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Lecture Part 3
Pipes and Fittings Prepared by: Engr. Ruel Galutan, RMP
Pipes and Fittings:
Fitting – is a device used to connect one or more pipes and/or used to change the direction of a straight
run of pipe. Codes require that any changes of direction of piping in a drainage system should have a
radius of curvature large enough to prevent solids from accumulating and to provide good hydraulic flow
characteristics.
Note: Fittings that satisfy these characteristics are known as drainage-pattern fittings or sanitary-type
fittings; they are required by code to be used in drainage systems. Vent piping does not require
drainage-pattern fittings.
Traps or Fixture Traps – It is a fitting or device, which provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission of
sewer, gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
Trap Arm –That portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent.
Dip – The lowest portion of the inside top surface of the channel through the trap.

Lecture Part 3
Crown Weir – It is the highest point of the bottom surface of the crown.
Tailpiece – The pipe or tubing that connects the outlet of a plumbing fixture to the trap.
Bend or sweep – is a fitting used to change direction especially in sanitary drainage system.
(¼ bend = 90° fitting, 1/8 bend = 45°, 1/16 bend = 22 1/2° fittings)
Return Bend – A pipe fitting or performed piece of tubing which provides 180° change in direction.
Elbow or Ell or Straight Elbow– It is a fitting having bend and makes an angle of 45° or 90° between
adjacent pipes for a change in direction with a very short radius. It is suitable for use in water supply
system as well as vent system. Elbows are available with end connections of all similar sizes or in various
combinations of reduced pipe sizes.
Straight Elbow – An elbow having both ends internally threaded and of the same diameter.

Lecture Part 3
Street/Service Elbow – A malleable iron fitting for threaded pipe having 45° or 90° bend, with an
inside thread on one end and outside thread on the other. It is also known as Street Ell or Service
Ell.
Reducing Elbow – joins two pipes of different diameters at right angle of each other. When
specifying reducer fittings, the bigger diameter is stated first, followed by the smaller diameter.
(example: Reducing Elbow, 25 mm x 20 mm)
Union Elbow – A pipe elbow having a union type coupling on one end so that the coupling end may be
connected to the end of the pipe without running the pipe.

Lecture Part 3
Socket Elbow – It is a fitting having a 90° change in direction with a very short radius.
Wye or Wye Branch – is fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run of piping at 45°angle.
Combination Wye Branch – A single fitting which is a combination of a wye branch and 1/8 bend; used
in a drainage system in changing the direction such as from horizontal (branch) to stack or from
vertical(stack) or horizontal ( house drain/Building Drain).
Upright Wye Combination – A one piece fitting composed of 1/8 bend and wye branch where the
branch inlet is parallel to the drum; used when two stacks are provided where one stack is used as a
vent and the other for soil or waste or both soil or waste stack.

Lecture Part 3
Inverted Wye Combination – A combined fitting composed of a 1/8 and wye branch but the branch inlet
is provided with spigot rather than a bell; it is used in lieu of ventilation system, usually installed at the
uppermost portion of the vent stack or main vent.
Tee – It is a fitting used to connect a branch pipe into straight run of piping at a right angle.
– A T-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3” or 4” pipes at perpendicular directions.
(For drainage use Sanitary Tee and for water supply and vent piping system use Standard Tee)
Straight Tee – It is a tee where all openings have the same size.
Street Tee or Service Tee – A malleable fitting for threaded pipe in the form of a tee having an outside
thread on one end and an inside thread on the other and on the branch.
Sanitary Tee – A tee used as fitting for a soil pipe; designed with a slight curve in the 90° transitions so as
to channel flow from branch line toward the direction of the main flow.

Lecture Part 3
Sanitary Cross Tee – A type of cross pipe used as fitting, designed with a slight curve in each of the 90°
transitions so as to channel flow from branch lines toward the direction of the main flow.
Tapped Tee – A bell-end tee, which has a branch that is tapped to receive a threaded pipe fitting or a
threaded pipe.
Coupling – a short internally threaded (female threaded) section of pipe used to join two pipes in
straight line. Couplings are provided with tiny ridges in the inside surface the fitting to allow pipe to seat.
Socket – It has similar application as the coupling but it ends are enlarged to provide additional
mechanical strength.

Lecture Part 3
Adapter – A type of fitting to connect pipes of different materials such as from galvanized steel pipe to
plastic or synthetic pipe, the galvanized pipe being threaded and the plastic having no threads; a type of
transition fitting.
Nipple – A short of piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male threads) at both ends. A short length of
pipe with external threads at each end; used to join couplings or fittings.
Closed Nipple – A type of nipple with the entire length externally threaded. Where threading
meet.
Long Nipple – over 75 mm in length
Open Nipple / Shoulder Nipple / Short Nipple – below 75 mm in length. A type of nipple having
both ends externally threaded and the midsection unthreaded.
Cap – An internally threaded fitting used to close the end of a pipe.
Plug – An externally threaded fitting usually with square head; used to close the end of a pipe.

