This document discusses birds and their interactions with agricultural crops. It begins by defining birds and noting that they evolved from dinosaurs. It then discusses various bird species that can be considered agricultural pests because they damage crops. A wide diversity of bird species is found worldwide and in South Asia and India specifically. The document analyzes the types of damage different bird species cause to various crops like cereals, pulses, and fruits at different growth stages. It provides data on the extent of loss various birds cause to different crops in different regions. The document also discusses some bird species that play a beneficial role by preying on insect pests and rodents.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
This presentation contains valuable information on major insect pests of stored foods like Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth etc.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
This presentation contains valuable information on major insect pests of stored foods like Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth etc.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...Premier Publishers
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
This presentation tells you about role and importance of birds in agriculture and harmful effect of birds for agricultural crops with some scientific evidences as well. this presentation also elaborates modern techniques to manage avian pests.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Indian diversified agro-climatic condition and increasing international trading in the era of globalization made India more vulnerable for introduction of different invasive insect pest species. Invasive alien species possess major threat to local biodiversity by competing with native species by unleashing in a higher number upon finding a favorable environment parameter. In the absence of natural enemy and in presence of suitable host exotic species will turn to stubborn major pest of economically important crops which is difficult to control.
Effectiveness of anthraquinone and methylanthranilate against house sparrow (...Innspub Net
Among avian pests, house sparrow caused serious depredations, not only to seeds, but also seedlings of various crops particularly in the organic farming. Different mechanical and chemical ways have been reported to manage these losses all over the world. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of two bird repellents namely methylanthranilate and anthraquinone to manage the depredations of wheat seeds and seedlings against house sparrow in captivity. For this purpose house sparrows were offered with treated and untreated seeds and seedlings of wheat in two aviaries. By providing treated seeds and seedlings with these repellents, the relative effectiveness was appraised by comparing the consumed and unconsumed seeds and seedlings. Feeding responses of these birds against different doses of these repellents were investigated with the help of the closed circuit cameras adjusted in the aviaries. During the whole experiment among trial and control group highly significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) variance when wheat seeds and seedlings were offered to house sparrows. House sparrows were influenced more quickly by consuming wheat seeds and seedlings treated with both repellents. Sparrows displayed noticeable head-shaking and feather ruffling behavior by consuming the treated seeds and seedlings. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. What are Birds?
Warm blooded animals – body covered
with feather – which can fly, swim and walk
– lay eggs – shows parental care
They evolved from dinosaurs millions of
years ago
The first bird is called as Archaeopteryx
3
4. BIRD PESTS
Birds causing a little damage to the crops are
now viewed seriously, and they often
recognized as “PESTS”.
Favourable conditions:
Bringing more of the land area under
cultivation.
Abundant food availability.
These conditions enables, some granivorous and
frugivorous birds to harvest energy and
produce offspring more efficiently in
agricultural than in natural habitats.
4
5. Diversity of the Birds
There are about 8,6oo species of birds
found all over the world
Of them 1400 species found in South Asia
1295 found in India
485 + found in Andhra Pradesh
143 species were feeding on seeds and fruits
Only 2.1% reorted to inflict serious damage
to crops.
5
6. A total of 63 species of birds belonging to 19
families have been identified to damaging
several crops.
Among the 46 species of beneficial birds,
which devored insects and rodent pests, all
fed on insects while six of them also
consumed on rodents.
Fifteen species of the beneficial species are
omnivorous.
Omnivorous birds have a dual role in our
agro-ecosystem.
6
7. Number of bird species that affected various crops
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Fruits
14 15
23
7
52
8. Type of Damage by birds
Crops are being damaged by birds at sowing,
ripening and harvesting stages.
After crop harvest, bird damage continues at
grain stores, shelling yards and market places.
At the sprouting stage-some times this damage
is so severe that farmers have to re sow the
affected fields.
