Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant kingdom.Green plants are able to
synthesize carbohydrates in there systems due to the presence of an uinique structure called
chloroplast.
The chloroplasts are present only in plant kingdom which gives them the ability to trap solar
energy convert it into chemical energy along with the synthesis of carbohydrates and evolution
of oxygen, so the process of photosynthesis does not only fix the carbon di oxide but in the
process also give out oxygen.
These chloroplasts are present in diverse groups of plant kingdom and may show structural
differences . Though they exhibit variations in their structure they perform the same function.The
chloroplasts are membrane bound organnels locate din the cytoplasm and are responsible for the
trapping of solar energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and
NADPH due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll and in the process liberate oxygen from
the water molecule through a series of reactions.
The number of chloroplasts per cell vary from one organism to the other they may be varying
from 1 as seen in algae or may be upto 100 per cell as seen in higher plants.the chloroplasts
develop from a pre existing plastids known as the proplastid.whcih can develop into a variety of
plastids like the chloroplast, leucoplast amyloplast etc.
They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis .The
ancestors of chloroplasts are believed to be the cyanobacteria or the blue-green algae .They are
often found as symbionts with a number of other groups of organisms like the
fungi,pteridophytes angiosperms .The oxygen present in the atmosphere is attributed due to the
activity of these cyanobacteria.They do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organnels .
The photosynthetic apparatus is embedded into folds of the external cell membrane, called
thylakoids and contain a bluish green pigment phycocyanin and chlorophyll a.
The green algae cor the chlorophytes have a definite chloroplast whose shape may vary among
different members it may be cup shaped as seen in simple chlamydomonas , ribbon like as in
spirogyra or disc like as in higher members of the group . The main pigments are chlorophyll a, b
along with carotenoids and xanthophylls and have starch as the storage product.
the members of red algae have additional pigments in there chloroplast like phycobilins and
phycocyanins in addition to chlorophyll and the starch they make is also called as floridean
starch unique to the group.The brown algae differ from the other groups due to the presence of
the pigment fucoxanthin along with chlorophyll a and c which gives them the color.
If we move to higher group of plants like the bryophytes , Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms and the
Angiosperms the chloroplast represents a well organized double membrane structures with they
thylakoids, grana , stroma , intergaranal lamella , stromal lamella and have chlorophyll as the
main.
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. They possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular, like that of prokaryotes.
Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae is a group of prokaryotic organisms, commonly called blue-green algae. Since their cellular organization is typically prokaryotic, the current trend is to consider them not as true algae, but as monerans. Accordingly, they are now grouped under Sub-kingdom Cyanobacteria of Kingdom Monera. The name Cyanophyceae or blue-green algae denotes the presence of the blue-green pigment phycocyanin; the name Myxophyceae refers to the presence of the carotenoid pigment myxoxanthin.
(i) Most members are filamentous forms, but some are unicellular and some others are colonial.(ii) Filamentous forms consist of a linear row of cells, called trichome, enclosed by a common sheath. Trichome may have some large and thick-walled cells, called heterocysts.(iii) Cells are typically prokaryotic, without membrane-bound cell organelles and an organized nucleus.
(iv) Chief pigments are chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, myxoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, ß-carotene and leutein.(v) Reserve food include cyanophysean starch (glycogen) and cyanophysin (a protein).(vi) Protoplast is differentiated into outer chromoplasm and inner centroplasm. (vii) Flagella are altogether absent at any stage.(viii) Reproduction is asexual
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
It is a process used by plants & other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later used by organisms as a fuel. i.e; energy transformation
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. They possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular, like that of prokaryotes.
Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae is a group of prokaryotic organisms, commonly called blue-green algae. Since their cellular organization is typically prokaryotic, the current trend is to consider them not as true algae, but as monerans. Accordingly, they are now grouped under Sub-kingdom Cyanobacteria of Kingdom Monera. The name Cyanophyceae or blue-green algae denotes the presence of the blue-green pigment phycocyanin; the name Myxophyceae refers to the presence of the carotenoid pigment myxoxanthin.
(i) Most members are filamentous forms, but some are unicellular and some others are colonial.(ii) Filamentous forms consist of a linear row of cells, called trichome, enclosed by a common sheath. Trichome may have some large and thick-walled cells, called heterocysts.(iii) Cells are typically prokaryotic, without membrane-bound cell organelles and an organized nucleus.
