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Hlth 5113 module 5 presentation; acupuncture
- 1. ACUPUNCTURE Aubrey Baker, Emily Stella, Hunter Pierce, Jennifer Ross, & Nicole Lipa
- 2. Content of Presenters • Slides 3 – 12 : AUBREY BAKER • Slides 13 – 17 : NICOLE LIPA • Slides 14 – 27 : JENN ROSS • Slides 28 – 39 : HUNTER PIERCE • Slides 40 – 44 : EMILY STELLA
- 3. Channel and NetworkTheory- Aubrey Baker • Common misconception: the spot where the needle is placed is the most important • Truth: it is the underlying channels and networks that provide reasoning for using a particular point • Theory provides basis for understanding acupuncture and how/why needle placement affects the body
- 4. Functions of Channels & Networks • Integrating • Transporting • Therapeutic • Regulating • Protective & Diagnostic • Responsible for the flow of qi, blood, & body fluids
- 5. Channel System Components • Regular channel system • Cutaneous regions • Sinews • Divergences • 8 extraordinary vessels
- 6. 12 Regular Channels • 6 yin & 6 yang channels • Qi flows from chest hand face foot chest 3 times through all 12 channels • Qi flows through channels to organs in 2 hours increments • At this time, the particular organ where qi is, is strongest
- 7. 12 Regular Channels Continued • Channels named by 3 components: • Yin or yang classification • Upper or lower limb distribution • Organ channel association • Each pathway/organ is associated with certain symptoms • Issues can be treated with acupuncture points • Supplemented by cutaneous regions, sinews, divergences, & the 8 extraordinary vessels
- 8. 12 Cutaneous Regions • Near surface of skin • Mechanism of defense • Relies on proper lung function • Pathology results in skin disorders • Treated with gua sha, plum blossom, moxibustion, cupping, shiatsu, and tui na techniques
- 9. 12 Sinews • Located on muscles, ligaments, & tendons • Carries defense qi & supplements circulation in body • Meets with regular channels at tips of fingers & toes • Pathology results in pain • Treatment with Ah shi points, cutaneous stimulation, & first to last channel points
- 10. 12 Divergences • Located on elbow/knee joins & moves internally from limbs to trunk to head • Supplies defense qi, supports connection of organs/channels, & incorporates areas not covered by normal pathways • Pathology is unknown • Treatment with regular and diverging & merging points
- 11. 8 ExtraordinaryVessels • Part of regular channels with 2 key differences: • No continuous patter of circulation • Associated with particular disorders, not organs • Provides additional channels connections • Regulates & stores extra blood & qi from regular channels • Closely associated with confluent point of regular channels for treatment
- 12. Networks • Distribute blood & qi to surface of body • Consists of divergences & superficial “grandchild” vessel networks • Divergences • 12 direct divergences- connect with yin/yang channels • 16 indirect- link with specific vessels • Superficial “grandchild” vessel networks (veins) • Treatment with vessel pricking if dark or discolored
- 13. Tradition – Nicole Lipa • Very broad with small central focus • Contains many schools and systems within it • Schools organized around central figure guiding practice following aspect of tradition • Style decides on what is appropriate and what to reject in elements of tradition • Systems are the structures for the approaches to treatment
- 14. Styles and Systems Chinese acupuncture • Considered the core tradition • Allows for flexibility • Daoist acupuncture has emerged over the years • Large am0unt related to Daoism Japanese acupuncture • Uses a combination of many different traditions and systems • Specialized in expansion of acupuncture practice • Innovative exploration used
- 15. Styles and Systems Meridian therapy • Based on concepts from book Classic of Difficult Issues • Contains five-phase theory • Toyohari came from meridian therapy Korean acupuncture • Many techniques for selecting points for acupuncture with five-phase theory came from Korea • Basis is herbal therapeutics with a diagnostic pattern • Uses four divisions of yin and yang
- 16. Styles and Systems Medical acupuncture • Also known as “Western acupuncture” • Practiced by an individual who is a licensed physician • Relies heavily on wide range of practice traditions and schools • Stimulation of standard points and trigger points in presence of Western diagnosis French acupuncture • Plays major role in expansion of acupuncture • Idea of homeopathy • Contributes to “energetic” portion
- 17. J.R.Worsley • Physical therapist began studies in 1962 • Major impact on practitioners in England and the United States • Created the College ofTraditional Chinese Acupuncture in the United Kingdom and two institutions in the United States • Five-element acupuncture system • Blends elements of Japanese acupuncture, meridian therapy, and akabane
- 18. Acupuncture points – Jenn Ross “An acupuncture point is a hole where qi and blood can be manipulated in relation to the channel, organ or body region” • There are 361 acupuncture points associated with the 12 regular channels and the governing and controlling vessels. • There are extra points as well as special reflex system points and Ah shi points. (Micozzi, 2015)
- 19. Special Point Categories & Groups • Every specific point has a specific function and can treat specific illnesses or conditions • Many points belong to groups • These groups can define the function of the point • Points that belong to these groups are used more often (Micozzi, 2015)
- 20. FiveTransport Points (Five phase points) • The Five Element theory is based on the natural cycles and relationships with the environment and our body. • These five phases are named after their association with the flow of water and the flow of qi through the body. • These are the most powerful and used points • These points are located between the arms and legs and are associated with five phases.
