Physiology of acupuncture and acupressure
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This document discusses the physiology of acupressure and acupuncture. It begins by describing how acupuncture uses thin needles inserted at specific points along meridian pathways to stimulate the body. Acupressure applies pressure to the same points using tools like rollers or a power mat. The document then explains how sensory stimuli are transduced into electrical signals via sensory receptors and neurons. It describes how graded potentials or action potentials are created and transmitted across chemical synapses and along nerve fibers to initiate impulse transmission through the central nervous system. The key points are intercepted by acupuncture points to create effects.
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Acupressure is an ancient healing technique based on Chinese medicine that involves applying pressure to specific points on the body called acupoints. It works by unblocking the flow of qi, or life energy, along meridian pathways. Some key points:
- Acupressure is similar to acupuncture but uses finger pressure instead of needles to stimulate acupoints. It can effectively treat many physical ailments as well as mental health issues like depression.
- The technique originated in China and is based on the theory that qi flows through meridian channels. Applying pressure to acupoints along these channels helps restore balanced qi flow and healing.
- Common techniques include pressing, rubbing,
Basics of Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy uses electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes and involves applying electromagnetic energy to produce physiological effects in the body. It has a long history dating back to Roman physicians in 47 AD using electric fish to treat gout. Electrotherapy includes modalities like TENS, interferential therapy, microcurrent therapy, laser therapy, and others and can be classified in various ways such as by frequency, application area, or heat transfer method. It works through mechanisms like stimulating nerves or forcing membranes to change behavior.
Action potential and Resting membrane potential, Excitability, Action potenti...
This document discusses excitability and action potentials in nerve and muscle tissues. It defines excitability as the physiological response of a tissue to a stimulus. The key types of stimuli that can excite tissues are mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a nerve or muscle cell rapidly changes from its resting potential to a more positive peak, then back again. This document outlines the stages of an action potential, including depolarization, repolarization, and the afterpotential phases. It also describes how action potentials are propagated as nerve impulses through both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Action potential
This document discusses excitability and action potentials in nerve and muscle tissues. It defines excitability as the physiological response of a tissue to a stimulus. There are four main types of stimuli: mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical. For a stimulus to excite tissue it must be above the threshold intensity and last for a minimum duration. When a nerve fiber is adequately stimulated, it generates an action potential that propagates along the fiber. The action potential involves rapid depolarization followed by repolarization of the membrane potential.
GROUP6.pptx
The nervous system allows for the transmission of electrical signals throughout the body to coordinate actions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct these signals. An electrical impulse called an action potential travels along neurons when they reach a threshold stimulation level. This occurs via changes in the sodium and potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the neuron. Myelin sheaths surround axons and allow the action potential to jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding signal transmission. Sensory neurons receive external and internal stimuli and relay this information to interneurons and motor neurons via synapses using neurotransmitters.
Chapter 2 (neuroscience and behavior)
This document provides an overview of neuroscience and the nervous system. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate via neurotransmitters, and the basic anatomy and physiology of the brain and nervous system. Key points covered include the peripheral and central nervous systems, the endocrine system, and structures within the brain like the cortex, limbic system, and hemispheres. It also discusses various techniques for studying the brain like EEG, PET scans, and MRI scans.
ZLY106ONNERVOUSSYSTEM1.ppt
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves and sensory receptors.
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three main types: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. They transmit electrical and chemical signals.
- An action potential is generated when the neuron's membrane potential rapidly changes, allowing an electrical signal to travel down the axon. Synapses allow neurons to communicate via neurotransmitters.
- The brain is divided into three main regions—the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain—each containing various structures involved in functions
Neuromodulation in psychiatry.
Neuromodulation therapies like TMS and ECT allow targeted delivery of electrical or magnetic signals to specific areas of the nervous system to improve neural function. TMS uses magnetic pulses to induce currents in the brain non-invasively, while ECT induces seizures via electrodes. Both can have antidepressant effects by modifying neurotransmitter systems and inducing neuroplasticity. Ongoing research aims to better understand mechanisms of action, optimize dosing parameters, and expand indications to other psychiatric conditions.
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal of one neuron that bind to and react with receptors on another neuron. Nerve signals travel as electrical nerve impulses along neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. When a neuron is stimulated, sodium ions enter the cell causing an action potential to propagate along the axon. At synaptic junctions, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles and bind to receptors, causing excitation or inhibition of the downstream neuron. Neurotransmitters are then removed from the synapse to terminate signaling.