The re sown crop may mature later than the
those sown at the normal time and suffer
relating more bird damage at the ripening
stage.
8
9. Negative impact of birds on agricultural crops
vary from region to region, season to season.
Its depending on number of factors
Number of depredatory species and their
density.
Area under crop
Ecology of the area
Concentration of migrants
Food habits as well as the physiological status
of birds.
9
10. When birds have eaten seeds or pulled out
seedlings they are taken away from the field.
Fruits injured by birds lose marketability.
Thus once attack of a bird to a seed or a fruit
produces 100%loss of it.
Cereals more vulnerable to bird attack
especially at dough stage.
Damage to the crops of smaller grains such
as pearl millet and sorghum was more
serious as compared to that in large size
grains (e.g.maize)
10
11. Small cereal grains preferred by both smaller
and larger birds, where as maize was
depredated primarily by larger species such as
parakeets and crows.
Isolated fields are always prone to bird
damage,
Early and late maturing fields were highly
susceptible.
Hence or the even distribution of birds
damage, synchronization of crop cultivation is
advocated.
11
13. Pearl millet
A total of 24 depredatory species were recorded in
pearl millet crop.
Rose ringed parakeet, Rosy pastor, House sparrow,
Baya damaged the crop in Northwestern India.
Estimation of bird damage varied highly in different
states.
Highest in Gujarat (0.3 to 40%)
Andhra pradesh (1.5 to 9%)
Punjab (45%) and Delhi (60%) during kharif season
13
14. White-cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys)
• Feed on the Pearl millet crop in
large numbers in the arid and semi-
arid zones.
14
15. Wheat
Bird damage to wheat varied from 0.2 to
41% in different parts of the country.
Damage was significantly high in Rajasthan.
About 13 species of birds damaged standing
wheat.
15
16. Paddy
Paddy crop was prone to heavy damage by
birds under congenial conditions.
Damage to paddy was highest in Punjab (0.1
to 6.5%), Kerala (1.5 to 6%), Andhra pradesh
(1.5 to 3%) and Gujarat (0.1 to 1%).
Thirty –nine species of birds fed on the
grains of standing crop in Gujarat.
16
17. Sorghum
Bird damage to sorghum was highest in
Rajasthan (2.3 to 48%) and Andhra pradesh
(1.5 to 3%), Gujarat (0.4 to 18.6%).
It is one of the preferred crops by the
granivorous birds.
Total 26 species were recorded feeding on
sorghum.
17
18. Maize
Bird damage to maize was relatively less in
Gujarat (0.3 to 9.1%) as compared to Punjab
(3.3 to 7.5%), Andhra pradesh (3 to 9.1 %)
and Rajasthan (0 to 20%).
Ten species of birds were recommended to
feed on maize, of which the Rose ringed
parakeet was important in all the states.
18
19. Sunflower
Rose ringed parakeet and House crow were
the predominant depredators and caused 10
to 30% damage in Andhra pradesh and 40
to 90% damage in Rajasthan.
In Punjab the mean percentage of damage
is 5.7 to 29% .
Only because of the bird problem, the crop
could not be introduced in Gujarat state.
19
20. Groundnut
During sowing to sprouting stage, 3 to
33%damage was done by ten species of
birds in Saurashtra region of Gujarat.
The migratory Demoiselle cranes caused
damage up to 10% at the time of harvesting.
20
21. safflower
Rose ringed parakeet was the only species
feeding mainly on the peripheral plants of
the crop.
The damage was negligible in Andhra
pradesh and Gujarat.
21
22. Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri)
Habits:
A very adaptable species often
associated with cultivation.
Causes severe damage to the Maize
crop.
Feeds on: Pearl
millet,
Wheat, Paddy, Maize,
Sorghum, Sunflower,
Safflower
22
23. Rosy Pastor ( Sturnus roseus)
Habit:-
Gregarious, form huge flocks at rich
feeding sources.
