All types of fittings and joints are explained in brief and also brief explanation about venturimeter is also provided.

2. • FITTINGS
1.Elbow
2.Coupling
3.Union
4.Reducer/ Expander
5. Double tapped
bushing
6.Tee
7.Cross
8.Cap/ Plug
9.Barb
10.Valve
• JOINTS
1.Threaded joint
2.Brazed joint
3.Butt Welded joint
4.Socket welded
joint
5.Flange joint
6.Compression joint
7.Grooved joint

3. FITTINGS
Fitting is used in pipe sections to connect straight pipe or
tubing section , adapt to different sizes or shapes and for
other purposes such as regulating (or measuring ) fluid
flow. Some standard codes are followed while designing pipes example
ASME B36.3 2008 – Process piping
ASME B31.4 – Power piping
Organization which sets up piping standard includes ASME (AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS). These codes specify
requirements for materials and components design, fabrication,
assembly, erection, examination, inspection and testing of piping .
Material with which pipe is manufactured depends upon fluid being
transported, temperature, pressure, fire hazards and earthquake
resistance.
GASKETS:Thesearemechanicalsealsusuallyring-shapedwhich
sealsflangejoints.Thesevariesbyconstruction,materialsandfeatures.

4. 1.ELBOW
An elbow is installed b/w two
pipes to allow a change in
direction usually a 90’ or 45’
angle; 22.5’ elbows are also
available. When ends differ in
size , it is known as reducing
(or reducer) elbow.
A 90 elbow also known as ‘90 bend’ or ’Quarter bend’.
A 45 elbow also know as’45 bend 'or ’45 ell’.
Elbows are also characterised by length
Long radius elbow (LR)
Short radius elbow(SR)
SR elbow is typically used in pressurised system & in physically tight
locations. LR elbows are used in low pressure gravity fed system &
where minimum deposition of solids are of concern.
90 elbow
(Or LR)
45 elbow
(or SR)
Reducing elbow

5. 2.COUPLING
A coupling connects two pipes .
If their sizes differ, the fitting is
known as a reducing coupling,
Reducer or adapter.
Coupling is of two types:
Regular coupling
Slip coupling
Regular coupling has a small ridge or stops internally to prevent
over and under insertion of pipe.
Slip coupling is made without the internal stop. It can be used to
repair a pipe that has leads due to corrosion or which has any cut.
Since alignment is missing it should b installed carefully .
Regular
coupling
Slip
coupling

6. 3.UNION
A Union , similar to a coupling , allows
easy connection and disconnection and
fixture replacement multiple times if
needed. Union consist of three parts:
Male, Female and Nut. M and F are
joined , nut seals the joint by pressing
the two ends tightly. Rotatory union
allows the rotation of one joined part.
4. REDUCER/ EXPANDER
The reducer/ expander is of two types:
 Concentric
 Eccentric
When the fluid flow is from larger to the
smaller pipe then it is acts as reducer and
at same time when the flow is from smaller
to larger pipe then it acts as expander.
CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

7. 5. DOUBLE TAPPED BUSHING
Double tapped bushing serves as a type
of reducer. It is threaded from inner and
outer circumference. Like a reducer ,
double tapped bushing has two end of
different sizes. It is more compact than a
Reducer.
6. TEE
A Tee is a most common pipe fitting , is used
to combine or divide a fluid flow. Tee can
connect a pipe of different diameters or
change the direction of pipe run or both.
Tee may be equal or unequal in sizes of their
Three connections, with equal tees the most
common.
Diverter tee :It is specialized type of fitting is
used primarily to divert a portion of the flow
from the main line into a side branch.
Tees
Double tapped bushing

8. 7. CROSSES
Also known as four way fitting or cross
Branch lines, have one inlet and three
outlets ( or vice-versa ) . Crosses are
Common in fire sprinkler systems but
not common in pluming. One cross fitting
is more expensive then two tees.
8. CAP/ PLUG
Caps, usually liquid- or gas-tight, cover
the otherwise open end of a pipe.
A cap attaches to the exterior of a
pipe, and may have a solvent-weld
socket end or a female-threaded interior.
The exterior of an industrial cap may be
round, square, rectangular, U- or I-shaped,
or may have a handgrip. A plug fits inside
the pipe segment or fitting to which it is mated.
Cap
Plug

9. Valvesstop (or regulate) the flow of liquids or gases. They are categorized by
application, such as isolation, throttling, and non-return.
Isolation valves are used to temporarily disconnect part of a piping system, for
example; Isolation valves are typically left in either a fully open or fully closed
position. A given isolation valve may be in place for many years without being
operated, but must be designed to be readily operable whenever needed, including
emergency use.
Throttling valves are used to control the amount or pressure of a fluid allowed to
pass through, and are designed to withstand the stress and wear caused by this
type of operation. Because they may wear out in this usage, they are often installed
alongside isolation valves which can temporarily disconnect a failing throttling valve
from the rest of the system, so it can be refurbished or replaced.
Check valves allow free flow of a fluid in one direction, but prevent its flow in a
reverse direction. They are often seen in drainage or sewage systems, but may also
be used in pressurized systems.
Valves are available in a number of types, based on design and purpose:
 Gate, plug, or ball valves – Isolation
 Globe valve – Throttling
 Needle valve – Throttling, usually with high precision but low flow
 Butterfly or diaphragm valves – Isolation and throttling
 Check valve – Preventing reverse flow (non-return)

10. GATE VALVE BALL VALVE
PLUG VALVE

11. NEEDLE VALVE BUTTERFLY VALVE
CHECK VALVE

12. 1.THREADED JOINTS
Threaded piping is commonly used
In low-cost applications.Installation
Is moderately high, and specialized
installation skill requirements are
not extensive. Leakage integrity is
good for low-pressure, low-
temperature installations where
vibration is not encountered.
Screwed piping systems are useful
where disassembly and reassembly
are necessary to accommodate
maintenance needs or process change.
JOINTS

13. 2.BRAZED JOINT
Brazing is most often used to join
copper and copper-alloy piping
systems, although brazing of steel
and aluminum pipe and tubing is
possible. Brazing involve the addition
of molten filler metal to a close-fitting annular joint.
The molten metal is drawn into the joint by capillary
action and solidifies to fuse the parts together. The
advantages of these joining methods are high leakage
integrity and installation productivity. Brazed joints
can be used at moderately elevated temperatures.

