The document discusses several philosophical movements in education throughout history: - The Renaissance period saw a revival of learning through events like the printing press and Columbus' discovery of America. Humanism emerged as a philosophy emphasizing individual potential and liberation from oppressive institutions. - The Reformation began as a protest against the Roman Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther who posted his 95 theses in 1517. - Various philosophers contributed new ideas about education, including Montaigne emphasizing field trips, Comenius advocating visual aids, Bacon suggesting inductive learning, and Dewey postulating "learning by doing." - Rousseau influenced naturalism with the idea that education should follow a child's nature, while

1. Philosophical Movements in Education

2. Renaissance
- It is derived from the Latin word
‘renaistre’ meaning to be born again.
It is considered as the revival of
ancient learning brought about by
the discovery of the ‘New World’ of
Christopher Columbus, the
fascinating of Marco Polo about the
wealth and technology of the East.
(i.e. China under Kublai Khan), the
invention of the printing press and
other events during the latter part of
the medieval period.

3. Renaissance Period
Gutenburg Perfect Printing
C. Columbus discovered
America

4. HUMANISM
- it was one of the various philosophies that
flourished during the renaissance period. It is the
philosophy which holds the idea that education
aims to liberate man from the oppressive and
demanding Medieval institutions like the church
and the state, so as to enable him to fully
develop his potentials.

5. - It was caused by the massive corruption in the
Roman Catholic Church and the sale of indulgences.
The movement highlighted the protests of the people
who were devastated by the policies of the Roman
Catholic Church.
REFORMATION

6. Martin Luther (1483-1549)
Father of Reformation who wrote the
95 theses, denouncing the Catholic
church and posted it in the doorpost of
his Cathedral (Wittenburg) on October
31, 1517.

7. Philip Melanchthon
- Educational reformer.
He published the
“Report or Book of
Visitation” which is
considered as the first
educational survey in
history.

8. John Milton (1608-1674)
Believed that boys should study
formal grammar and formal
education must be emphasized. He
advocated the use of resource persons.

9. Francois Rabelais (1483-1553)
He suggested that
education should be
made attractive rather
than compulsive.
All learning should be
made pleasant.
Education should be
gained through books.

10. Michael de Montaigne (1533-1592)
He emphasize the
use of field
trips/educational
tours in the
teaching-learning
process.
Introduced the
concept of
finishing schools.

11. John Amos Comenius (1592-1670)
He wrote “Orbis
Pictus Sensualism”
of the World of
Sensible Things
Pictured which is
considered as the
first textbook on
the use of visual
aids in classroom
teaching.
He organized a
school system from
pre-school to the
university.
He also advocated
the ff:
- older children should stay longer in school, and younger ones
should stay in school only for a short period a day.
- morning hour should be devoted to for intellectual subjects while
subject for physical and aesthetic development should be given in
the afternoon.
- the level of teaching should be suited to the understanding of
children.

12. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
He suggested the
use the inductive
method of
learning.
He believed that
all scientific
progress must be
based on nature.

13. Richard Mulcaster (1531-1611)
He argued that
education should be in
accordance with mature
of the child and its aim is
to secure the expression
and development of
childish tendencies and
not to suppress them.
He required to obtain
university training like
lawyers, minister, etc.
He developed teacher
training colleges
(Normal School).

14. Wolfgang Ratke (1571-1635)
He advocated that
everything should
constantly be
repeated to ensure
mastery.
He argued that
everything should
be without
compulsion and rote
learning should be
by all means be
avoided.

15. He believed that:
• education must be democratic. The aim of
education is social efficiency; utilization rather
than subordination for the capacity of the
individual.
• public school is the chief means to achieve the
above mentioned purpose of education.
• education is life and not just a preparation of
life.
• he postulated the famous “Learning by Doing
Dictum” which states that the learner learns best
if he is an active participant in the teaching-
learning process.
John Dewey (1856-1952)

16. NATURALISM
• is an educational philosophy which adheres to the
belief that education should be in accordance with the
nature of the child.
• all educational practices should be focused towards
the natural development of all the innate talents and
abilities of the child. The outstanding personality
involved in naturalism in education was Jean Jacques
Rousseau (1712-1778) who wrote several books on
policies and education like the Social Contract, Emile,
etc.
• Emile is considered as the “gospel of the child’s
educational freedom”.
• Rousseau believed that man at birth is naturally good,
societal influences make man evil and that the
stronger the body, the more it obeys; the weaker the
body, the more it commands.

17. • A philosophy is based on discipline. It advanced the
idea based on Aristotle’s faculty psychology that the
human mind is composed of several faculties such
as memory, reason, will, judgment, etc. and the
power in any faculty can be developed through
training and proper discipline.
• It advocated that mastery of mathematics and
linguistics ensures mastery of other subjects. The
foremost exponent of this philosophy was John
Locke (1632-1714) who believed that when the child
is born his mind can be compared to a “tabula rasa”,
or a blank tablet and experiences will be the ones to
write on the tablet.
DISCIPLINISM

18. Based on the tenets of this movement, education is
looked upon as the process geared toward the
propagation, perpetuation and amelioration of
the society and the total development of an
individual.