Causes damage to pearl millet, sorghum
•Habitat:-
Cultivation , damp
grass
land
• Food:- Insects , etc
23
24. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Causes damage to pearl millet,
paddy, sunflower
• It also feeds on green leafy
vegetables.
• Food:-
Omnivores,grains,
insects,fruits, buds
etc
24
25. House Crow (Corvus splendens)
• Habitat:
Closely associated with
human activity.
• Damage wheat, cobs of maize,
jowar, groundnut, ripe fruits of
fig, mulberry and chillies.
• Food:-
Omnivorous and
also useful
scavenger.
25
27. Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto)
Habits:
Often congregates in flocks
where food is abundant
Damaging the wheat fields
Food:Seeds,Cereals etc
27
28. Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)
•Habits:
Lives in colonies all year
Feeds on
Cereals,pulses,nuts etc
28
29. Ruff and Reeve ( Philomachus pugnax)
Damage the wheat fields
Damage by these birds reported first
time in coastal areas of Gujarat
when the crop is at sowing and
seedling stage.
•Food:
Seeds, annelids,
molluscs, crustaceans,
spiders, insects, fish
and amphibians
29
30. Black-tailed Godwit ( Limosa limosa )
•Habits:
Feeds mainly by walking slowly
Damage the wheat fields
Damage by these birds reported first
time in coastal areas of Gujarat
when the crop is at sowing and
seedling stage.
Food:
Aquatic insects
larvae,worms,
molluscs etc.
30
31. Lesser Whistling Teal (Dendrocygna javanica)
•Habits:
Roosts in the daytime in trees
•Habitat: grass land and paddy
fields
•Damaged paddy crop in Kole
area of Kerala.
•Food:
Chiefly vegetarian;
31
32. Demoiselle Crane ( Anthropoides virgo)
• Habits:
Highly Gregarious
• Damage Wheat and Groundnut
crops
• Heavily damaged wheat fields in
Bhal area of Gujarat.
• The migratory Demoiselle cranes
caused damage up to 10% at the time
of harvesting of groundnut crop.
• Food:- Insects,
aquatic insects
32
33. Short – toed lark (Calandrella cinerea)
• Habit:
Similar to those of other larks
Damaged wheat fields heavily in
Bhal area of Gujarat.
Food:
Insects,etc
33
34. Pied Myna or Asian pied starling
• Granivorous bird feeds mainly on
sorghum
Food:
•Food:-
•Insects,figs, etc
34
36. Evaluation of beneficial role of birds
Although it is well known that insectivorous
and predatory birds play a very useful role in
controlling insect and rodent pests of crops,
only a few attempts have been made to
evaluate this role and these too only in case of
insectivorous birds.
Our knowledge on the impact of predatory
birds on rodent populations in India is
practically nil.
36
37. Patel et al (1987) found that house sparrow, common myna, red-
vented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer and three other bird species in
addition to wasps play important role in reducing Catopsilla sp. larvae
in a medicinal crop, Cassia angustifolia.
Several species of insectivorous birds have been found to feed on
insect pests of crops including Helicoverpa armigera
(Chakravarthy 1988; Parasharya et al 1988; Singh et al 1990).
In doing so, some of these species transmitt nuclear poly hedrosis
virus infecting H. armigera to healthy larvae of this pest (Vyas et al
1988).
Bird predators of some other insect pests have also been found to play
an important role in biological control of insect pests through disease
transmission (Battu 1987; Vyas et al 1988b), besides direct predation.
37
38. Stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)
Habitat:
Fallow country,Preffered open
fields,scrub forests,etc
Food:
Lizards,Insects,worms etc
38
39. Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia)
Habits:- Arboreal,
Seen in pairs or in
small parties in
gardens.
Food:-
Larvae,insects, etc
39
44. Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus)
Habits:-
Usually seen in cultivated areas
with scattered trees or woodland
glades.
