The growing field of Personalized therapy and newer approaches for dosage forms related to Personalization for the safe and effective treatment of patients. The field of personalized medicine aims at converting the term of "one drug fits all " approach to Personalized therapy. Thus, shifting emphasis in medicine from reaction to prevention.
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Myself Omkar Tipugade , PG Student of Department of Pharmaceutics. today I will discus on the topic Gene Therapy . In that we discus about the method for gene therapy & its application for disease treatment.
pharmacogenomics is a new drug discovry approach. It is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, combining pharmacology and genomics
Myself Omkar Tipugade , PG Student of Department of Pharmaceutics. today I will discus on the topic Gene Therapy . In that we discus about the method for gene therapy & its application for disease treatment.
pharmacogenomics is a new drug discovry approach. It is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, combining pharmacology and genomics
Pharmacological implications of genetic polymorphism and PharmacogeneticsRumaMandal4
Genetic polymorphism is applied to variants occuring at frequency >1%
Pharmacogenetics is study of genetic variation on drug response.
Pharmacogenetic traits may be Pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamic types
Pharmacogenomics deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity.
genetic polymorphism new Presentation.pptxRumaMandal5
Genetic polymorphism was formerly applied to variants occurring at a frequency greater than 1%.
Types: SNPs,Insertions or deletions
Pharmacokinetic variations and pharmacodynamics variations
Application on G6PD deficiency
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
INTRODUCTION
What is pharmacogenomics
History
Principle
So what’s new about pharmacogenomics?
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
Genes commonly involved in pharmacogenomic drug metabolism and response
The anticipated benefits of pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics Research/Database Program
Some of the barriers to using pharmacogenomics
Conclusion
References
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Dosage forms for Personalized Medicine
1. Dosage Forms for
Personalized Medicine
Presented by:
Songhita Mukhopadhyay
Reg No.180603003
MPharm Pharmaceutics
Dept.of Pharmaceutics
Under the guidance of:
Shaila Angela Lewis
Associate Professor-Senior Scale
Dept.of Pharmaceutics
2. Contents
• Personalized medicine: Emergence
• Need for Personalized medicine
• Pharmacogenomics and Gene testing
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetic tests
• Categories of patients for personalized medicine
• Dosage forms
• Recent advances in the field of personalized
medicine
• Personalized medicine in India
• Key gaps and barriers
2
3. Personalized Medicine: Emergence
• Variability in drug response
• individual drug therapy.
• predictive outcome
• Pharmacogenetics
• molecular underpinnings of drug response.
• patient’s gene variations
• selection of drugs or treatment protocols
• Personalized medicine (PM)
3
5. Need for Personalized Medicine
• Patient care
early diagnosis
risk assessment
cost effective
• Device and drug manufacturers
develop agents
targeted to patient groups
do not respond to medications as intended
the traditional health systems have failed.
• hospitals, health care providers, and health plan
sponsors
Innovation
5
6. Can PM be referred to as
simple medicine?
• Treat diseases by molecular profiles
• linked databases
• patients’ genomic information
• pay for tests and treatments
• genetic tests
• safety and efficacy of an approved drug
6
7. Pharmacogenomics and Gene Testing
• Pharmacogenetics- genetic variations in individuals
• affect their response to medications.
• Pharmacogenomics- broader study
• genetic variations
• drug development.
• Studying sequence variations in candidate genes.
• Identify disease susceptibility genes
• representing potential new drug targets.
7
21. • Fast-Dispersing, fast dissolving or
fast melting tablets:
Difficulty in swallowing.
Eg. Olanzapine and risperidone- Fast dissolving-
conventional tabletting-Frosta TM system-freeze
drying.
Floss method-fibrous matrix made from mix of
excipients-FLASHDOSE R- Fuisz Technologies
Zydis TM- Selegiline- R.P. Scherer
21
22. • Oral film technology:
Systemic medicines to be delivered in thin strip.
Polymer coatings containing API for transdermal
drug delivery-transition to oral thin film.
Aqueous polymer matrices- wide molecular range-
flexibility to achieve certain physical properties.
Specific API loading.
Disintegrates on a patient’s tongue- matter of
seconds.
Eg.Theraflu (Dextromethorphan) and
Triaminic(Diphenhydramine HCl) thin strips by
Novartis Consumer Health Care
22
23. • Combination Dose System:
Two or more regulated components-
Combination of drug and device
biological product and device
drug and biological product
drug, device and biological product.
Eg. HIV treatment include Combivir TM (Zidovudine
and lamivudine) (GSK)
Pfizer’s Caduet TM (Amlodipine and atorvastatin)
23
24. • Mini-Tablets:
Matrix mini tablets based on starch/ microcellulose
wax mixtures.
Different dose levels can be administered-changing
number of mini tablets within a capsule for adults
or using single units for children.
Possible to utilize fast-dissolving mini-tablets to
prepare liquid dosages.
24
26. 3DP- Breakaway tablet
Tablet breaks up into two parts after dissolution of
the fixative joining the parts together.
Useful in combination therapy where relative doses
need to be varied according to the patient.
26
27. • Microdose systems:
Potent drugs to be administered.
