This document provides an introduction to biochemistry for students. It discusses that biochemistry deals with the organic compounds inside living cells called protoplasm. Students are expected to learn the basic structures and functions of primary organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions. Lipids are made of hydrocarbon chains, often attached to a glycerol molecule. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

1. Biochemistry
An Introduction to the Chemistry of
Life for Biochemistry Students
International school or National plus
school
Adapted by Tielumphd
source: harper et al
Good luck!!!

2. What is Life Made of?
 Physical and Chemical sciences alone
may not completely explain the nature of
life, but they at least provide the essential
framework for such an explanation.
 All students of life must have a
fundamental understanding of organic
chemistry and biochemistry.

3. Organic Chemistry
 Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon
compounds.
 Organic compounds are compounds
composed primarily of a Carbon
skeleton.
 All living things are composed of organic
compounds.

4. Organic Chemistry
 What makes Carbon Special? Why is
Carbon so different from all the other
elements on the periodic table?
 The answer derives from the ability of
Carbon atoms to bond together to form
long chains and rings.

5. Organic Chemistry

6. Organic Chemistry
Carbon can covalently bond with up
to four other atoms.

7. Carbon can form immensely
diverse compounds, from
simple to complex.
Methane with 1 Carbon DNA with tens of Billions of
atom Carbon atoms

8. Biochemistry
 Biochemistry is a special branch of
organic chemistry that deals with matter
inside the living cell called Protoplasm.
 Protoplasm is an enormously complex
mixture of organic compounds where
high levels of chemical activity occur.

9. Biochemistry
 How much
biochemistry do you
need to know for this 2. You will be
course? expected to learn
the basic
 1. You need to know
biochemical
the structure of processes of
organic molecules major cell
important to major functions, such as
biological processes. photosynthesis,
respiration, and
protein synthesis.

10. Primary Organic
Compounds
You are expected 1. Carbohydrates
to learn the
2. Lipids
structure and
functions of these 3. Proteins
organic 4. Nucleic Acids
compounds:

11. Polymers ands
Monomers
 Each of these types of molecules are
polymers that are assembled from single
units called monomers.
 Each type of macromolecule is an
assemblage of a different type of
monomer.

12. Monomers
Macromolecule Monomer
Carbohydrates Monosaccharide
Lipids Not always polymers;
Hydrocarbon chains
Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic acids Nucleotides

13. How do monomers
form polymers?
 In condensation reactions (also called
dehydration synthesis), a molecule of
water is removed from two monomers as
they are connected together.

15. Hydrolysis
 In a reaction opposite to condensation, a
water molecule can be added (along with
the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer
in two.

17. Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in
a ratio of 1:2:1.
 Carbohydrates are the key source of
energy used by living things.
 The building blocks of carbohydrates are
sugars, such as glucose and fructose.

18. Carbohydrates
 What do the roots 
mono-, di-, oligo-,
and poly mean?
 Each of these roots
can be added to the
word saccharide to
describe the type of
carbohydrate you
have.

19. How do two
monosaccharides combine
to make a polysaccharide?


20. Polysaccharides

21. Lipids
 Lipids are molecules that consist of long
hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three
chains together is usually a glycerol
molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.

22. Saturated vs.
Unsaturated Fat


23. Proteins
 Proteins are building blocks of structures
called amino acids. Proteins are what
your DNA codes to make (we will talk
about this in great detail in a month or
so).
 A peptide bond forms between amino
acids by dehydration synthesis.

24. Levels of Protein
Structure


25. Protein Structure
Level Description
Primary The amino acid
sequence
Helices and Sheets
Secondary
Disulfide bridges
Tertiary
Multiple polypeptides
Quaternary connect

26. Primary structure
analogy means......
 Primary data
Primary data
 Kovalen bonds
Kovalen bonds

27. Salmonelle colonies
count by......
 These were their
kuantitative counting
 By using colony
counting methods
 Must searching more
spesific methode to
repair this standart
methode.

28. Drug discovery today
were combining
between