Food:- Insects
44
45. Pariah Kite (Milvus migrans govinda)
•Habits:- Gregarious throughout
the year
• Habitat:-
Around human habitation
•Food:-
Garbage remains,termites,etc
45
47. Barn Owl (Tyto alba)
•Habits:-
Nocturnal bird seen
singles or in pairs in old
forts,ruins
Food:- Rats,Mice,
Lizards etc
47
48. Spotted Owlet (Athene brama)
•Habits:-
It is crepuscular and nocturnal
Food:- Chiefly insectivorous, also
lizards
48
49. Green Bee-eater( Merops orientalis )
•Habits:-
Usually in pairs,seen in open
country,Telegraphic wires in the
city environs
• Habitats:-
Open country with scattered
trees
•Food:-
Insectivourous,Mainly feeds on
Diptera
49
50. Red rumped swallow (Hirundo darica)
•Habits:-
Gregarious can be seen on
telegraphic wire, etc
• Habitats:-
Open grassy hill slopes
• Food:-
Insectivorous
50
51. Bay-backed Shrike (Lanius vittatus)
•Habits:-
singles , seen in dry open country.
Food:- Locusts,mice
51
52. Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)
•Habits:-
Open country,Usually perches
on telegraph wires.
• Habitats:-
Open cultivation
Food:-
Insectivorous
52
59. Lethal and non-lethal methods of control have been tried
against different birds in different parts of India. Killing is
considered to be the surest way of getting rid of harmful
birds but public opinion has swayed against bird killing.
In certain situations, however, farmers need to kill a few
birds to scare others. Shooting involves a lot of labour,
very costly and not easily available.
Certain traps, however, can be easily constructed for
catching
crows and other birds.
Fumigation of nest holes and nest destruction for
population reduction is also very labour intensive, Some
chemicals have been found to be efficient poison baits
against pest birds. The killing of most of the bird species
is illegal in India.
59
60. Non-lethal control measures call for special attention and
research on them should be intensified. Studies have been
conducted on chemical and physical bird repellents in
germinating and maturing crops.
Recently, a method involving camouflaging maize cobs has
been discovered which protects ripening maize from rose-
ringed parakeets (Dhindsa et al 1990).
Despite the above studies, the state of our knowledge
on bird control is preliminary.
In fact, this area is still developing even in the
developed countries and there is a lot of scope for innovative
work.
60
61. Covering maize cobs by wrapping adjacent green
leaves around them reduced the damage to a
negligible level by parakeets and crows.
Being hidden camouflaged, the wrapped cobs
escape detection by birds.
Parakeet damage is restricted to peripheral rows,
covering of 50% cobs at random on outer 3 rows
of the field is sufficient to effectively reduce bird
damage.
This method is very simple and effective method .
61
Wrapping method on maize crop
62. Reflective ribbon is a polyester film with metallic
shining coating with red on one side and silver on
the other.
It is prepared by cutting along continuous polyester
sheet in to strips of 1.5 cm width.
Strips preferably 15 to 20 cm long, are fixed parallel
to the crop at 0.5 m height above the crop and at 5m
intervals using bamboo poles and strings.
For better reflection the string should be placed in
North to south direction.
62
Reflective ribbon for bird scaring
63. During sunshine the reflection of sunlight and
humming noise produced by the wind scares
the birds from the field.
This device is effective only for 15 to 20 days.
This technique is very effective and easily
acceptable to the farmers.
Birds like rose ringed parakeet, house sparrow,
house crow and mynas on the crops like
sunflower, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, and
orchards are scared by this device.
Effective against Demoiselle cranes in
groundnut and against depredatory birds in
other cereals and fruit crops.
63
65. Thick planting of sorghum (fodder crop) as
well as of maize significantly reduced
parakeet damage to maize crop grown for
grain production.
Besides giving better yield, this practice also
provides additional fodder.