- 21. FiveTransport Points (continued) “The qi flows from the fingers and toes where it is thought to be shallow to the next proximal point called the spring, from there to the stream and then to the river, where the force is more powerful and deeper.The final points are the uniting points at the knees and elbows, which are called the “sea” (Micozzi, 2015)
- 22. Five Phases The five phases include: Jing-well Ying-spring Shu-stream Jing-river He-uniting (sea) points
- 23. Alarm Mu Points Are points on the chest and abdomen where qi collects. There are 12 organs and 1 alarm point for each of these organs. These points can be palpated to treat associated organs. All of these points are located in close proximity to the organ, but not on the channel associated with the organ. Many of these points are located on the controlling vessel because the channel crosses through many of the organs (Micozzi, 2015)
- 24. BackTransport Points There is one back transport These points are located on the urinary bladder channel These points are regulating points and govern the vessel for the diaphragm, the sea of qi, and other Chinese concepts. These are typically combined with alarm mu points for treatment of different conditions. (Micozzi, 2015)
- 25. AcupunctureTreatment Planning The therapeutic goal of acupuncture is to regulate qi and blood. When this flow is free, the body is considered healthy, but if it is disrupted pain or illness can occur. The most common tool used is the filiform needle, which can vary in diameter, structure and length. For the appropriate points, a correct Chinese medicine diagnosis must be reached The practitioner needs to be aware of the medical diagnosis to provide proper techniques to properly treat the patient. (Micozzi, 2015)
- 26. Process Of Choosing A Set Of Points: First, you point match, which is creating a set of larger points These points should address the root of the problem and the symptoms 2-5 smaller point prescriptions are developed, called point selection. A point prescription must address the tip and root of the problem, and must be balanced. The point selection is based on choice of the local, adjacent and distal points, plus points near the site of pain. Lastly, the elements and size of the treatment is considered.
- 27. Process Of Choosing A Set Of Points (continued) “The function of the point prescription should match the treatment principle determined by the diagnosis” The number of needles inserted is also important. The recommended number of needles is 16. The age, constitution, and gender of the patient should be considered. The frequency and techniques should be considered Typically, in China a course of treatment is 10, which is every day or very other with a break of 10 days after. (Micozzi, 2015)
- 28. AdjunctiveTechniques – Hunter Pierce Examples: • Moxibustion (Direct / Indirect) • Cupping • Gua Sha • Bleeding • Electroacupuncture • Plum Blossom Needling (Seven-star needling) • Tui Na (Micozzi, 2015)
- 29. Moxibustion Direct Moxibustion: Involves burning a small amount of moxa directly on the skin “The burning of dried , powdered leaves of Artemisia vulgaris either on or close to the skin, to affect the flow of qi through the channel. Indirect Moxibustion: Involves putting a substance between the moxa and patients skin in order to prevent burns. (Micozzi, 2015)
- 30. Cupping • Also known as “horning • Flame used to induce a vacuum in a small glass or bamboo shoot • Vacuum applied to skin • Assists in blood circulation • Removes cold and damp “evils” from the body i.e. the common cold (Micozzi, 2015)
- 31. Gua Sha • Literally meaning “sand scraping” • Applies oil medium to skin • Uses a spoon or other smooth utensil • Scrapes along surface of skin • Results in painful looking marks on skin • Described as having a very deep itch that has been unable to be scratched relieved • Results in flow of qui through muscles (Micozzi, 2015)
- 32. Bleeding (Micozzi, 2015) • Done to drain a channel, or to remove heat from the body • Small amounts of blood are expressed from the body • Commonly taken from tips of fingers or toes
- 33. Electroacupuncture (Micozzi, 2015) • Relatively modern technique • Involves the application of a small electric current to needles which are applied into the skin • Intensity is determined by patient • Traditionally used for pain conditions
- 34. Plum Blossom Needling / “Seven-star Needling” (Micozzi, 2015) • Five to seven very small needles are attached to a metal or plastic hammer • Used to lightly tap the skin • Used to treat areas of numbness or paralysis • Creates a channel in specific areas
- 35. Tui Na (Micozzi, 2015) • Developed in China • Literally means “pushing and pulling” • Varied techniques include rubbing, pressing, pinching, pulling, and rolling • Applied to specific points or areas of the body • Closely related to “bone setting” or chiropractic techniques
- 36. Microsystems • Often modern developments • Based on interpreted neurology or developmental biology • Based on the idea that a bounded region of the body can relate to all regions of the body • Reflex zones are used in three ways 1) Chinese medicine theory can be applied to chosen points 2) Biological concepts can be applied to chosen points 3) The reflex zones can be used as symptoms are presented • Typically used with common acupuncture techniques to treat pain and various other symptoms (Micozzi, 2015)
