a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
This presentation about thyroid gland :
- Anatomy of thyroid gland
- Physiology of thyroid gland
- Pathology of thyroid gland
- Treatment and prevention of thyroid disease
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
This presentation about thyroid gland :
- Anatomy of thyroid gland
- Physiology of thyroid gland
- Pathology of thyroid gland
- Treatment and prevention of thyroid disease
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
THYROID
HORMONES
Understand the significance of the conversion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in extrathyroidal tissues.
Understand how thyroid hormones produce their cellular effects.
Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in the body.
Outline the mechanisms for regulation of thyroid hormone.
Correlate knowledge to hypo- and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
Second ppt on endocrine system, describing hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid glands.
This describes the hormones from these glands and their mode of action etc
Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs.
Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs.
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
THYROID
HORMONES
Understand the significance of the conversion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) in extrathyroidal tissues.
Understand how thyroid hormones produce their cellular effects.
Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones in the body.
Outline the mechanisms for regulation of thyroid hormone.
Correlate knowledge to hypo- and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
Second ppt on endocrine system, describing hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid glands.
This describes the hormones from these glands and their mode of action etc
Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs.
Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs.
Thyroid hormone is the hormone that’s mainly responsible for controlling the speed of your body’s metabolism. In infants, thyroid hormone is critical for brain development. Your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck under your skin, makes and releases thyroid hormone. It’s a part of your endocrine system.
What is hypothyroidism?
and how you can identify if you find that you are affected with it you can visit drchanchaldas.com Kolkata's best doctor hypothyroidism.
Thyroid gland is largest gland in endocrine system. Thyroid gland situated in neck. Main function of thyroid gland is producing hormones – T3[tri iodothyronin] and T4[tetraiodothyronine] which controls body metabolism, thyroid gland also produce calcitonin which plays a role in calcium homeostasis. The hormonal output from thyroid is regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH ] produced by anterior pituitary, which itself regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone [TRH] produced by hypothalamus.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Introduction
Largest endocrine gland.
Located inferior to cricoid cartilage.
Butterfly shaped organ comprising of two
lobes
- lobus dexter(right)
- lobus sinister(left)
Weighs 18-60gms in adults.
Histologically it is made up of follicular and
parafollicular cells.
5. Hyper,Hypo Thyrodism
hyperthyroidism
Anxiety
Irritability or moodiness
Nervousness, hyperactivity
Sweating or sensitivity to high
temperatures
Hand trembling (shaking)
Hair loss
Missed or light menstrual periods
hypothyroidism
Trouble sleeping
Tiredness and fatigue
Difficulty concentrating
Dry skin and hair
Depression
Sensitivity to cold temperature
Frequent, heavy periods
Joint and muscle pain
7. Graves’ Disease
Graves’ disease is a type of autoimmune problem that
causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid
hormone, which is called hyperthyroidism.
Graves’ disease is often the underlying cause of
hyperthyroidism.
In Graves’ disease, your immune system creates
antibodies that cause the thyroid to grow and make more
thyroid hormone than your body needs.
These antibodies are called thyroid-stimulating
immunoglobulins (TSIs).
8. Symptoms
Weight loss—despite increased appetite
Anxiety, restlessness, tremors, irritability, difficulty sleeping
(insomnia)
Heat intolerance, sweating
Chest pain, palpitations
Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
Prominent, bulging eyes
Vision problems (such as double vision)
Irregular menstrual periods
Muscle weakness
Increased stool frequency (with or without diarrhea)
9.
10. How is Graves’ disease diagnosed?
Physical exam. The doctor will:
look for enlargement of your thyroid gland and eye irritation
check your pulse
look for signs of trembling
ask about your symptoms and your personal and family medical histories
Blood tests :
When thyroid hormone levels are high, the pituitary doesn’t need to
make as much TSH. Very low levels of TSH and high levels of T4 in
your blood suggest hyperthyroidism.
11. How is Graves’ disease treated?
Antithyroid medications lower the amount of hormone the thyroid makes.
The preferred drug is methimazole. For pregnant or breastfeeding women,
propylthiouracil (PTU) may be preferred. These medications help control but
may not cure the condition, and are generally not taken for a long period of
time.
Beta blockers can control many symptoms, especially rapid heart rate,
trembling, and anxiety. But they do not cure the disease because the thyroid
still produces too much thyroid hormone.
Radioactive iodine (in amounts much higher than the amount used in the
radioactive iodine uptake test) will cure the thyroid problem. However, it
usually destroys the thyroid. You will probably need to take thyroid hormone
pills for the rest of your life to have normal hormone levels. Radioactive
iodine treatment may make the symptoms of Graves’ ophthalmopathy worse
but it’s often treatable with a steroid medication (prednisone).
Surgery removes the thyroid. Surgery is a permanent solution, but not usually
preferred because of the risk of damaging the nearby parathyroid glands
(which control calcium metabolism in the body) and the nerves to the larynx
(voice box). Surgery is recommended when neither antithyroid medication nor
radioactive iodine therapy is appropriate.