65
Screen crop
66. Growing of sorghum (fodder crop) near the
pearl millet significantly reduced bird
damage to the main crop-pearl millet.
Against Rose ringed parakeet
66
Lure crop
67. The acoustic equipment consists of 1 stereo tape recorder with 30 w
amplifier, 2 speakers and one 12 v battery.
Distress calls of birds were pre-recorded in tape.
The operation of the equipment should be done form a distance of about
100 meters and the speakers should kept in bushy spot near the field
area.
Depending on the intensity of bird activity, the frequency of play should
be setup at regular time intervals.
Broadcasting of such distress calls of depredatory birds kept the birds
away from Maize fields and also other crops.
This method is very effective on orchards and small acreage crops.
67
Bio-acoustics
69. Also know as pyrotechnic method.
It is a sound producing device, works
continuously for a whole day with 1 kg of
calcium carbide and water.
One hectare areas can be covered with this
method.
Care must be taken about the frequency of
firing and change of positions and directions
to avoid bird getting habituated.
69
Automatic mechanical bird
scarer
71. Neem cake solution is prepared by soaking
neem cake @ 200 or 300 g/lit. of water and
kept for fermentation for 8-10 days.
The fermented solution is than decanted
and this solution is used as spray fluid.
Neem cake solution @200 g/lit of water
showed effective in controlling bird damage
in maize.
71
Botanical repellents
72. Spraying of botanical formulation like BBR (Bio Bird
Repellent)+ and Fortune Azar (neem formulation)
in the field reduced number of visiting birds and
resulted in higher yield (714.25 kg/ha) compared to
control (531.7 kg /ha) in Andhra Pradesh.
Spraying of BBR+ (5%) and Fortune Azar (5%) in the
fields of pearl millet reduced bird visits and
significantly reduced bird damage in Gujarat.
Tobacco leaf decoction (10%) spray on sorghum at
milk stage reduced bird damage at Anand.
In Punjab bird damage to sunflower on block area
showed lesser damage. A minimum block size of 12
acres is required to reduce parakeet damage to 1%
level.
72
73. Thiram 0.5% and copper hydroxide is very
effective in reducing the seedling losses due
to birds in maize, chickpea, soybean,
sunflower and groundnut.
73
Seed treatment for protecting
sprouting seeds
74. Integrated Bird Pest Management (IBPM)
using reflective ribbons and botanicals in
sorgum and wrapping in maize along with
ribbon fields gave higher yield in Andhra
pradesh.
During vulnerable stage of the maize crop
wrapping of cobs along with installation of
reflective ribbons proved effective and
controlled bird pests significantly and
obtain higher yields.
74
Integrated Bird Pest Management
75. Creating continuous disturbances to the
nesting sites of the depredatory breeding
birds in around the cropped areas that the
birds will force to leave breeding grounds
and shift to another area.
For parakeets in additional to manual
destruction of nests, closing the entrance of
the nests proved effective in reducing their
populations.
75
Habitat manipulation
76. Planting of some fruit bearing trees like
Manila tamarind (Pithecalobium dulce),
Flame of the forest (Butea monosperma)
Mulberry (Morus alba) and Toothbush tree
(Salvadora persica) in and around cropped
area attracts many granivorous birds during
fruiting period and reduces the impact at
vulnerable stage of the crop (maize).
76
78. It is the best methods and gives complete
protection to the crops.
The nylon net having a mesh sufficiently
prevent passage of even small granivorous
birds.
The method is recommended for high value
trails (or) breeder seed experiments or
multiplication trails.
It is very expensive for large acreages plots.
78
Netting
80. Agricultural regions in India have been experiencing
heavy and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides
since many years and birds must have been
contaminated with their residues, especially with
those of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Birds of prey being at the top of the food chain are
the most likely victims of pesticidal contamination.
Mortality of these and other birds due to toxic
chemicals and pathogenic organisms also needs to
be looked into.
80
Threatens….