Streams are smaller bodies of water that join to form rivers or other bodies of water like lakes or ponds. Rivers are larger than streams and carry a larger volume of water. A watershed is the area of land that drains into a particular river system. Rivers have an upper, middle, and lower course as they flow from their origin down to the ocean or inland sea. Human impacts like dams, channelization, urbanization, and water diversion negatively impact river and stream ecosystems.
Hydrology and Fluvial Geo morphology for CAMBRIDGE AS level Yonas Gemeda
This power point lesson describes about the hydrology and rivers work in detail with different tools, which is more important for students and candidates of Cambridge Examination at AS level.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Hydrology and Fluvial Geo morphology for CAMBRIDGE AS level Yonas Gemeda
This power point lesson describes about the hydrology and rivers work in detail with different tools, which is more important for students and candidates of Cambridge Examination at AS level.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Streams
• A body of water with a current, and is smaller
than a river
• When joined, they form a bigger body of water
either flowing or nonflowing water ecosystem.
▫ Lakes
▫ Ponds
▫ Inland wetlands
– Rivers
3. Rivers
• A body of water with a current and is larger than
streams
• The volume of water it carries is larger than the
volume of water streams carry.
5. Watershed
• A watershed is the area of land where all of the
water that is under it or drains off of it goes into
the same place.
6.
7. Watershed
• Closed watershed
▫ empties into an inland body of water
• Open watershed
▫ empties to the ocean
• Multiple open watershed
▫ empties into the ocean through more than one
mouth
9. Tributary
• A tributary is a stream that flows into a larger
stream or other bodies of water.
• A contributory stream, or a stream which does
not reach the sea but joins another river.
13. Upper Course
• Where the river begins
• Many smaller streams join
up to form larger streams
• Several streams join up to
form a river
• Narrow and v-shaped river
channel
• Steep gradient
14. Middle Course
• River starts to meander
• More tributaries
joining the river
• Wider river channel
than upper course
• Gentler gradient as
compared to upper
course
15. Lower Course
• Meanders are common
• Distributaries distribute
water away from the river
to the sea
• Wider river channel than
middle course
• High volume of water
• Gentle gradient
16. Three main types of rivers
• Youthful River - A youthful river has a steep
gradient and very few tributaries. A youthful river is
bound to flow quickly and swiftly.
Mature River - A mature river is less steep and
flows slowly compared to the youthful river. There
are many tributaries that feed a mature river. The
sediment deposit is also less.
Old River - An old river has a low gradient and is
depended on flood plains is known as old river.
20. Where are rivers located?
Rivers are found anywhere in the world except in
antarctica.
21. Top 3 longest rivers in the world
• The longest river in the world is the Nile River
(4,157 miles long); it is located in northeastern
Africa, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
22. • The second-longest river is the Amazon River
(3,915 miles long); it is located in northeastern
South America, and flows into the Atlantic
Ocean.
23. • The third-longest river is the Chang (Yangtse)
River (3,434 miles long); it flows across south-
central China into the East China Sea.
24.
25. 12th order stream, the
highest rank possible in the
stream order system.
27. Three main types of streams:
• Ephemeral streams
▫ regularly exist for short periods of time, usually
during a rainy period.
• Intermittent streams
▫ flow at different times of the year, or seasonally,
when there is enough water from either rainfall,
springs, or other surface sources.
• Perennial streams
▫ streams that flow year-round.
28. The tributaries (streams) are identified by
their stream order, denoted by its position
in the system.
Stream Order Characteristics
First Order not connected to any other tributaries
Second Order
connected to one other
stream/tributary
Third Order joining of two second order streams
34. ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Precipitation
▫ Important in formation of streams and rivers.
▫ Amount of precipitation in an area determines
which type of stream should be present at that
area.
• Current
▫ It will determine the substrate at the bottom of the
stream or river.
35. ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Landscape
▫ The direction of stream flow is dependent upon
the slope and obstructions of the landscape.
• Temperature
▫ Affects the organisms living in streams and rivers.
▫ Affects growth and development of organisms.
▫ Reproduction
Different organisms reproduce at different
temperatures
36. ABIOTIC FACTORS • Trout will not
reproduce
below 3 degrees
and ideally
between 5 and
16 degrees.
45. • Extremely flattened
and broad bodies, flat
limbs
▫ Allow the current to
flow over the bodies
of some larval forms
Blackfly larvae
46. • Snails and planarians
▫ Attached themselves to sticky
undersurfaces allowing them to cling
tightly and move about on stones and
rubble in the current.
47. • Smallmouth bass
▫ Strong lateral muscles
(needed in the fast
current for
compressed
bodies)that enable
them to move through
beds of aquatic
vegetation
48. Four major groups of inhabitants
(according to feeding habits)
• Shredders
▫ Feed on coarse
particulate organic
matter (CPOM)
CPOM – mostly leaves
that fall into the
stream and are
softened by water and
colonized by bacteria
and fungi.
Casemaker caddisfly
49. • Filtering and gathering collectors
▫ Feed on the fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)
FPOM – leaves that are broken down by the
shredders, partially decomposed by microbes, and
invertebrate feces that drift downstream and settle on
the stream bottom.
Freshwater mussels
50. • Grazers
▫ Another group that feed on the algal coating of
stones and rubble
Water penny
52. Human impact
• Draining of rivers and streams
The now dry Colorado River delta
branches into the Baja/Sonoran
desert just five miles north of the
Sea of Cortez, Mexico. Photo by
Peter McBride
53. • Water diversion and regulation of flows
due to dams.
▫ Principal reasons why dams are built:
Flood protection
Recreation
Industrial purposes
Electricity
Water supply
Political reason
55. Impacts of dams on streams
• traps the suspended and dissolved load,
starving the area downstream of sediment and
nutrients
• a barrier to any aquatic life going up or down
stream, which can prevent aquatic life from
mating and reduce the diversity of wildlife
upstream
56.
57. • Flood Control:
▫ Channelization: Straightening out the meanders of a
stream to for a straight line, or smoothing out the
natural levee by replacing it with concrete flood walls.
▫ Artificial Levees: Artificially raising the height of a
natural levee.
Channelization Artificial leevee
58. • Urbanization
▫ When houses or businesses are built in a floodplain,
they get flooded.
▫ Increases runoff into streams, which further
increases the chances of flooding