- 37. Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture The study of acupuncture is conducted in various countries, and cultures, around the world.This in turn presents challenges because everything that is studied is subject to cultural influences. However, acupuncture is used and applied all over the globe. Acupuncture is therefore utilized in many ways, and is being researched more in order to treat and manage multiple other diseases and symptoms. (Micozzi, 2015)
- 38. Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture (cont.) Examples of how acupuncture is utilized around the world: • Stroke rehabilitation • Headaches • Menstrual cramping • Tennis elbow • Fibromyalgia • Myofascial pain • Arthritis • Low back pain • Carpel tunnel syndrome • Asthma (Micozzi, 2015)
- 39. Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture (cont.) (Micozzi, 2015) Clinical research conducted around the globe: 1) Antiemesis treatment 2) Management of acute and chronic pain 3) Substance abuse treatment 4) Paralysis treatment 5) Treatment of respiratory diseases
- 40. Acupuncture Research – Emily Stella According to Micozzi (2015), acupuncture research is conducted in efforts to answer three main questions: 1. Are there physiological processes that can, at least partially, explain acupuncture effects on pain control? 2. Is acupuncture safe? 3. Can acupuncture be shown to treat specific clinical conditions effectively?
- 41. Acupuncture Research Cont. • Several of the research models for acupuncture seek to understand acupunctures effects by first understanding how anatomy is affected by it, more specifically, how connective tissue is involved. • Biomemechanistic Model- events attributed to observed or hypothesized physiological processes • Acupuncture Theory Model- Events attributed to described system (based on observations of results of physiological processes
- 42. AcupunctureTheories • There are several acupuncture theories that offer a model for organizing and using acupuncture effects. • Two main theories, address the significance of channels from a scientific point of view. 1. One theory discusses the difference in channels, and their connections with different parts of the body. 2. The other theory suggest that certain channels correspond with certain connective tissues, and that each channel is in connection with the rest. .
- 43. Research on Effectiveness • Acupuncture has been scientifically proven to release opiate peptides, thus decreasing pain receptors and allowing pain relief. • Helene Langevin and “the needle grasp.” • The idea that the sensation on the acupuncture needle being “grabbed,” physically stimulated the connective tissue and provides downstream changes in the tissue directly involved. • The concept of MTrPs have a long history of conceptual development based on the palpation of tender regions in the musculature of patients with pain. • MTrPs and ah shi points are very similar in that the palpation of the musculature, provokes change in the channels, and stimulates pain receptors to decrease pain.
- 44. Acupuncture Safety • Patient safety is deemed very important in the clinical setting. • Acupuncture has been deemed a comparatively safe therapy. • Adverse side effects • Rare • Pneumothorax (or puncture of other internal organs), infection, soreness, minor bleeding at needle site • Emerging data and continuing research is being conducted to confirm the safety of acupuncture.
- 45. References Micozzi, M. S. (2015). Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders
- 46. THE END Thank you for viewing!
Editor's Notes
- The channel and network theory provides a basis for understanding how acupuncture and the placement of needles is able to work with the body (Micozzi, 2015). Micozzi (2015) stresses that a major misconception in Western culture is that acupuncture is solely based on the points the needles are applied. However, it is the channels and networks that provide reasoning behind why the specific points are utilized.
- Channel and network systems have integrating, therapeutic, transporting, regulating, and protective and diagnostic functions within the body. They are mainly responsible for carrying blood, qi, and body fluids throughout the system. Without proper flow, an individual’s health can be compromised. The channel and network theory has multiple parts, so it is necessary to break down each section to fully understand it (Micozzi, 2015).
- First, there is the regular channel system. There are 12 regular channels are deep within the body. They run vertically and bilaterally and are symmetrical on either side of the body. There are six yin channels and six yang channels. The yin channels are on the inner side of the body and are associated with the viscera. The yang channels are on the outer side of the limbs and are associated with the bowels. Qi flows from the chest to the hand to the face to the foot and back to the chest again in three cycles in all 12 channels. As it passes through these channels, it stops at specific organs once each day in two hour increments, making that organ strongest during that time (Micozzi, 2015).
