This document describes various natural and man-made landscape features. It discusses inland landscapes such as mountains, flat lands, and valleys. Coastal landscapes include coastal plains and cliffs. Rivers are described from their source to their mouth in upper, middle and lower courses. Important rivers mentioned are the Nile, Amazon, Volga and Ebro. Cardinal directions, water states, the water cycle, and icebergs are also outlined.

2. FEATURES OF LANDSCAPES

4. NATURAL FEATURES
MOUNTAIN PLAIN
RIVER

6. MAN-MADE FEATURES

10. INLAND LANDSCAPES

13. INLAND LANDSCAPES
MOUNTAIN
LANDSCAPE
FLAT
LAND

14. MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPE

19. CABUÉRNIGA VALLEY

20. FLAT LAND

22. FLOOD PLAINS
• Flat areas of fertile land next to a river.

24. MOORS
Small High areas of flat land with little
vegetation.

27. COASTAL LANDSCAPES

29. COASTAL LANDSCAPES
COASTAL
PLAINS
CLIFFS

30. COASTAL PLAINS
• Areas of low land on the coast. The land is flat.
There are beaches with sand or rocks.

31. CLIFFS
• Areas of high land near the sea. The land is
high and rocky. Waves crash against the cliffs.

33. COASTAL FEATURES

34. GULF
• A large area of sea that bites into the land.

35. BAY
• A small gulf

36. CAPE
• A large piece of land that sticks out into the sea.

37. PENINSULA
• A narrow piece of land surrounded by water on
three sides. It is connected to the mainland by a
strip of land called an isthmus.

38. ISLAND
• An area of land completely surrounded by
water.

39. ARCHIPELAGO
• A group of islands.

41. RIVERS, LAKES AND RESERVOIRS

42. RIVERS
A river is a large, flowing body of water.

43. RIVERS
They begin in high areas
such as mountains.
Rivers always flow downhill.
They flow into other rivers
or into the sea.

44. RIVERS
A tributary is a river that flows into a large river.

45. RIVERS
A river bed is the ground
over which a river flows.
The volume of water in a river is called the flow.

46. THE COURSE OF A RIVER

47. THE COURSE OF A RIVER
The source is where a river begins.
The mouth of the river is
where the river ends at the sea.
The course is the journey
from the source to the mouth.

48. THE COURSE OF A RIVER
The course of a river has three parts:
THE UPPER COURSE
THE MIDDLE COURSE
THE LOWER COURSE

49. THE COURSE OF A RIVER
THE UPPER COURSE
It is near the source. The river is narrow and flows
through the mountains. It has little water and
flows very fast.

50. THE COURSE OF A RIVER
THE MIDDLE COURSE
It flows through plains. The flood plain is the flat
area on each side of the river. It has more water
and flows more slowly.

51. THE COURSE OF A RIVER
THE LOWER COURSE
It is near the mouth of the river. The river is wide
and the water flows slowly.

52. RIVERS
RIVER BANKS
River bank vegetation consists of the plants that
grow at the sides of the rivers.

53. RIVERS
MEANDER
A meander, in general, is a bend in a river.

54. RIVERS
DELTA
A river delta is a landform that forms
from deposition of sediment carried by a river. It
occurs in the mouth.

55. RIVERS
WATERFALL
A waterfall is a place where water flows over a
vertical drop.

56. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
Lakes and reservoirs are bodies of still water. Still
water doesn’t flow.

57. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
LAKES are large areas of fresh water surrounded by
land. Ponds are small lakes. Lakes and ponds form
naturally.

58. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
RESERVOIRS are man-made lakes for storing river
water. A dam is a strong wall that stops the flow of
the water,

59. RIVERS IN THE WORLD

60. THE NILE
THE NILE is the longest river in the world (6.853 km)
from East Africa to the Mediterranean. The river
provided a crucial role in the development of the
Egyptian civilization.

61. THE AMAZON
THE AMAZON is the largest river in the world by
volume. The Amazon and its tributaries flow
through some countries of South America before
emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.

62. THE VOLGA
THE VOLGA is the longest river in Europe and one of
Russia’s most important rivers (3.690 km).

63. THE EBRO
THE EBRO is one of the most important rivers in Spain.
It is the second longest and the biggest by discharge
volume. The source is in Fontibre (Cantabria) and it
flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

64. CARDINAL DIRECTIONS

65. CARDINAL DIRECTIONS

66. CARDINAL DIRECTIONS

67. WATER

68. THE THREE STATES OF WATER
• Drinking water is water in
a liquid state.
• Ice and snow are water in
a solid state.
• Water vapour is water in a
gaseous state.

69. WATER IN NATURE
Sea water.
Most water on Earth is in
the seas and the oceans. It
is called salt water because
it contains a lot of salt.
Fresh water.
It contains very little salt.
People, animals and plants
drink fresh water.

70. WATER IN NATURE
Groundwater.
It is fresh water found beneath
the surface of the Earth. It
forms large deposits called
aquifers.
Snow and ice.
Water freezes and becomes ice
and snow in cold weather. The
coldest areas on Earth are The
North Pole and The South Pole.
They are covered with giant
blocks of ice.

71. ICEBERG

72. THE WATER CYCLE

74. THE WATER CYCLE
1) Water from the sea heats up and evaporates.

75. THE WATER CYCLE
2) Water vapour condenses and form clouds.
The wind moves the clouds over the land.

76. THE WATER CYCLE
3) Water from the clouds falls as rain, snow or
hail.

77. THE WATER CYCLE
4) Rain falls into the rivers and flows to the sea.

78. THE WATER CYCLE
5) Some rain goes into the ground as
groundwater.