Solid drug forms incorporated into micro or
nanoparticles- drug in volatile solvent- microdoses
can be applied to the matrix.
Films- RapidFilm TM-water soluble polymers such
as HPMC, HPC, and PVP- drugs incorporated into
the system-matrix forms platform-loading of drugs
at will.
Drug release- passive- dissolution of the matrix or
dissolution of the drug or a combination of
processes.
27
29. Pharmacogenomic studies of oral
antidiabetic drugs
• T2DM patients
• similar requirements of antidiabetic regimens
• variability exists in drug disposition, glycemic
response, tolerability
• during treatment
• Pharmacogenomics
• Non-genomic modifications
• Pharmacoepigenomics
29
30. Whole-genome sequencing
methods in familial cancer
• FCVPPv2 (Family Cancer Variant Prioritization
Pipeline version 2).
• Family with history of a papillary thyroid cancer.
• one variant, amino acid change G573R
• CPXM1 gene
• adipogenesis and extracellular matrix
remodelling
• tumour suppressor in breast cancer.
• prediction of predisposing variants for high-risk
cancer families.
30
32. Personalized Medicine in India
• Young but rapidly advancing field of healthcare.
• Positive Bioscience with Medanta
India’s first personal genomics clinic
32
• Start-up company Xcode Lifesciences
• InDNA technology
• coronary, diabetes and obesity.
• Order the test online
• saliva kit will be shipped to the customer.
• DNA extracted from the saliva
allelic information.
33. 33
• NutraGene
• country’s first commercial
genetic test for type 2
diabetes.
• Screens DNA variations
• replicated as risk factors for
type 2 diabetes.
• Avesthagen
• AVESTAGENOME Project.
• System biology-based study of the
Parsi population
• determine the genetic basis of
longevity and
• age-related disorders.
34. Key gaps and barriers
• Millions of genetic variations may exist.
• how one person responds to a medication- many
genes interacting with each other.
• Complicated genetic map
• Expensive and time-consuming.
• Pharmacogenomic testing not yet widely available
and it remains an uncertain science.
34
35. References
• Randy Vogenberg F et.al-Personalized medicine: Part 1:Evolution and Development into
Theranostics; P T. 2010 Oct; 35(10).
• Mancinelli L et.al-Pharmacogenomics: The Promise of Personalized Medicine; AAPS PharmSci
2000; 2 (1) Article 4.
• Eichelbaum M et.al- PHARMACOGENOMICS AND INDIVIDUALIZED DRUG THERAPY; Annu. Rev.
Med. 2006. 57:119–37.
• Modern Pharmaceutics-Vol 2 –Application and advances by Florence and Siemann; Drugs and
Pharmaceutical Sciences- 5th edition-Vol 189; Marcel Dekker.
• Vangelis G et.al-Pharmacogenomics of oral antidiabetic medications: current data and
pharmacoepigenomic perspective; Future Medicine Ltd Pharmacogenomics (2011) 12(8), 1161–
1191.
• Kumar A et.al-Familial Cancer Variant Prioritization Pipeline version 2 (FCVPPv2) applied to a
papillary thyroid cancer family; Scientific Reports (2018) 8:11635.
• Vondrak B et.al Dissolvable films for flexible product format in drug delivery. Pharm Technol
Suppl 2008 (April) (www.pharmtech.com).
• De Brabander C, et.al. Matrix minitablets based on starch/microcellulose wax mixtures. Int J
Pharm 2000; 199:195-203.
• Huang W, et.al. Levofloxacin implants with predetermined microstructure fabricated by thee
dimensional printing. Int J Pharm 2007; 339:33-38
• http://persalth.com/personalized-medicine/personalized-medicine-in-india/personalized-
medicine-in-india/
• 35
Hypersensitivity reactions associated with abacavir can be severe and potentially fatal. Symptoms include fever, rash, vomiting, and shortness of breath. They typically appear within the first 42 days of treatment (11 days median onset).
HLA-B*57:01 significantly increases the risk of hypersensitivity reactions when abacavir is administered. Approximately 6% of Caucasians and 2-3% of African Americans carry this allele in the human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) gene. The HLA-B gene plays an important role in how the immune system recognizes and responds to pathogens, and mediates hypersensitivity reactions. HLA-B*57:01 has been found to be associated with abacavir hypersensitivity across different ethnicities, including Caucasians, Hispanics, and individuals of African origin (2, 3).
Screening for the HLA-B*57:01 allele before starting abacavir therapy is recommended for all patients according to the FDA drug label for abacavir (Table 1). Even if previously tolerated, screening should happen before restarting abacavir therapy if HLA-B*57:01 status is unknown. Abacavir is contraindicated in HLA-B*5701-positive patients, and in patients with a prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir.
Goetz et al. showed that patients carrying the CYP2D6 *4/*4 genotype have a higher risk of disease relapse and a lower incidence of adverse drug reactions, due to the lower metabolic activation of tamoxifen to endoxifen [3]. Schroth et al. analysed 206 patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen monotherapy and 280 patients not receiving tamoxifen therapy (71 months median follow-up), and concluded that genotyping for CYP2D6 *4, *5, *10 and *41 variants help identify patients who will have little benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen therapy [4