- Each channel is named after three key parts; its distribution in the upper or lower limbs, its yin or yang classification, and the organ channel it is associated with. Each channel pathway and the associated organ are linked with particular symptoms. For example, the pathway of the kidney is related to weakness, dry mouth, and lumbar pain. Issues of the regular channel system can be treated with acupuncture points (Micozzi, 2015).
- Within the 12 regular channels, there are 12 cutaneous regions, 12 sinews, and 12 divergences. The 12 cutaneous regions are located on the surface of the body and serve as a mechanism of defense through the skin and pores. The cutaneous regions rely on the lungs to work properly. Also, because of their association with the skin, pathology of the cutaneous regions results in skin disorders. These can be treated through the use of gua sha, plum blossom, moxibustion, cupping, shiatsu, and tui na techniques (Micozzi, 2015).
- The 12 sinews are slightly deeper than the cutaneous regions, but are still not internal. Instead, they run along the muscles, tendons, and ligaments and meet with the regular channels at the tips of the fingers and toes. They carry defense qi to protect from evil and supplement the body by increasing circulation in the muscles. Pathology results in muscle aches and pains. Treatment of the 12 sinews involves Ah shi points, similar to pressure points, cutaneous stimulation, and first to last channel points (Micozzi, 2015).
- The 12 divergences are superficial at the elbow and knee joints and move internally from the limbs to the trunk to the head. Divergences support the connection of organs and channels, supplies defense qi, and joins areas that are not covered by the normal pathways. There is no clear pathology of the 12 divergences but they can be helpful in understanding how to treat other issues. Treatment involves regular and diverging/merging points (Micozzi, 2015).
- Also part of the regular channels are the eight extraordinary vessels. These include the governing, controlling, penetrating, girdling, yang springing, yin springing, yang linking, and yin linking vessels. Despite being a part of the regular channel system, there are two key differences between the channels and the vessels; vessels have no continuous patter of circulation and they are associated with disorders, not organs. Their basic function is to regulate and store extra blood and qi from regular channels as well as provide additional connections. Although only the governing and controlling vessels have their own points, all vessels can be closely associated with the confluent point of the regular channels for treatment (Micozzi, 2015).
- Networks are the second part of the channel network theory. They are branches of the channels that are more superficial and have their own specific functions. Their main function is to distribute blood and qi, especially to the surface of the body. The vessels consist of divergences, just like the channels, and superficial or “grandchild” network vessels. There are 12 undefined and 16 defined divergences. The 12 defined divergences allow for a direct connection between yin and yang channels while the 16 divergences are linked with specific vessels. The superficial “grandchild” vessels are branches of network vessels that present as veins near the skin. If they become dark or discolored they can be treated with network vessel pricking (Micozzi, 2015). The channel network theory is clearly a very diverse system with multiple parts that intertwine with one another. When all parts of the system are working in a cohesive manor, it allows for the proper flow of blood and qi and, subsequently, optimal health.
- Although acupuncture research has deeper roots than the past 40 years, the research conducted before 40yrs ago was rather isolated, and out of the realms of what is considered modern research (Micozzi, 2015). As of these questions pose the same general question, DOES ACUPUNCTURE ACTUALLY WORK? According to Micozzi (2015), there is much research to support that acupuncture does indeed work.
- There are several acupuncture theories that offer a model for organizing and using acupuncture effects. Two main theories, address the significance of channels from a scientific point of view. One theory discusses the difference in channels, and their connections with different parts of the body. The other theory suggest that certain channels correspond with certain connective tissues, and that each channel is in connection with the rest. According to Micozzi (2015), there is no definitive way to determine if these scientific theories are true, but they have not been deemed incorrect either.
- The text discusses several different acupuncturists’ research ideas and findings. According to Micozzi (2015), Helene Langevin of University of Vermont Medical School focuses much of her research on, “the needle grasp,” which is the idea that the sensation on the acupuncture needle being “grabbed,” physically stimulated the connective tissue and provides downstream changes in the tissue directly involved. According to Micozzi (2015), the concept of MTrPs have a long history of conceptual development based on the palpation of tender regions in the musculature of patients with pain. The concept of MTrPs and ah shi points, are very similar in that the palpation of the musculature, provokes change in the channels, and stimulates pain receptors to decrease pain.
- According to Micozzi (2015), patient safety is deemed very important in the clinical setting. Although the efficiency of acupuncture is continually being researched, acupuncture has been deemed a comparatively safe therapy. Like any medical therapy, there are of course adverse side effects, however these are quite rare with acupuncture. One of the major adverse effects may be introducing a pneumothorax due to mild puncture of a lung with one of the acupuncture needles (Micozzi, 2015). According to Micozzi (2015), this has only occurred two times in the course of one-quarter million treatments. Emerging data and continuing research is being conducted to confirm the safety of acupuncture.