Thyroid hormone is the hormone that’s mainly responsible for controlling the speed of your body’s metabolism. In infants, thyroid hormone is critical for brain development. Your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck under your skin, makes and releases thyroid hormone. It’s a part of your endocrine system.

1. THYROID HORMONE
PRESENTED BY
Mr. Nitin Kale
1st year
M. Pharm. (Pharmacology)

2. Introduction
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones: Synthesis,Release and Physiology
Thyroid disorders
Hyperthyrodism
Hypothyrodism
Drugs for thyroid dysfunction
Contents

3. Distrubance in the thyroid hormone leads to thyroid disorders.
Hypothyroidism: decreased level of thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism: increased level of thyroid hormone
HYPOTHALAMUS
Thyroid
Releasing
Hormone
(TRH)
PITUTARY
GLAND
THYROID
STIMULATIN
G
HORMONE
(TSH)
THYROID
GLAND
1.Triiodothyr
o-nine (T3)
2.Thyroxine
(T4)
3.Calcitonin
FUNCTION
Increase
metabolism
Increase growth
& development
Introduction

4. Largest endocrine gland.
Located inferior to cricoid cartilage.
Butterfly shaped organ comprising of two lobes:
lobus dexter(right), lobus sinister(left)
Weight 15-25 gm in adult.
Histologically it is made up of follicular (T3 & T4) and parafollicular
(calcitonin) cells.
Functional unit: follicle or acinus
Thyroid Glands

5. • Regulation:
Thyroid Hormone Regulation

6. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Release

7. Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4)
Release pattern 15% release from glands,rest (85%) is
converted from T4
Mainly release from thyroid glands
Release amount 6ug/day 100ug/day
activity T3 has 3-5 times more active than T4
Half life <1day 5-7 days
Thyroid Hormone

8. Metabolic Function Growth & Developmment
 Increase the metabolism of
carbohydrate,protein & lipids.
 Increase the production of growth
hormone and potentiating its effects.
 Control the activity of other hormone
like insulin,glucagon,glucocorticoids
and acetylcholamines
 Important for skeletal development.
 Increase the oxygen consumptions
and heat productions.
 Essential for normal growth and
maturation of CNS.
 Increase the cardiac activity.
 Also affect function of kidney, liver
and muscle.
Thyroid Hormone Physiology

9. Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
 Grave´s disease
 Toxic thyroid nodule (Adenomas)
 Thyroid storm
 Hashimotos thyroiditis
 Cretinism
 Myxoedema
 Postpratium thyoroditis
 Subacute thyroiditis
 Sick euthyrodism
Thyroid Disorders

10. HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hyperthyroidism or over reactive thyroid causes your thyroid to
produce more thyroid hormone (T3&T4) than demands or needs. This
inhance the metabolic and growth functions of the body.
ETIOPATHOGENES
Graves disease
Toxic adenomas: formation of nodules in the gland and being to
secrete thyroid hormone; some goitre may contains several of this
nodules.
Subacute thyroiditis : inflammation of gland ; “leak’’ excess hormone.

11. Increased basal metabolic rate
Weight loss, good appetite (eating more than usual)
Anxiety, restlessness, mental excitability, insomial
Alopecia (hair loss)
CVS: Tachycardia (high heart beat), atrial fibrilations
Warm sweet skin
Diarrhoea
Muscle weakness
Clinical signs & symptoms

12. Sometimes called Graves’ thyroiditis,
This condiction account for 75% of case of hyperthyroidism.
It affects women 5 to 10 times more than men and may occur at any age, being most
common between the ages of 30 and 50 years.
It is an autoimmune disorder in which an antibody (TSH-Receptor antibody stim)
that mimics the effects of TSH is produced,
causing:
Increased release of T3 and T4 and signs of hyperthyroidism
Goiter (visible enlargement of the gland) as the antibody stimulates thyroid growth.
Graves disease

13. Enlarged thyroid gland in goiter Bulging eyes in exopathalmos

14. Rarely occurs but life threatening
Sudden and sever exacerbation of hyperthyroidism
Etiology : precipitated by stress or infection with either unrecognised
thyrotoxicosis or inadequately treated thyrotoxicosis, trauma, pregnancy,
emotional stress.
Management
Antithyroid drugs, beta blockers, antibiotics, steroids.
Thyroid strom

15. Hypothyroidism or underactive thyroid is when thyroid gland unable to produce enough
amount of hormone to fulfil the demands.
This slowdown the body metabolic and growth function
Female:Male ratio(6:1)
Primary Hypothyroidism: thyroid can not produce enough hormone as per pituitary
signal. Thyroid failure
Secondary hypothyroidism: thyroid isn’t being stimulated from pituitary to produce
hormone. Pitutary failure
Hypothyroidism

16. Decreased metabolic rate
Weing gain, anorexia
Depressions, psychosis,mental slowness, lethargy
Dry skin, brittle hair
Bradycardia (decreased heart rate)
Feeling cold
Constipation
More menstrual bleeding
Muscle weakness
Clinical Signs & Symptom's

17. Iodine supplements if hypothyroidism occurs due to iodine deficiency
Hormone replacement therapy: synthetic drugs
T4(Levothyroxine): 1.6 ug/kg, aim: to achive normal TSH level (0.4-5.0 mu/L)
T3(Liothyronine):10×more potent
Mixture of T3 & T4 (Liotrix): T4:T3(4:1)
Management

18. Autoimmune lymphatic thyroiditis, described by HAKARU HASHIMOTO
Most common causes of hypothyroidism
Antithyroid antibodies:
Thyroglobulin Ab
Microsomal Ab
TSH-R Ab (block)
Etiopathogenesis: the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid and may lead
to damage the throid
HASHIMOTOS THYROIDITIS

19. Hypothyroidism dating from birth (congenital)
Absence of throid hormone results in profound impairment of growth and
cognitive development
Thyroxine is essential for growth and development of brain during the first
three years. Earlier onset greater is the brain damage.
Etiology
Congenital developmental defects
Iodine deficiency
Hashimotos thyroiditis.
Cretinism

20. • Etiology
Severe hypothyroidism in which there is accumulation of hydrophilic
mucopolysaccharides in the skin and other tissues.
Common in women
Two varients
i. Hyperthyroid Myxedema
ii. Hypothyroid Myxoedema
Increased deposition of glucosamine glycans
Myxoedema

21. • Thyroid supplement: Thyroxine
Thyroid inhibitor
Antithyroid
drugs
Ionic inhibitors Inhibit hormone
release
Destroy thyroid
tissue
Propylthiouracil,
Methimazole,
carbimazole
Thiocynates,
Perchlorates,
Nitrates
Iodine, iodides of
Na & K,
Organic iodide
Radioactive iodine
(131I,125I,123I)
Drugs For Thyroid Dysfunction

22. Thank you……!