Physical science is the study of inorganic matter and includes four main branches: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. The nucleus of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons, contributes over 99.97% of an atom's mass. Atoms are identified by their atomic number, which is the number of protons, and isotopes of the same element have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

1. PHYSICA
L
SCIENCE

2. DID YOU KNOW?
It is the study of the inorganic world.
Astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the
Earth sciences which include
meteorology and geology, are the four
main branches of physical science.

3. DID YOU KNOW?
The nucleus (protons and neutrons)
of an atom contribute more than
99.97% of its mass.You are radioactive because your
body contains carbon-14.
A nuclear reactor used to generate
electricity cannot explode like an atomic
or nuclear bomb.

4. PREVIEW
QUESTIONS:What original “elements” did Aristotle
think composed all matter on Earth?
Why are some elements symbols very
different from their names?

5. SOME CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
FROM LATIN NAMES
MODERN NAME SYMBOL LATIN NAME
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum
Potassium K Kalium

6. NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF SOME COMMON
ELEMENTS
NAME SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL
Alumin
um
Al Carbon C Gold Au
Argon Ar
Chlorin
e
Cl Helium He
Barium Ba
Chromi
um
Cr
Hydrog
en
H
Boron B Cobalt Co Iodine I
Bromin
e
Br Copper Cu Iron Fe

7. NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF SOME COMMON
ELEMENTS
NAME SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL NAME SYMBOL
Magnesiu
m
Mg
Phosphor
us
P Sodium Na
Mercury Hg
Platinu
m
Pt Sulfur S
Neon Ne
Potassi
um
K Tin Sn
Nickel Ni Radium Ra
Uraniu
m
U
Nitroge
n
N Silicon Si Zinc Zn

8. DID YOU LEARN
Aristotle first “periodic table”
consisted of earth, air, fire, and water.
Some chemical symbols are derived
from their Latin names, for example,
silver, Ag (Argentum) or sodium, Na
(Natrium).

9. THE
ATOMIC
NUCEUS

10. PREVIEW
QUESTIONS:How was it determined that atoms
have nuclei?
What is the atomic number, and how
is it related to an element?

11. DID YOU KNOW?
Electrons – negatively charged
particlesNucleus – central core of
an atomProtons – positively charged
particlesNeutrons – neutral charged
particlesNucleons – collection of nuclear protons
and neutrons

12. DID YOU KNOW?
Ernest Rutherford – atom consists of a nucleus
surrounded by circulating
electrons.J. J. Thomson – plum
pudding model
Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering
Experiment

13. MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF AN
ATOM
Particle
(symbol)
Charge
(C)
Electroni
c Charge
Mass
(kg)
Location
Electron
(e)
-1.60 x 10-
19 -1
9.109 x 10-
31
Outside
nucleus
Proton
(p)
+1.60 x
10-19 +1
1.673 x 10-
27 Nucleus
Neutron
(n)
0 0
1.675 x 10-
27 Nucleus

14. DID YOU KNOW?
Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering
Experiment

15. DID YOU KNOW?
Atomic Number (Z) – the number of protons
in the nucleus of each atom of
that element.Element – a substance in which all the
atoms have the same number of
protons.
Ion – when electrons gained or lost an
atom
Na Na+
Na

16. DID YOU KNOW?
Neutron number (N) – the number of
neutrons in a nucleus.
Mass number (A) – the number of protons plus
neutrons in the nucleus.
– the total number of nucleons.
A
Z
X
mass
number
atomic
number
chemical
symbol

17. DID YOU KNOW?
Why are the letters Z and A
used?
A
Z
X
mass
number
atomic
number
chemical
symbol

18. DID YOU KNOW?
neutron number =
mass number – atomic
number
N = A – Z

19. EXAMPLE:Determine the number of
protons, electrons, and
neutrons in the fluorine atom
9
19
𝐹 .
Z = 9
Protons =
9
Mass number =
19
N = 19 –
9
N = 10

20. DO THIS!!!
Determine the number of
protons, electrons, neutrons in
the carbon atom Iodine-131, a
radioactive nucleus used in the
treatment of thyroid cancer.

21. DO THIS!!!
Fill in the nine gaps in this table.
Element
Symbol
B
Protons 9
Neutrons 10
Electrons 18
Mass

22. DO THIS!!!
Fill in the nine gaps in this table.
Element
Symbol
Ga
Protons 15
Neutrons 39 20
Electrons 17
Mass

23. DO THIS!!!
Fill in the blanks.
P is the symbol for the element _____.
The collective name for neutrons and
protons in a nucleus is __________.

24. DO THIS!!!
Short Answers!!!
1. What are the chemical symbols for (a) carbon, (b)
chlorine, and (c) lead?
2. What are the three names of the elements with the
symbols (a) N, (b) He, and (c) Fe?
3. Why is the symbol for the transuranic element
Rutherfordium Rf instead of Ru?
4. Why is the neutron number N equal to the mass
number A minus the atomic number Z?

25. DO THIS!!!
Short Answers!!!
5. What is the collective name for of the two particles
that make up a nucleus?
6. What do the letters Z, A, and N in nuclear notation
stand for?
7. About what percentage of the mass of an atom is
contained in the nucleus?