14. 3.BUTT WELDING
Butt-welding is the most common
method of joining piping used in
large commercial, institutional,
and industrial piping systems.
Material costs are low, but labor costs are moderate to
high.Long term leakage integrity is extremely good.
The interior surface of a butt-welded piping system is
smooth and continuous. The system can be assembled
with internal weld backing rings to reduce fit-up and
welding costs, but backing rings create internal
crevices, which can trap corrosion products. Butt-
welded joints made up without backing rings are more
expensive to construct.

15. 4.SOCKET- WELDED JOINT
Socket-welded construction is
a good choice wherever the
benefits of high leakage
integrity and great structural
strength are important design
considerations. Construction
costs are somewhat lower than with butt-welded
joints. The internal crevices left in socket-welded
systems make them less suitable for corrosive or
radioactive applications where solids buildup at the
joints may cause operating or maintenance problems.
Fatigue resistance is lower than that in butt-welded
construction.

16. 5.FLANGED JOINT
Flanged connections are used
extensively in modern piping
systems due to their ease of
assembly and disassembly;
however, they are costly.
Flanges are normally attached to the pipe by threading or
welding. Flanged joints are prone to leakage in services that
experience rapid temperature fluctuations. Leakage is also a
concern in high-temperature installations where bolt stress
relaxation due to creep is experienced. Creep-damaged bolts in
high temperature installations must be periodically replaced to
reestablish the required gasket seating pressure. Flanged joints
are commonly used to join dissimilar materials.

17. COMPRESSION JOINTS
Compression joints are used to
join plain end pipe without
special end preparations.
Advantages include the
ability to join dissimilar
piping materials. Disadv
-ntages include the use of rubber or other elastomer
seals, which limits their high temperature application .
Compression joints are frequently used for temporary
piping systems or systems that must be dismantled
frequently for maintenance. When equipped with the
proper gaskets and seals, they may be used for piping
systems containing air, other gases, water, and oil; in
both aboveground and underground service.

18. GROOVED JOINT
The main advantages of the
grooved joints are their ease
of assembly, low labor cost,
and generally good leakage
integrity. They allow a mode
-rate amount of axial movement . The grooved joint
prevent the joint from separation under pressure.
disadvantages are the use of an elastomer seal,
which limits their high-temperature service. Grooved
joints are used extensively for fire protection ,ambient
temperature service water, and low pressure drainage
applications. They can be disassembled and
reassembled.

19. TITLE
FLOW-METERS:
VENTURI-METER,
ORIFICE-METER
& ROTA-METER

20. VENTURIMETER
A Venturimeter is a
device used for
measuring the rate of
flow of fluid flowing
through a pipe.
PRINCIPLE: Bernoulli’s
equation: It states that
in a steady ideal flow of
incompressible fluids
,the total energy at any
point of the fluid is
constant.
P.E + K.E + P.E = Const.
CONSTRUCTION
1.Short convergent part:
It is that portion where
fluid get converges i.e.
radius decreases .
2. Throat : It is middle
portion of venturi .Here
the velocity of fluid
increases and pressure
decreases .It possesses
the least cross-section
area .
3.Diverging part : In this
portion the fluid
diverges.

21. WORKING
1.Here we have considered two cross section , first at the inlet and the second
one at the throat. The difference in the pressure heads of these two sections is
used to calculate the flow through Venturimeter.
2. As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the converging part it converges
and reaches to the throat.
3.The throat has the uniform cross section area and least area in the
venturimeter. As the water enter in the throat its velocity gets increases and due
to increase in the velocity the pressure drops to the minimum.
4. Now there is a pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections .at the
section 1 i.e. at the inlet the pressure of the fluid is maximum and the velocity is
the minimum and at the section2 i.e. at the throat the velocity of the fluid is
maximum and the pressure is minimum.
5. The pressure difference at the two sections can be seen in the manometer
attached at both the sections.
6. This pressure difference is used to calculate the rate flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe.

22. APPLICATIONS
1. PLUMBING: It is used in
pipelines at waste water collection
systems and treatment plants
because of their overall design
structure allows solids to pass
through it instead of collecting in
front of it.
2.Flow of chemicals in
pipelines: The temp. and
pressure of chemicals in
pipelines do not affect the
accuracy of venturi and because
of this they are used in crude oil
pipelines .
3.Carburetors: The venturi
allows the carburetor to adjust
and calibrate the distribution of
fuel and air to the engine as
needed.
ADVANTAGES
1.It can be installed in any
direction .
2.It can be used for dirty fluids.
3.Smooth construction and low
cone angle.
4.High pressure recovery and
low permanent pressure drop.
DISADVANTAGES
1.Cannot be used in pipes
having small diameter.
2.Size and cost is high.
3.Non linear
4.Maintenance is not easy.

23. ORIFICE-METER