The document provides an overview of thyroid hormones, their synthesis, regulation, and associated disorders such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. It discusses the physiological roles of thyroid hormones in metabolism, growth, and development, and details various thyroid disorders, their symptoms, and management options. Additionally, it highlights the significance of conditions like Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in impacting thyroid function.

1. THYROID HORMONE
PRESENTED BY
Mr. Nitin Kale
1st year
M. Pharm. (Pharmacology)

2. Introduction
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones: Synthesis,Release and Physiology
Thyroid disorders
Hyperthyrodism
Hypothyrodism
Drugs for thyroid dysfunction
Contents

3. Distrubance in the thyroid hormone leads to thyroid disorders.
Hypothyroidism: decreased level of thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism: increased level of thyroid hormone
HYPOTHALAMUS
Thyroid
Releasing
Hormone
(TRH)
PITUTARY
GLAND
THYROID
STIMULATIN
G
HORMONE
(TSH)
THYROID
GLAND
1.Triiodothyr
o-nine (T3)
2.Thyroxine
(T4)
3.Calcitonin
FUNCTION
Increase
metabolism
Increase growth
& development
Introduction

4. Largest endocrine gland.
Located inferior to cricoid cartilage.
Butterfly shaped organ comprising of two lobes:
lobus dexter(right), lobus sinister(left)
Weight 15-25 gm in adult.
Histologically it is made up of follicular (T3 & T4) and parafollicular
(calcitonin) cells.
Functional unit: follicle or acinus
Thyroid Glands

5. • Regulation:
Thyroid Hormone Regulation

6. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Release

7. Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4)
Release pattern 15% release from glands,rest (85%) is
converted from T4
Mainly release from thyroid glands
Release amount 6ug/day 100ug/day
activity T3 has 3-5 times more active than T4
Half life <1day 5-7 days
Thyroid Hormone

8. Metabolic Function Growth & Developmment
 Increase the metabolism of
carbohydrate,protein & lipids.
 Increase the production of growth
hormone and potentiating its effects.
 Control the activity of other hormone
like insulin,glucagon,glucocorticoids
and acetylcholamines
 Important for skeletal development.
 Increase the oxygen consumptions
and heat productions.
 Essential for normal growth and
maturation of CNS.
 Increase the cardiac activity.
 Also affect function of kidney, liver
and muscle.
Thyroid Hormone Physiology

9. Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
 Grave´s disease
 Toxic thyroid nodule (Adenomas)
 Thyroid storm
 Hashimotos thyroiditis
 Cretinism
 Myxoedema
 Postpratium thyoroditis
 Subacute thyroiditis
 Sick euthyrodism
Thyroid Disorders

10. HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hyperthyroidism or over reactive thyroid causes your thyroid to
produce more thyroid hormone (T3&T4) than demands or needs. This
inhance the metabolic and growth functions of the body.
ETIOPATHOGENES
Graves disease
Toxic adenomas: formation of nodules in the gland and being to
secrete thyroid hormone; some goitre may contains several of this
nodules.
Subacute thyroiditis : inflammation of gland ; “leak’’ excess hormone.

11. Increased basal metabolic rate
Weight loss, good appetite (eating more than usual)
Anxiety, restlessness, mental excitability, insomial
Alopecia (hair loss)
CVS: Tachycardia (high heart beat), atrial fibrilations
Warm sweet skin
Diarrhoea
Muscle weakness
Clinical signs & symptoms

12. Sometimes called Graves’ thyroiditis,
This condiction account for 75% of case of hyperthyroidism.
It affects women 5 to 10 times more than men and may occur at any age, being most
common between the ages of 30 and 50 years.
It is an autoimmune disorder in which an antibody (TSH-Receptor antibody stim)
that mimics the effects of TSH is produced,
causing:
Increased release of T3 and T4 and signs of hyperthyroidism
Goiter (visible enlargement of the gland) as the antibody stimulates thyroid growth.
Graves disease

13. Enlarged thyroid gland in goiter Bulging eyes in exopathalmos

14. Rarely occurs but life threatening
Sudden and sever exacerbation of hyperthyroidism
Etiology : precipitated by stress or infection with either unrecognised
thyrotoxicosis or inadequately treated thyrotoxicosis, trauma, pregnancy,
emotional stress.
Management
Antithyroid drugs, beta blockers, antibiotics, steroids.
Thyroid strom

15. Hypothyroidism or underactive thyroid is when thyroid gland unable to produce enough
amount of hormone to fulfil the demands.
This slowdown the body metabolic and growth function
Female:Male ratio(6:1)
Primary Hypothyroidism: thyroid can not produce enough hormone as per pituitary
signal. Thyroid failure
Secondary hypothyroidism: thyroid isn’t being stimulated from pituitary to produce
hormone. Pitutary failure
Hypothyroidism

16. Decreased metabolic rate
Weing gain, anorexia
Depressions, psychosis,mental slowness, lethargy
Dry skin, brittle hair
Bradycardia (decreased heart rate)
Feeling cold
Constipation
More menstrual bleeding
Muscle weakness
Clinical Signs & Symptom's

17. Iodine supplements if hypothyroidism occurs due to iodine deficiency
Hormone replacement therapy: synthetic drugs
T4(Levothyroxine): 1.6 ug/kg, aim: to achive normal TSH level (0.4-5.0 mu/L)
T3(Liothyronine):10×more potent
Mixture of T3 & T4 (Liotrix): T4:T3(4:1)
Management

18. Autoimmune lymphatic thyroiditis, described by HAKARU HASHIMOTO
Most common causes of hypothyroidism
Antithyroid antibodies:
Thyroglobulin Ab
Microsomal Ab
TSH-R Ab (block)
Etiopathogenesis: the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid and may lead
to damage the throid
HASHIMOTOS THYROIDITIS

19. Hypothyroidism dating from birth (congenital)
Absence of throid hormone results in profound impairment of growth and
cognitive development
Thyroxine is essential for growth and development of brain during the first
three years. Earlier onset greater is the brain damage.
Etiology
Congenital developmental defects
Iodine deficiency
Hashimotos thyroiditis.
Cretinism

20. • Etiology
Severe hypothyroidism in which there is accumulation of hydrophilic
mucopolysaccharides in the skin and other tissues.
Common in women
Two varients
i. Hyperthyroid Myxedema
ii. Hypothyroid Myxoedema
Increased deposition of glucosamine glycans
Myxoedema

21. • Thyroid supplement: Thyroxine
Thyroid inhibitor
Antithyroid
drugs
Ionic inhibitors Inhibit hormone
release
Destroy thyroid
tissue
Propylthiouracil,
Methimazole,
carbimazole
Thiocynates,
Perchlorates,
Nitrates
Iodine, iodides of
Na & K,
Organic iodide
Radioactive iodine
(131I,125I,123I)
Drugs For Thyroid Dysfunction

22. Thank you……!