This document provides information on common pipe fittings used in piping systems. It describes fittings that change the direction of pipe runs such as elbows, tees, reducers, and crosses. It also discusses couplings, swage nipples, olets, stub-ins, plugs, and caps. Elbows come in 90 degree, 45 degree, long radius, short radius, reducing, and mitered varieties. Tees can be equal or reducing. Reducers allow changes in pipe size. Bends and returns are made by bending pipe. Crosses have three outlets from one inlet. Couplings join two pipes. Swage nipples connect butt welded and socket welded pipes. O

1. Hello & welcome to the piping official
In thisvideo, we will learnaboutPipe Fittings
Pipe Fitting
Fittings are fabricated piecesof pipe that are used to make changes of direction likeElbow, Tee,
Reducer Etc. Pipe Fitting is alsovery important in Piping Industries.
In this picture, you can see some common fittings.
Lets start with some commom fittings
90° ELBOWS
It is the one most common fitting to change the Direction. Elbows can turn up, turn down, turn left,
right, or any angle in between.
90° ELBOWS can be classified as one of the following:
 Long-radius Elbow
 Short-radius Elbow
 Reducing Elbow
 Mitered Elbow

2. Long-radius Elbow
it is the most common elbow. Long Radius elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed
systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimumdeposition of entrained solids
are of concern. The length of the fitting is equal to 1½ times the nominal pipe size.
Example: 6” × 1½ = 9”
Short-Radius Elbow
Elbow that may be used under certain circumstances and with permission fromthe customer is the
90° short-radius elbow. The 90° short-radius elbow makes a much sharper turn than does the
long-radius elbow. The short radiuselbows have a center-to-end distance equal to the Nominal Pipe
Size (NPS) in inches.
Reducing Elbows
Reducing Elbow is a kind of elbow setting that providesa change in the material flow and joins two
pieces of different pipesor tubes. It helpsthe systemto avoid pressure lossesdue to re-
acceleration and friction. It is named so as it designed like an elbow. It has differentsized openings
depending on the sizes of the connecting pipes. To choosean appropriate ReducingElbow, one
must look into some features like materials, sizesand also the angles of their formation.

3. Mitered Elbows
The Mitered elbow is not an actual fitting. This elbow is made by making angular cuts in a straight
run of
pipe and then welding the cuts together after they have been rolled to a different angle.
45° ELBOW
This elbow is also very important. It is used to make changes in direction within the pipingsystem.
45° elbow is one-half of a 90° elbow.
Tee
It is a three-way fitting used to make perpendicular connections to a pipe. Lines that connectto the
main run of pipe are known as branches. The main run of pipe is often called the header. There are
two types of Tee’s. Equal Tee & Reducing or Unequal Tee.

4. Reducers
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the systemor
adapt to existing piping of a different size. Although reducers are usually concentric & eccentric
reducers are used as needed to maintain the top- or bottom-of-pipelevel.
Bend
Bends are made from seamless pipe, basically they used to bend the pipes in fromdifferent
bending process.
Curvature = 4 to 6 x NPS
Return or U bend
This is also made from bending process, it’s basically used in vents on tanks.
Curvature = 1½ x NPS

5. Cross
Crosses, also known as four-way fittings or crossbranch lines, have one inletand three outlets.
Crosses are common in fire sprinkler systems. But this fitting is not very common & basically is
used in Plumbing.
Couplings
A coupling is a very short length of pipe or tube, with a socket at one or both ends that allows two
pipes or tubes to be joined, there are 3 types of coupling, full coupling, Half coupling& Reducing
coupling.
Swage Nipple
The function of Swage nipples are the same as reducer the only difference is that they are generally
used to connect butt welded pipe to a socket welded or screwed pipe.
There are also available as Concentric and Eccentrictype.
The different end connections available are:
 PBE-Plain Both Ends
 PLE-Plain Large Ends
 PSE-Plain Small End
 BLE-Beveled Large End
 TSE-Threaded Small End

6. Olets
Oletsare usedwhenthere isstandardsizesof fittingsare notsuitable forourrequirement.Sometimes
the inletpipe size islargercomparedtooutletpipesint-sectionsthenalsoOletsare used.There are
manytypesof oletsare available.
Some importanttypesof oletsare:
Butt-Weldolet
Socketweldolet
Threadedolet
Elbowolet
Nipple olet
Lateral olet
Sweepolet
Flange olet

7. Stub-in & Stub on
For stub-intheystuborbranch pipe extendstothe inside of the mainpipe.The hole inthe mainpipe is
(usually) beveledtoallowfora full-penetrationweld.
For stub-ontheystubextendsonlytothe outside of the mainpipe.The stubmaybe beveled,butif not
onlya filletweldcanbe done.
Closure
Plug
Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close
pipe opening during inspections and repairs. Plug are generally contains
male threads.
Cap
Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only difference is
plug contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is screws on the
male thread of pipe.