Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body and are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. White blood cells help fight infection and come in several types including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Platelets help with blood clotting and are produced from megakaryocytes. Plasma contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and gases to transport materials and help regulate pH. The different blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells.

1. CHAPTER 12: BLOOD

2. Blood & Blood Cells - Red Blood Cells (RBC) - White Blood Cells (WBC) - Platelets - Plasma Volume & Composition of Blood - 5 liters - 45% cells - 55% plasma } the percentages is called the hematocrit (HCT)

3. Red Blood Cells Characteristics  erythrocytes - contains hemoglobin - 1 Hb contains 4 iron atoms to carry O 2 - 200 - 300 million Hb per RBC - lack a nucleus

4. RBC Counts men = 4.6 - 6.2 million cells/mm 3 women = 4.2 - 5.4 million cells/mm 3 * the more RBC’s - the more O 2 carried RBC Production – hematopoeisis - a typical RBC lasts about 120 days so new RBC’s made all the time

5. - when O 2 levels decrease, the hormone erythropoeiten (EPO) is released from the kidney - EPO goes to the red bone marrow - increases in RBC production - more RBC’s = increased O 2 levels - O 2 levels increase, EPO secretions decreases the rate of blood cell productions

6. Destruction of RBC’s - become fragile as they get older - destroyed by macrophages in liver and spleen

7. hemoglobin   iron (Fe) & biliverden amino acids  biliruben  excreted in bile or urine RBC Destruction

8. White Blood Cells  leukocytes - form from an increase of interleukins & colony stimulating factors (CSF) 5 Types 1. Granulocytes - twice the size of RBC’s - short life span ~ 12 hours a) neutrophils - phagocytize foreign particles - multi-lobed

9. b) eosinophils - help control against inflammation and allergic reactions - kill certain parasites

10. c) basophils - releases heparin to prevent blood clotting - releases histamine to aid injured tissue due to an allergic reaction

11. 2. Agranulocytes a) monocytes - phagocytize foreign substances

12. b) lymphocytes - produce antibodies that act against foreign substances

13. WBC Counts 5,000 - 10,000 cells/mm 3 Leukocytosis - 10,000 + cells/mm 3 - more WBC found due to disease Leukopenia - less than 5,000 cells/mm 3

14. Platelets  thrombocytes - produced from a megakaryocyte that breaks up into fragments (platelets) - helps in blood clotting - affected by the hormone thrombopoieten

16. Blood Plasma - yellowish color - 92% water Functions - transporting nutrients, gases, & vitamins - regulates fluid & electrolyte balance - maintains pH

17. 1. Plasma Proteins a) Albumins - maintains osmotic pressure of the blood - helps to regulate water movement, in doing so, controls blood volume which in turn controls blood pressure Plasma Contents

18. b) Globulins - transports lipids & fat-soluble vitamins - make up the antibodies of immune system c) Fibrinogen - blood clotting 2. Nutrients and Gases - amino acids - CO 2 - glucose - N 2 - fatty acids - O 2

19. 3. Nonprotein nitrogenous substances - urea - uric acid 4. Plasma Electrolytes - Na + - Cl - - K + - HCO 3 - - Mg + - PO 4 - * These help maintain osmotic pressure and pH

21. Hemostasis  the stoppage of bleeding 3 Things May Occur 1. Blood Vessel Spasm – Vasospasm - walls of blood vessel contracts - decreases blood flow 2. Platelet Plug Formation - platelets stick to collagen fibers in blood vessels - forms a plug over the blood vessel

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Platelet

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Blood escaping through break 2 Platelet

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Blood escaping through break 2 Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen 3 Platelet

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Erythrocyte Break in vessel wall 1 Blood escaping through break 2 Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen 3 Platelet plug helps control blood loss 4 Platelet

26. 3. Blood Coagulation - most effective - forms a blood clot - depends on many clotting factors

28. Thrombus - an abnormally formed blood clot Embolus - when a thrombus dislodges and begins to move - can get stuck, cause a blockage which leads to death

29. Blood Groups and Transfusions - RBC’s membrane contains agglutinogens  antigens - plasma contains aglutinins  antibodies - these two types of proteins gives a person their blood type

30. ABO Blood Groups - based on the presence or absence of antigen A & B Blood Type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A & B None O None anti-A & anti-B

31. - type AB is the universal recipient - type O is the universal donor - it is important to get the proper blood otherwise agglutination or clumping of the blood will occur

32. Rh Blood Groups  named after the rhesus monkey - (Rh+) means antigen D is present - (Rh–) means antigen D is absent - this condition needs to be checked when a female is pregnant

33. - if mother is Rh (-), & father is Rh (+), then baby will be Rh (+) - mother will make antibodies for the Rh or D antigen. This is OK for the first child but for the second, the mothers antibodies (anti-D) will combine with the child’s D antigens and blood will clump

34. - condition is called erythroblastosis fetalis - easily prevented with a shot of RhoGAM