Lecture Part 3
Bend Offset – A change in the direction of pipe line (other than 90°), e.g. by a combination of elbows or
bends, which bring one section of the pipe out of line with but into a line parallel to another section.
Reducer – A pipe fitting with inside threads larger at one end than the other. It is a pipe coupling with
inside threads, having one end with smaller diameter than the other and used for connecting pipes of
different size. Both openings have the same center line.
Increaser – A tapered coupling used for joining a pipe to another of larger size.
Flange – A fitting with a projecting collar along the edge; used on installation requiring an increased area
coverage for added mechanical strength.

Lecture Part 3
- A ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provided with holes for bolts, to
allow joining the pipe to a similar equipped adjoining pipe. The resulting joint is a
flanged joint.
Traps or Fixture Traps – It is a fitting or device, which provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission of
sewer, gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through.
Bushing – It is a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside so that it can be used
to reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of different sizes.
Union / Union Patentee - A pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which can be
turned; consist of three pieces, the two end pieces (having inner threads) which are tightened. Which

Lecture Part 3
are tightened around the pipe ends to be joined, and a center piece which draws the two end pieces
together as it is rotated, affecting a seal.
– A three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which can be
turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down occasionally. It parts are:
a. Thread Piece
b. Center Piece
c. Shoulder Piece
Escutcheon – A flange or circular disc on a pipe, used to cover a hole in a wall or floor through which the
pipe passed.
Barb - is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes. A barb clamp fitting has a male-threaded end used to mate with
the female threads. The other end of the fitting has either a single or multiple barbed tube having a tapered stub
with ridges, which is inserted into the flexible hose to secure it.

Lecture Part 3
Air admittance valves- these valves are gravity-operated devices that respond to the negative pressure of
draining water and open to let air in. Then gravity closes the valve, keeping sewer gases out of the room.
A garbage disposal unit or waste disposal unit - is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under
a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap which shreds food waste into pieces small enough—generally
less than 2 mm (0.079 in)—to pass through plumbing.
A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water collecting sump basin, commonly
found in the basement of homes.
There are generally two types of sump pumps — pedestal and submersible.

Lecture Part 3
the pedestal style sump pump sits above the sump pit, and it's easier to reach and perform maintenance. A
submersible sump pump actually goes down into the sump pit itself so it's not easily seen.
The submersible sump pumps are more difficult to reach and perform maintenance on of course, and they're also
sealed or contained in a sealed housing to prevent electrical short circuits when water collects in the pit.
Microsprinkler systems for containers and small planting areas are often referred to as "drip" irrigation. Correctly
installed, these systems make it easy to delive r the right amount of water to plants.
A dielectric union is a term used to describe two-part fittings of dissimilar metals which are electrically isolated
from each other to prevent galvanic corrosion.
A water jacket is a water-filled casing surrounding a device, typically a metal sheath having intake
and outlet vents to allow water to be pumped through and circulated. The flow of water to an
external heating or cooling device allows precise temperature control of the device.
Most commonly found in drainage applications, a thrust block is a concrete pipe restraint.
The block is utilized to prevent pipe joints separating under the force of carried fluids traversing a
bend or tee junction.

Lecture Part 3
Tuberculation - the development or formation of small mounds of corrosion products on the inside
of iron pipe. These tubercules roughen the inside of the pipe, increasing its resistance to water flow.
Electrolysis is galvanic or dissimilar metal corrosion (copper pipe and galvanized steel).
Galvanic corrosion is caused by self-induced current created by electrical potential of two
dissimilar metals in contact with an electrolyte.
Parts of Shower Head:
Parts of Flushometer Valve:
SADDLE TEE/SNAP TEE– NOT RECOMMENDED BY CODES, same with
“SADDLE VALVE” (a self-tapping device used to supply liquid)
THRUST BLOCK

Lecture Part 3
Components of a Toilet:
Flush Handle - The flush handle activates the flush valve ball. They are usually sold in combination with the trip
lever. It attaches with a left-handed screw, which screws on in a counter-clockwise direction.
Flush Valve Seat - Located at the bottom of the tank, the flush valve seat surrounds the opening that lets water into
the bowl. It's kept closed by a rubber flush ball or flapper. The flush valve seat is attached to the Overflow Tube,
which drains water back into the bowl if the water level goes above it.
Flapper Valve Seat Ball - Also called a Flush Valve Seat Ball, this device sits on the flush valve seat and attaches
to the trip lever with a chain, rod or guide arm. When the outside handle on the toilet tank is pressed down, it raises
a trip lever that pulls the flapper off its seat. Water inside the tank pours through the opening to flush the toilet bowl.
Ballcock - Also known as a fill valve or inlet valve, the ballcock controls refilling the tank.
Float Ball - Part of the Ballcock, when the water level raises the float ball it shuts off the valve that lets water into
the tank.

Lecture Part 3
Components of Lavatory:
Components of Bath Tub:

Lecture Part 3
Components of Bidet: A bidet is a low mounted plumbing fixture or a type of sink that is primarily used for
cleaning the genitalia, inner buttocks and anus with a stream of water.
ELECTRIC BIDET
NON-ELECTRIC
BIDET

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