(iv) Chief pigments are chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, myxoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, ß-carotene and leutein.(v) Reserve food include cyanophysean starch (glycogen) and cyanophysin (a protein).(vi) Protoplast is differentiated into outer chromoplasm and inner centroplasm. (vii) Flagella are altogether absent at any stage.(viii) Reproduction is asexual
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
It is a process used by plants & other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later used by organisms as a fuel. i.e; energy transformation
Based on ncert and will be suitable for notes. Covers all the domains. In this PPT nutrition is covered and it also describes the structure of chloroplast which is not described in ncert. All the questions whether objective or descriptive are covered. Might be appear lengthy but is suitable for notes.
All the best 👍
The pigment chlorophyll is found inside the chloroplasts, each leaf contains millions of chloroplasts. Inside each one, there are stacks of membranes that hold the chlorophyll molecules.
This is Due to highest Cncentration of Comon Ions.pdfannaindustries
This is Due to highest Cncentration of Comon Ions(SO42-) The reason is
\"Common Ion Effect\" (NH4)2SO4 has highest concentration of SO42-
Solution
This is Due to highest Cncentration of Comon Ions(SO42-) The reason is
\"Common Ion Effect\" (NH4)2SO4 has highest concentration of SO42-.
There is no reaction. The nearest I can think of .pdfannaindustries
There is no reaction. The nearest I can think of involving the above is: MgCl2 + 2
NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
Solution
There is no reaction. The nearest I can think of involving the above is: MgCl2 + 2
NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2 NaCl.
More Related Content
Similar to Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant king.pdf
Based on ncert and will be suitable for notes. Covers all the domains. In this PPT nutrition is covered and it also describes the structure of chloroplast which is not described in ncert. All the questions whether objective or descriptive are covered. Might be appear lengthy but is suitable for notes.
All the best 👍
The pigment chlorophyll is found inside the chloroplasts, each leaf contains millions of chloroplasts. Inside each one, there are stacks of membranes that hold the chlorophyll molecules.
This is Due to highest Cncentration of Comon Ions.pdfannaindustries
This is Due to highest Cncentration of Comon Ions(SO42-) The reason is
\"Common Ion Effect\" (NH4)2SO4 has highest concentration of SO42-
Solution
This is Due to highest Cncentration of Comon Ions(SO42-) The reason is
\"Common Ion Effect\" (NH4)2SO4 has highest concentration of SO42-.
There is no reaction. The nearest I can think of .pdfannaindustries
There is no reaction. The nearest I can think of involving the above is: MgCl2 + 2
NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
Solution
There is no reaction. The nearest I can think of involving the above is: MgCl2 + 2
NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2 NaCl.
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to gaseous.pdfannaindustries
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to gaseous O2 and water is a spontaneous
process only means H2O2 is thermodynamically unstable. The fact that H2O2 is stable for long
periods of time indicates that H2O2 is kinetically stable. Thus. Adding catalyst will speed the
decomposition reaction up cause it decreases the activation energy.
Solution
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to gaseous O2 and water is a spontaneous
process only means H2O2 is thermodynamically unstable. The fact that H2O2 is stable for long
periods of time indicates that H2O2 is kinetically stable. Thus. Adding catalyst will speed the
decomposition reaction up cause it decreases the activation energy..
Im not entirely sure what this is asking. I ass.pdfannaindustries
I\'m not entirely sure what this is asking. I assume these are two processes being
performed on the molecule shown. I\'ve seen similar reactions and not exactly the same thing.
OsO4 usually adds OH cis if I recall to the inner carbons, but the OH groups are already there.
The second part of that might add SO2? For question 2 I\'m almost certain that the initial reaction
removes the OH groups on the original molecule and makes it into an epoxide. adding hydroxide
and H20 would make it a basic environment so an H+ in solution would protonate the epoxide.
OH would attach wherever the bond to the protonated epoxide was weakest, resulting in the
initial molecule with one of the centers having inverted stereochemistry 40% sure on all of this at
best. I just had my orgo final. good luck on yours :)
Solution
I\'m not entirely sure what this is asking. I assume these are two processes being
performed on the molecule shown. I\'ve seen similar reactions and not exactly the same thing.
OsO4 usually adds OH cis if I recall to the inner carbons, but the OH groups are already there.
The second part of that might add SO2? For question 2 I\'m almost certain that the initial reaction
removes the OH groups on the original molecule and makes it into an epoxide. adding hydroxide
and H20 would make it a basic environment so an H+ in solution would protonate the epoxide.
