... 98
Figure 6. 25 Draft Analysis part B side (with Ribs) ..................................................................... 98
Figure 6. 26 Draft Analysis of features......................................................................................... 99
Figure 7. 1 Interior of a typical vehicle...................................................................................... 102
Figure 7. 2 Body and Exterior of a typical vehicle (bumper, body panels and trims)............... 102
Figure 7. 3 Powertrain and chassis of a typical vehicle............................................................. 103
Figure 8. 1 Force Calculation..................................................................................................... 111
Figure 8. 2 Analysis type Static Analysis.................................................................................. 112
Figure 8. 3 Mesh Element type parabolic.................................................................................. 113
Figure 8. 4 Mesh Applied to Part............................................................................................... 113
Figure 8. 5 Applied Load........................................................................................................... 114
10. xii
Figure 8. 6 Constrains Locators.................................................................................................. 114
Figure 8. 7 Constrains 4-way Locators...................................................................................... 115
Figure 8. 8 Constrains Dog house.............................................................................................. 116
Figure 8. 9 Constrains 2-way Locators...................................................................................... 116
Figure 8. 10 Constrains Screw boss........................................................................................... 116
Figure 8. 11 Static Case Solution.1 - Von Mises stress (nodal values).1 .................................. 118
Figure 8. 12 Static Case Solution.1 - Translational displacement vector.1............................... 118
Figure 8. 13 Boundary Conditions............................................................................................. 119
Figure 9. 1 Meshing................................................................................................................... 126
Figure 9. 2 Contact Generation.................................................................................................. 127
Figure 9. 3 Desk Preparation ..................................................................................................... 127
Figure 9. 4 Constrains................................................................................................................ 128
Figure 9. 5 Post Processing Ls-Dyna Preparation ..................................................................... 128
Figure 9. 6 Post Processing and Analysis.................................................................................. 129
Figure 9. 7 Reference For Software Simulation ........................................................................ 129
Figure 9. 8 Stress (Von-Mises) Nodal ....................................................................................... 130
Figure 9. 9 Displacement........................................................................................................... 130
Figure 10. 1 Cad Model In Catia From Conceptual Design ...................................................... 136
Figure 10. 2 Cad Model Modified According To Standards ..................................................... 137
Figure 10. 3 Modification For Draft And Features.................................................................... 138
Figure 12. 1 Industry Revolution from 1.0 to 4.0...................................................................... 147
11. xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3. 1 Examples of failures occurring in plastic parts............................................................ 20
Table 3. 2. Comparison of assembly methods for recycling and disassembly. ............................ 26
Table 3. 3. Requirements and influences relative to a corresponding life cycle stage. ................ 27
Table 5. 1 CTQ Importance Rating............................................................................................... 47
Table 5. 2 CTQ AND VOC Checklist .......................................................................................... 48
Table 5. 3 Project Charter............................................................................................................. 51
Table 5. 4 Team Charter .............................................................................................................. 52
Table 5. 5 Performance Standards ............................................................................................... 55
Table 5. 6 Input Requirement Checklist ...................................................................................... 59
Table 5. 7 QFD of Product Characteristics.................................................................................. 62
Table 5. 8 QFD of Product Characteristics Score......................................................................... 63
Table 5. 9 QFD of Product Design .............................................................................................. 64
Table 5. 10 QFD of Product Design Score .................................................................................. 65
Table 5. 11 QFD D Manufacturing.............................................................................................. 66
Table 5. 12 QFD D Manufacturing Score.................................................................................... 67
Table 5. 13 Tradeoff Analysis ..................................................................................................... 76
Table 7. 1 Plastic used by type and weight of an average car (Survey 2014-2025X) ............... 104
Table 7. 2 Materials Properties Table........................................................................................ 107
Table 8. 1 Element Quality For Structural Analysis.................................................................. 117
Table 8. 2 Structural analysis result with ribs and without ribs................................................. 123
Table 10. 1 Structural analysis result with ribs and without ribs............................................... 139
12. xiv
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4. 1 : K Stress Concentration Factor Vs R Radius............................................................ 37
Graph 5. 1 QFD of Product Characteristics pareto...................................................................... 64
Graph 5. 2 QFD of Product Design Pareto .................................................................................. 66
Graph 5. 3 QFD D Manufacturing Pareto................................................................................... 67
Graph 7. 1 Plastic Vs Metal Used of an average car (Survey 2014-2025X) .............................. 105
Graph 7. 2 automotive Plastic market Volume (Survey 2014-2025X)....................................... 105
Graph 7. 3 Plastic Vs Metal Used of an average car (Survey 2018-2025X) .............................. 106
Graph 7. 4 Young Modulus (Pa) of materials............................................................................. 108
Graph 7. 5 Density of materials.................................................................................................. 108
Graph 7. 6 Yield Strength of materials....................................................................................... 109
Graph 7. 7 Poisson Ratio of materials ....................................................................................... 109
Graph 7. 8 Thermal Expansion of materials............................................................................... 110
Graph 7. 9 Price of materials ...................................................................................................... 110
Graph 9. 1 Energy (Kinetic, Internal, Total) Vs Time............................................................... 131
Graph 9. 2 Internal Energy Vs Time.......................................................................................... 131
Graph 9. 3 Kinetic Energy Vs Time .......................................................................................... 132
Graph 9. 4 Hourglass Energy Vs Time...................................................................................... 132
Graph 9. 5 Spring and Damper Energy Vs Time....................................................................... 133
Graph 9. 6 Velocity Vs Time..................................................................................................... 133
Graph 10. 1 Maximum Displacement No ribs VS With Ribs.................................................... 140
Graph 10. 2 Maximum Nodal Displacement No ribs VS with Ribs.......................................... 141
Graph 10. 3 Maximum Von Mises Stress No ribs Vs with Ribs ............................................... 141
Graph 10. 4 Nodal Von mises stress no ribs Vs with Ribs........................................................ 142
Graph 10. 5 Energy (Kinetic, Internal, Total) Vs Time............................................................. 143
Graph 10. 6 Velocity Vs Time................................................................................................... 144