Nerve
- Nerve cells transmit electrical signals through long fibers called axons. The cell body contains organelles that produce proteins transported via axoplasmic flow to nerve endings. Myelination increases conduction velocity. Injury can cause temporary (neuropraxia) or permanent (neurotmesis) dysfunction. Regeneration involves Wallerian degeneration clearing debris, axon regrowth, and reinnervation.
Pain
1. The document discusses the fundamentals of impulse generation and transmission in the nervous system. It describes how nerve cells generate and transmit electrical signals called action potentials in response to stimuli.
2. Action potentials are generated by changes in the permeability of the nerve cell membrane to sodium and potassium ions, causing shifts in the membrane potential. This allows impulses to propagate along axons and transmit signals between neurons.
3. The document also examines theories of pain sensation and the gate control theory of pain, which proposes that non-painful stimuli can inhibit pain transmission through spinal cord pathways.
Physiotherapy fin
This document provides an overview of various physical therapy methods, focusing on thermotherapy and electrotherapy. It discusses using heat/cold through conduction (packs/compresses), convection (hydrotherapy/baths), and radiation (saunas). Electrotherapy techniques covered include direct current, low-frequency alternating current for stimulation, and high-frequency currents for diathermy. Safety aspects of electric currents and their effects on tissue are also summarized.
Acupuncture.pptx
Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese practice involving inserting thin needles into specific points in the body. It is based on the belief that energy flows through meridians and balancing this energy can treat illnesses. While the mechanisms are not fully understood, acupuncture is thought to stimulate the nervous system and release chemicals that promote healing. It has been found effective for certain conditions like lower back pain and nausea. Risks are generally minor but can include pain, bleeding or fainting. Serious risks are rare with a properly trained practitioner.
pysiology seminar musscle (2) (2).pptx
This document provides information about skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. It discusses the key features and properties of each type of muscle.
Skeletal muscle is striated, multi-nucleated, and voluntary. Its main properties include excitability, conductivity, elasticity, extensibility, and contractility. Smooth muscle is involuntary and located in organs. It has tone and a latch bridge mechanism. Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. Its main properties are excitability, autorhythmicity, conductivity, and contractility. It shows all-or-none response and staircase phenomenon during contraction.
pysiology seminar musscle (2) (2).pptx
This document provides information about skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. It discusses the key features and properties of each type of muscle.
Skeletal muscle is striated, multi-nucleated, and voluntary. Its main properties include excitability, conductivity, elasticity, extensibility, and contractility. Smooth muscle is involuntary and located in organs. It has tone and a latch bridge mechanism. Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. Its main properties are excitability, autorhythmicity, conductivity, and contractility. It shows all-or-none response and staircase phenomenon during contraction.
physiology of Sensory nervous system, updated 2021
This document discusses the sensory system. It begins by defining the main components of the sensory system - sensory receptors, sensory pathways, and the somatic sensory cortex. It then goes into detail about the different types of sensory receptors, including their classification, properties, and the sensations they detect. It describes the pathways that sensory signals travel through to reach the brain, including the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and spinothalamic pathway. It concludes by discussing sensory coding and the areas of the cortex involved in processing sensory information.
Unit 11 nervous system
The document discusses the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It is divided into two main parts:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The brain's main parts are the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, and ventricles.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system including the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The nervous system functions to communicate sensory information to the CNS, integrate and interpret stimuli, and respond through motor outputs. It uses neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and neuro
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Physiology of acupuncture and acupressure
- 1. Physiology of Acupressure and Acupuncture: Impulse through Extra-neural pathways Jayakar J Joseph
- 2. Introduction: Acupuncture Meridian System Stimulation of specific Acupuncture points along the skin using thin needles About 400 acupuncture points along 20 pathways: 12 primary 8 extraordinary channels Traditional Chinese Medicine Application of heat, pressure, low voltage AC current or laser light to these points
- 3. Introduction: Acupressure The energy roller is a small cylinder with protuberances. The foot roller. The power mat: small pyramid-shaped bumps that you walk on. The spine roller is a bumpy roller containing magnets that is rolled up and down the spine Pressure by rubbing, rolling, or applying pressure on the reflex zones of the body.
- 4. Physiology of Impulse Sensing Sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials First-order sensory neuron When receptor exceeds a level of intensity electrical impulse travels down the Nerve fibre to the central nervous system Sensory transduction Conversion of a sensory stimulus from one form to another
- 5. Chemical synapse • creating graded potentials or action potentials in the same cell or in an adjacent one.
- 6. Physiology of Impulse transmission Membrane potential Action potential Difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a cell. Ranges from –40 mV to –80 mV. Short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory
- 7. Created graded potential of Adjacent cell Graded potential
- 8. Where the Acupuncture points intercepts Acupuncture point
- 9. Thank you Q & A Jayakar J Joseph