OH would attach wherever the bond to the protonated epoxide was weakest, resulting in the
initial molecule with one of the centers having inverted stereochemistry 40% sure on all of this at
best. I just had my orgo final. good luck on yours :).
First remember that non polar compounds are solub.pdfannaindustries
First remember that non polar compounds are soluble in non polar solvents (like
benzene in acetone) and polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents (like NaCl in H2O) Now
if you consider solubility in water, all polar compounds are soluble and the structure which can
make hydrogen bonding with water is also soluble like methanol which can form hydrogen
bonding with water.. First look at the structure to identify what kind of bonds are existing, if you
see any ionic bond it will be soluble in water. inorganic base is something like NaOH which has
the basic unit OH- which can easily take a proton from an organic acid and from a bond and
hence it will be soluble. organic base is soluble when organic acid is present because acid and
base has the larger tendency to get interacted and form a complex.
Solution
First remember that non polar compounds are soluble in non polar solvents (like
benzene in acetone) and polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents (like NaCl in H2O) Now
if you consider solubility in water, all polar compounds are soluble and the structure which can
make hydrogen bonding with water is also soluble like methanol which can form hydrogen
bonding with water.. First look at the structure to identify what kind of bonds are existing, if you
see any ionic bond it will be soluble in water. inorganic base is something like NaOH which has
the basic unit OH- which can easily take a proton from an organic acid and from a bond and
hence it will be soluble. organic base is soluble when organic acid is present because acid and
base has the larger tendency to get interacted and form a complex..
There are many types of malwares like Trojans, viruses, worms, rootk.pdfannaindustries
There are many types of malwares like Trojans, viruses, worms, rootkits, and many more
We will here discuss about viruses and worms
Viruses are the programs that gets themselves replicated itself and gets into other files and
programs and destroys data or makes the file damaged so that the file becomes corrupt or
damaged. Whenever the user tries to open the infected files virus gets spread in other files.
Worms are self-activated programs. They spreads over the networks and infect the other
computers in the network without user’s knowledge and permission and sends the data of one
system to others.
Solution
There are many types of malwares like Trojans, viruses, worms, rootkits, and many more
We will here discuss about viruses and worms
Viruses are the programs that gets themselves replicated itself and gets into other files and
programs and destroys data or makes the file damaged so that the file becomes corrupt or
damaged. Whenever the user tries to open the infected files virus gets spread in other files.
Worms are self-activated programs. They spreads over the networks and infect the other
computers in the network without user’s knowledge and permission and sends the data of one
system to others..
The standard form of a complex number is a real number plusminus an.pdfannaindustries
The standard form of a complex number is a real number plus/minus an imaginary number.
Divide each term in the numerator by the denominator.
(10 + i) / 14i =
(5/7)i + (1/14) = (1/14) (5/7)i
1/14 is the real part.
(5/7)i is the imaginary part.
Solution
The standard form of a complex number is a real number plus/minus an imaginary number.
Divide each term in the numerator by the denominator.
(10 + i) / 14i =
(5/7)i + (1/14) = (1/14) (5/7)i
1/14 is the real part.
(5/7)i is the imaginary part..
Question) one or more attributes that comprise a primary key in a ro.pdfannaindustries
Question) one or more attributes that comprise a primary key in a row in a relational table
Answer ) Key attribute
Entity Integrity
Foreign Key
Composite key
Key Attribute : represents primary key. (main characteristics of an entity). It is an attribute, that
has distinct value for each entity/element in an entity set. For example, Roll number in a Student
Entity Type.
Solution
Question) one or more attributes that comprise a primary key in a row in a relational table
Answer ) Key attribute
Entity Integrity
Foreign Key
Composite key
Key Attribute : represents primary key. (main characteristics of an entity). It is an attribute, that
has distinct value for each entity/element in an entity set. For example, Roll number in a Student
Entity Type..
