The document discusses various photographic elements that impact the design of an image, including focus, depth of field, optics, exposure, and movement. It explains that focus draws the viewer's attention and is a choice of what to emphasize. Wide angle lenses provide depth perception while telephoto lenses compress space. Exposure impacts brightness and contrast, and flare, glare, and silhouettes are lighting techniques. Motion and the decisive moment of anticipation are also addressed.

1. photographic elements Chapter 3 continued

2. Focus Sharp focus is an accepted standard The question of where to focus is usually very obvious, but can be used as a design element Focus is so engrained into us that whatever is in focus becomes the point of attention You have to make the decision of what to focus on what kind of depth of field you want. In dark situations you may be limited to shallow depth of field, but in brighter situations it is a choice you will need to make

3. Focus Focus contains a directionality from unsharp to sharp Think about your lens ’s focal length and its affect on focus and depth of field

4. Focus and movement from focus

5. Selective Focus Choosing one specific are to focus on gives to viewer a clear idea of what the photographer wants them to look at Having the out of focus parts of the frame still be intelligible helps this affect also Selective focus is a decision in depth of field

6. selective focus

10. Designsponge.com

11. Designsponge.com

12. Designsponge.com

13. Designsponge.com

14. Motion The range of sharp to unsharp can also be controlled with the use of motion and motion blur Motion blur can be caused by camera shake(a jerky ghosting effect), streaking from a moving subject, and panning…there are also combinations of these There is also a technique called rear curtain shutter technique in which the subject is blurred from a long exposure and then a flash is shot off at the end of the exposure to superimpose a sharp shot on top of the blurred shot

15. motion

16. motion blur

24. Moment Only completely static objects do not concern timing Timing can concern milliseconds of a quick action or the hours waited to get the best light for a shot The “Decisive Moment” is that moment when the elements in motion are in balance Henri Cartier-Bresson This action, whatever it may be, inevitably affects the design of the photograph As a photographer, you must try to anticipate the composition as the objects move in your scene

25. Moment/repetitive action

26. anticipation

32. Optics Photography is made optically, so lens type is very important to the design process Focal length affects the geometry of the image as well as the focus and depth of field Some lenses can also change the shape of objects, like fisheye or tilt lenses The focal length affects the angle of view and thus affects the linear structure of an image as well as depth perception and size relationships

33. Wide angle optics Shorter focal length means wider angle of view Taken with little foreground there will be little change made to the perception of depth, but with a foreground a wide angle lens gives and impressive sense of depth Wide angle also tends to produce diagonal lines which increases dynamic tension They also encourage a subjective point of view drawing the viewer into the scene On the edges of a wide angle lens there is a stretching effect which helps to envelope the viewer like a circle It also emphasizes that the scene continues beyond the frame

34. optics/wide angle

35. wide angle dynamic lines

36. wide angle perspective effects

45. Telephoto Optics Telephoto lenses have a strong tendency to compress objects Make objects that are far apart appear closer together With a telephoto lens, you are taking the photo from further away and this give a more objective view

46. optics/400mm

47. telephoto compression

51. Fisheye Circular fisheye allows you to see the round edges of the lense Full frame fisheye covers the entire sensor filling the rectangular frame

54. Tilt Lens Titling the lens tilts the plane of focus Even at the smallest aperture you can distribute the focus at will The sensor or film plane can also be tilted which will have this affect on the focus but will also stretch the image in the direction the sensor is tilted

56. tilt lens

60. Exposure Exposure also plays a role Exposure is assumed to have one possibility We tend to look at the brightest thing in the image first High contrast calls attention to darks and lights while low contrast allows the eye to wander over the image

61. lighter exposure

62. darker exposure

63. Flare -happens when you point your camera at a light source -Can take on many different appearances -it’s helpful to have an object halfway block the light -consider using a polarizing filter if you want strong starburst type flare **Flare is technically considered incorrect

64. Flare

65. Flare

66. Flare

68. Glare -glare is often mistaken for flare FLARE AND GLARE ARE NOT THE SAME -glare happens when a bright light is REFLECTED off of a shiny object

69. Silhouette -you must have your subject in a relatively dark place with a strong light coming from behind -you are using backlighting to make a creative exposure -meter the light coming from behind your subject rather than on your subject -bracket to make sure you got a pure silhouette

70. Silhouette

71. Silhouette