Phrasal verbs are two-word verb phrases consisting of a verb and a preposition or adverb which modifies the verb's meaning. There are different types of phrasal verbs including intransitive, inseparable, and separable verbs. Examples are given to illustrate the meaning and usage of common phrasal verbs like "ask someone out", "break down", "clean something up", and "get back". The document provides a table listing several frequently used phrasal verbs along with their meanings and example sentences.