Please follow the code and comments for description a)CODE #.pdfannaindustries
Please follow the code and comments for description :
a)
CODE :
#include // header file
using namespace std;
double factorial(double n); // required method with the double value
int main() // main method
{
int n;
cout << \"Enter a positive integer: \"; // prompt to get the integer value
cin >> n;
cout << \"Factorial of \" << n << \" = \" << factorial(n); // calluing the function
return 0;
}
double factorial(double n)
{
if(n!=1)
return n*factorial(n-1); // returning the result
}
OUTPUT :
Enter a positive integer: 6
Factorial of 6 = 720
b)
CODE :
#include // header file
#include
using namespace std;
int main() // main method
{
int count = 0; // required initialisations
string line;
ifstream file(\"input.txt\"); //Creating input filestream
while (getline(file, line)){ // iterating over the loop to get the data and count
count++;
cout << line << endl; // printing the data
}
cout << \"Numbers of lines in the file : \" << count << endl; // print the count
return 0;
}
input.txt :
Hi
Hello
How are You
Hope Your are Doing Good
See You
Tomorrow
Good Bye
Meet
You
LAter
OUTPUT :
Hi
Hello
How are You
Hope Your are Doing Good
See You
Tomorrow
Good Bye
Meet
You
LAter
Numbers of lines in the file : 10
Hope this is helpful.
Solution
Please follow the code and comments for description :
a)
CODE :
#include // header file
using namespace std;
double factorial(double n); // required method with the double value
int main() // main method
{
int n;
cout << \"Enter a positive integer: \"; // prompt to get the integer value
cin >> n;
cout << \"Factorial of \" << n << \" = \" << factorial(n); // calluing the function
return 0;
}
double factorial(double n)
{
if(n!=1)
return n*factorial(n-1); // returning the result
}
OUTPUT :
Enter a positive integer: 6
Factorial of 6 = 720
b)
CODE :
#include // header file
#include
using namespace std;
int main() // main method
{
int count = 0; // required initialisations
string line;
ifstream file(\"input.txt\"); //Creating input filestream
while (getline(file, line)){ // iterating over the loop to get the data and count
count++;
cout << line << endl; // printing the data
}
cout << \"Numbers of lines in the file : \" << count << endl; // print the count
return 0;
}
input.txt :
Hi
Hello
How are You
Hope Your are Doing Good
See You
Tomorrow
Good Bye
Meet
You
LAter
OUTPUT :
Hi
Hello
How are You
Hope Your are Doing Good
See You
Tomorrow
Good Bye
Meet
You
LAter
Numbers of lines in the file : 10
Hope this is helpful..
Optimized Waterfall processIs a common project methodology and it.pdfannaindustries
Optimized Waterfall process:
Is a common project methodology and it is a sequential design project method that was originally
consider for software development but is now used for a diversity of project types. It is generally
having 6 phases
1. Necessities
2. Design
3. Execution
4. Verification
5. Deployment
6. Preservation
Payoffs of water fall process:
There are several payoff of water fall process as follows
a). proper for simple or smaller projects
b). Requirements are well understood
c). Easy to understand
d). Easy to manage
e). Clear milestones
f). general documentation
Pitfalls of water fall process:
a). does not allow scope changes.
b). does not allow for requirement changes.
c). No working product until near completion of project.
Solution
Optimized Waterfall process:
Is a common project methodology and it is a sequential design project method that was originally
consider for software development but is now used for a diversity of project types. It is generally
having 6 phases
1. Necessities
2. Design
3. Execution
4. Verification
5. Deployment
6. Preservation
Payoffs of water fall process:
There are several payoff of water fall process as follows
a). proper for simple or smaller projects
b). Requirements are well understood
c). Easy to understand
d). Easy to manage
e). Clear milestones
f). general documentation
Pitfalls of water fall process:
a). does not allow scope changes.
b). does not allow for requirement changes.
c). No working product until near completion of project..
Organism Entameoeba histolyticQ AIt can be analyzed by feces te.pdfannaindustries
Organism :Entameoeba histolytic
Q A
It can be analyzed by feces tests, however take note of that specific different species are difficult
to recognize by microscopy alone. Trophozoites might be found in a new fecal spread and sores
in a standard feces test. ELISA or RIA can likewise be utilized
Q B
The dynamic (trophozoite) arrange exists just in the host and in crisp free defecation; growths
make due outside the host in water, in soils, and on sustenances, particularly under wet
conditions on the last mentioned.
Q C
Distinctive monophasic media that were created for E. histolytica are the egg yolk imbuement
medium of Balamuth , Jones\' medium , and TYSGM-9 . Of the diverse media created for the
xenic development of E. histolytica, just three media, diphasic Locke-egg, Robinson\'s medium
Q D
anaerobic
QE
Microscopy utilized in an indicative clinical research facility incorporate wet planning, fixation,
and for all time recolored smears for the distinguishing proof of E. histolytica/E. dispar/E.
moshkovskii in excrement. Tiny examination of an immediate saline (wet) mount is an
exceptionally uncaring strategy (<10%) which is performed on a crisp example .The example
ought to be analyzed inside 1 h of accumulation to hunt down motile trophozoites which may
contain RBCs. Be that as it may, in patients who don\'t present with intense looseness of the
bowels, trophozoites won\'t contain RBCs. Patients with asymptomatic carriage by and large
have just growths in the fecal example. In spite of the fact that the focus procedure is useful in
exhibiting sores, the utilization of forever recolored smears (trichrome or press hematoxylin) is
an imperative technique for recuperation and distinguishing proof of Entamoeba species.
