English grammar refers to the structure and rules of the English language including words, phrases, clauses and sentences. The document classifies parts of English grammar such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, determiners, punctuation, and relative clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each. It also compares some differences between English grammar and Spanish grammar such as adjective placement, subject usage, noun gender, capitalization rules, and verb conjugations.

1. J O S É G O N Z Á L E Z - M A R K E T I N G
English Grammar

2. What is English grammar?
English grammar is the way in
which meanings are encoded
into wordings in the English
language. This includes the
structure
of words, phrases, clauses,
and sentences, right up to the
structure of whole texts.

3. Classification of English grammar
A noun is a word that names a person, a place
or a thing. Using nouns correctly in English is
relatively simple, with standard rules and only
a few exceptions. Use these pages to learn
about the English grammar rules for gender,
plurals, countable and uncountable nouns,
compound nouns, capitalization, nationalities,
and forming the possessive.
Examples:
 My cats are small
 Anne is beautiful
NOUNS

4. Classification of English grammar
An adjective is a word that
describes a person or a thing.
Examples: Big, pretty, expensive,
green, round, French, loud, quick,
fat
Where to Position an Adjective?
Normally, adjectives are positioned before the noun
that they describe: the yellow ribbon, the heavy box.
These adjectives are said to be attributive, meaning
they qualify the nouns. However, if a linking verb
such as be or seem is used, the adjective becomes
predicative and can be placed after the noun: the
ribbon is yellow, the box seems heavy.
ADJECTIVES

5. Classification of English grammar
ADJECTIVES
Examples
1. The Titanic was a great movie, but it was long and sad!
2. Lauren has excellent managerial skills and is a superb listener.
3. My shoes are cheap
4. Marta and Anne are beautiful
5. Mérida is a cold city

6. Classification of English grammar
ADVERB
An adverb is a word that describes or
gives more information about a verb,
an adjective, another adverb or even
a complete sentence.
Adverbs usually answer the following
questions: Where?
How? When?. Examples:
Can you move it carefully? It’s fragile.
Quickly! We’re late.
She swims really well.
Don’t go so fast.
You have to turn it clockwise.

7. Classification of English grammar
DETERMINERS
Determiners are words placed in front of a noun
to make it clear what the noun refers to.
Examples:
Definite article : the
Indefinite articles : a, an
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your,
his, her, its, our, their
Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of,
most, some, any, enough
Numbers : one, ten, thirty
Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each,
every
Difference words : other, another
Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

8. Classification of English grammar
Verbs have traditionally been defined as words
that show action or state of being.
Four suffixes consistently added to a verb’s base
create all forms of a verb used in all tenses:
1. -s creates 3rd person singular / present
tense (He talks.)
2. -ing creates the present participle / used
with be (He is talking.)
3. -ed creates the simple past (He talked.)
4. -en creates the past participle / used
with have (He has talked.)
VERBS

9. Classification of English grammar
VERBS
• I washed the car yesterday.
• The dog ate my homework.
• John studies English and French.
• Lucy enjoys listening to music.
• Todd Young became a Senator
last year. (occurrence)
• Mike Trout is a center fielder.
(state of being)
Types
Examples:
• Intransitive verbs
• Transitive verbs
• Ditransitive verbs
• Double transitive verbs
• Copular verbs

10. Classification of English grammar
Punctuation is used to
create sense, clarity
and stress in
sentences. You use
punctuation marks to
structure and organise
your writing.
PUNCTUATION

11. Classification of English grammar
Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add
meaning, but if they are removed, the sentence will still function
grammatically. There are two broad types of relative clauses in English. It
is important to distinguish between them because it affects the choice of
pronoun used to introduce the clause. A defining or identifying clause tells
us which specific person or thing we are talking about in a larger group of
people or things. If a defining relative clause is removed, the meaning of
the sentence changes significantly. A defining relative clause is not
separated from the rest of the sentence by commas or parentheses.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Examples
The woman who visited me in the hospital was very
kind.
The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
The man who stole my backpack has been arrested.
The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.

12. English grammar and Spanish grammar
English grammar Spanish grammar
Adjectives the adjective goes before the
noun and not after
The adjective goes after the noun,
and not before
Subject Each phrase needs a subject Each phrase does not need a
subject
Nouns Nouns in English have no
gender
Nouns have gender
capital letters The days of the week, months
and languages are written in
capital letters
The days of the week, months
and languages are not written in
capital letters
Signs Admiration and question
marks are only used at the end
The signs of admiration and
interrogation are used at the
beginning and end of a sentence
Conjugations There are few conjugations There are many conjugations