Q F Q G
In most by far of cases, disease is asymptomatic and the bearer is uninformed they are tainted.
Be that as it may, in an expected 10% of cases E. histolytica causes ailment. Once the
trophozoites are excysted they colonize the extensive gut, staying on the surface of the bodily
fluid layer and sustaining on microscopic organisms and sustenance particles. Every so often,
and in light of obscure boosts, trophozoites travel through the bodily fluid layer where they
interact with the epithelial cell layer and begin the obsessive procedure. E. histolytica has a lectin
that ties to galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine sugars on the surface of the epithelial cells, The
lectin typically is utilized to tie microscopic organisms for ingestion. The parasite has a few
catalysts, for example, pore shaping proteins, lipases, and cysteine proteases, which are regularly
used to process microbes in nourishment vacuoles yet which can bring about lysis of the
epithelial cells by instigating cell putrefaction and apoptosis when the trophozoite interacts with
them and ties through the lectin. The trophozoites will then ingest these dead cells. This harm to
the epithelial cell layer draws in human resistant cells and these thusly can be lysed by .
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant king.pdf
1. Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant kingdom.Green plants are able to
synthesize carbohydrates in there systems due to the presence of an uinique structure called
chloroplast.
The chloroplasts are present only in plant kingdom which gives them the ability to trap solar
energy convert it into chemical energy along with the synthesis of carbohydrates and evolution
of oxygen, so the process of photosynthesis does not only fix the carbon di oxide but in the
process also give out oxygen.
These chloroplasts are present in diverse groups of plant kingdom and may show structural
differences . Though they exhibit variations in their structure they perform the same function.The
chloroplasts are membrane bound organnels locate din the cytoplasm and are responsible for the
trapping of solar energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and
NADPH due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll and in the process liberate oxygen from
the water molecule through a series of reactions.
The number of chloroplasts per cell vary from one organism to the other they may be varying
from 1 as seen in algae or may be upto 100 per cell as seen in higher plants.the chloroplasts
develop from a pre existing plastids known as the proplastid.whcih can develop into a variety of
plastids like the chloroplast, leucoplast amyloplast etc.
They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis .The
ancestors of chloroplasts are believed to be the cyanobacteria or the blue-green algae .They are
often found as symbionts with a number of other groups of organisms like the
fungi,pteridophytes angiosperms .The oxygen present in the atmosphere is attributed due to the
activity of these cyanobacteria.They do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organnels .
The photosynthetic apparatus is embedded into folds of the external cell membrane, called
thylakoids and contain a bluish green pigment phycocyanin and chlorophyll a.
The green algae cor the chlorophytes have a definite chloroplast whose shape may vary among
different members it may be cup shaped as seen in simple chlamydomonas , ribbon like as in
spirogyra or disc like as in higher members of the group . The main pigments are chlorophyll a, b
along with carotenoids and xanthophylls and have starch as the storage product.
the members of red algae have additional pigments in there chloroplast like phycobilins and
phycocyanins in addition to chlorophyll and the starch they make is also called as floridean
starch unique to the group.The brown algae differ from the other groups due to the presence of
the pigment fucoxanthin along with chlorophyll a and c which gives them the color.
If we move to higher group of plants like the bryophytes , Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms and the
Angiosperms the chloroplast represents a well organized double membrane structures with they
thylakoids, grana , stroma , intergaranal lamella , stromal lamella and have chlorophyll as the
2. main pigment and the reserve food material is strach.
Thus among plants there is great diversity in the structure and composition of the chloroplast but
they take up one main function photosynthesis.
similarly among plants the reproductive structures also vary in different groups starting from
primitive asexual to advanced sexual methods of reproduction.In lower plant groups starting
from algae to pteridophytes we see avariety of asexual reproduction like spore
formation,budding, fragmentation etc.
In higher plants it is seen by the production of rhizomes tubers bulbs etc.
similarly the organisazation of sexual reproductive units into the cone of gymnosperms ,
formation of naked seeds when compared to the formation of flowers which protect the ovule
and a protected embryo within the seed all show diversity in there structure but the function
remains same.
In Gymnosperms male and female cones are borne on different plants and pollination is mainly
by wind. the male cones have microsporop[hylls which inturn bear the microsporangia that in
turn produce the microspores or the pollen grains while the female cones have megasporophylls
which in turn bear the meagspoarngia. They are naot well protected and the seeeds formed are
exposed and hence the name gymnosperms meaning naked seed.Double fertilization is also
absent in gymnosperms.
In Angiosperms the highest group among plants they are called the flowering plants and
produces the pollen grains in special structure called the anther and the ovule inside a well
protected ovary and hence here the embryo is also well protected inside the seed.
thus we see diversity in reproductive structure among different groups.
Solution
Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant kingdom.Green plants are able to
synthesize carbohydrates in there systems due to the presence of an uinique structure called
chloroplast.
The chloroplasts are present only in plant kingdom which gives them the ability to trap solar
energy convert it into chemical energy along with the synthesis of carbohydrates and evolution
of oxygen, so the process of photosynthesis does not only fix the carbon di oxide but in the
process also give out oxygen.
These chloroplasts are present in diverse groups of plant kingdom and may show structural
differences . Though they exhibit variations in their structure they perform the same function.The
chloroplasts are membrane bound organnels locate din the cytoplasm and are responsible for the
trapping of solar energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and
3. NADPH due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll and in the process liberate oxygen from
the water molecule through a series of reactions.
The number of chloroplasts per cell vary from one organism to the other they may be varying
from 1 as seen in algae or may be upto 100 per cell as seen in higher plants.the chloroplasts
develop from a pre existing plastids known as the proplastid.whcih can develop into a variety of
plastids like the chloroplast, leucoplast amyloplast etc.
They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis .The
ancestors of chloroplasts are believed to be the cyanobacteria or the blue-green algae .They are
often found as symbionts with a number of other groups of organisms like the
fungi,pteridophytes angiosperms .The oxygen present in the atmosphere is attributed due to the
activity of these cyanobacteria.They do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organnels .
The photosynthetic apparatus is embedded into folds of the external cell membrane, called
thylakoids and contain a bluish green pigment phycocyanin and chlorophyll a.
The green algae cor the chlorophytes have a definite chloroplast whose shape may vary among
different members it may be cup shaped as seen in simple chlamydomonas , ribbon like as in
spirogyra or disc like as in higher members of the group . The main pigments are chlorophyll a, b
along with carotenoids and xanthophylls and have starch as the storage product.
the members of red algae have additional pigments in there chloroplast like phycobilins and
phycocyanins in addition to chlorophyll and the starch they make is also called as floridean
starch unique to the group.The brown algae differ from the other groups due to the presence of
the pigment fucoxanthin along with chlorophyll a and c which gives them the color.
If we move to higher group of plants like the bryophytes , Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms and the
Angiosperms the chloroplast represents a well organized double membrane structures with they
thylakoids, grana , stroma , intergaranal lamella , stromal lamella and have chlorophyll as the
main pigment and the reserve food material is strach.
Thus among plants there is great diversity in the structure and composition of the chloroplast but
they take up one main function photosynthesis.
similarly among plants the reproductive structures also vary in different groups starting from
primitive asexual to advanced sexual methods of reproduction.In lower plant groups starting
from algae to pteridophytes we see avariety of asexual reproduction like spore
formation,budding, fragmentation etc.
In higher plants it is seen by the production of rhizomes tubers bulbs etc.
similarly the organisazation of sexual reproductive units into the cone of gymnosperms ,
formation of naked seeds when compared to the formation of flowers which protect the ovule
and a protected embryo within the seed all show diversity in there structure but the function
remains same.
4. In Gymnosperms male and female cones are borne on different plants and pollination is mainly
by wind. the male cones have microsporop[hylls which inturn bear the microsporangia that in
turn produce the microspores or the pollen grains while the female cones have megasporophylls
which in turn bear the meagspoarngia. They are naot well protected and the seeeds formed are
exposed and hence the name gymnosperms meaning naked seed.Double fertilization is also
absent in gymnosperms.
In Angiosperms the highest group among plants they are called the flowering plants and
produces the pollen grains in special structure called the anther and the ovule inside a well
protected ovary and hence here the embryo is also well protected inside the seed.
thus we see diversity in reproductive structure among different groups.