anti microbial drugs, aminoglycosides, penicilins, anti TB, anti leprotic, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, antiamoebic, wormicides, anticancer, immunosuppresant, antiseptic disinfectant, ectoparasitics, chelating agents

1. PHARMACOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
OF DRUGS
Siddhant S. Bansode
M.Pharm (Pharmacology)

2. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

3. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
A. Chemical Structure
1. Sulfonamides And Related Drugs: Sulfadiazine
And Others, Sulfones—dapsone (DDS), Paraaminosalicylic Acid (PAS).
2. Diaminopyrimidines: Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine.
3. Quinolones: Nalidixic Acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Prulifloxacin, Etc.
4. Â-lactam Antibiotics: Penicillin's, Cephalosporins, Monobactams,
Carbapenems.
5. Tetracyclines: Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Etc.
6. Nitrobenzene Derivative: Chloramphenicol.
7. Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Neomycin, Etc.
8. Macrolide Antibiotics: Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Etc.
9. Lincosamide Antibiotics: Lincomycin, Clindamycin.
10. Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin.
11. Oxazolidinone: Linezolid.
12. Polypeptide Antibiotics: Polymyxin-b,
Colistin, Bacitracin, Tyrothricin.
13. Nitrofuran Derivatives: Nitrofurantoin,
Furazolidone.
14. Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole, Tinidazole,
Etc.
15. Nicotinic Acid Derivatives: Isoniazid,
Pyrazinamide, Ethionamide.
16. Polyene Antibiotics: Nystatin, Amphotericin-
B, Hamycin.
17. Azole Derivatives: Miconazole, Clotrimazole,
Ketoconazole, Fluconazole.
18. Others: Rifampin, Spectinomycin, Sod.
Fusidate, Cycloserine, Viomycin, Ethambutol,
Thiacetazone, Clofazimine, Griseofulvin.

4. B. Mechanism Of Action
1. Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis: Penicillins, Cephalosporins,
Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Bacitracin.
2. Cause Leakage From Cell Membranes:
Polypeptides—polymyxins, Colistin, Bacitracin.
Polyenes—amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin.
3. Inhibit Protein Synthesis: Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol,
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Linezolid.
4. Cause Misreading Of M-rna Code And
Affect Permeability: Aminoglycosides— Streptomycin,
Gentamicin, Etc.
5. Inhibit DNA Gyrase: Fluoroquinolones— Ciprofloxacin
And Others.
6. Interfere With DNA Function: Rifampin.
7. Interfere With DNA Synthesis: Acyclovir, Zidovudine.
8. Interfere With Intermediary Metabolism:
Sulfonamides, Sulfones, PAS, Trimethoprim,
Pyrimethamine, Metronidazole.
C. Type Of Organisms Against Which
Primarily Active
1. Antibacterial: Penicillins, Aminoglycosides,
Erythromycin, Fluoroquinolones, Etc.
2. Antifungal: Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B,
Ketoconazole, Etc.
3. Antiviral: Acyclovir, Amantadine, Zidovudine,
Etc.
4. Antiprotozoal: Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine,
Metronidazole, Diloxanide, Etc.
5. Anthelmintic: Mebendazole, Pyrantel, Niclosamide
Diethyl Carbamazine, Etc.
D. Spectrum Of Activity
Narrow-spectrum Broad-spectrum
Penicillin G Tetracyclines
Streptomycin Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin

5. E. Type Of Action
Primarily Bacteriostatic:
Sulfonamides Erythromycin
Tetracyclines Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol Linezolid
Ethambutol
Primarily Bactericidal:
Penicillins Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides Vancomycin
Polypeptides Ciprofloxacin
Rifampin Metronidazole
Isoniazid Cotrimoxazole
Pyrazinamide
F. Antibiotics Are Obtained From:
Fungi:
Penicillin Griseofulvin
Cephalosporin
Bacteria:
Polymyxin B Tyrothricin
Colistin Aztreonam
Bacitracin
Actinomycetes:
Aminoglycosides Macrolides
Tetracyclines Polyenes
Chloramphenicol

6. SULFONAMIDES
1. Short acting (4–8 hr): Sulfadiazine
2. Intermediate acting (8–12 hr):
Sulfamethoxazole
3. Long acting (~7 days): Sulfadoxine,
Sulfamethopyrazine
4. Special purpose sulfonamides:
Sulfacetamide sod., Mafenide, Silver
sulfadiazine, Sulfasalazine
PENICILLINS
1. Acid-resistant alternative to penicillin G
Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V).
2. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Methicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin.
3. Extended spectrum penicillins
(a) Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin,
Bacampicillin, Amoxicillin.
(b) Carboxypenicillins: Carbenicillin.
(c) Ureidopenicillins: Piperacillin,
Mezlocillin.
β-lactamase inhibitors Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam, Tazobactam
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Systemic aminoglycosides
Streptomycin
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Sisomicin
Kanamycin
Netilmicin
Tobramycin
Paromomycin
Topical aminoglycosides
Neomycin
Framycetin

7. ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
1. First line drugs:
1. Isoniazid (H)
2. Rifampin (R)
3. Pyrazinamide (Z)
4. Ethambutol (E)
5. Streptomycin (S)
2. Second line drugs:
• Ethionamide (Eto) Fluoroquinolones
• Prothionamide (Pto) • Ofloxacin (Ofx)
• Cycloserine (Cs) • Levofloxacin (Lvx/Lfx)
• Terizidone (Trd) • Moxifloxacin (Mfx)
• Para-aminosalicylic • Ciprofloxacin (Cfx)
acid (PAS)
Injectable drugs
• Rifabutin • Kanamycin (Km)
• Thiacetazone (Thz) • Amikacin (Am)
• Capreomycin (Cm)
ANTILEPROTIC DRUGS
1. Sulfone: Dapsone (DDS)
2. Phenazine derivative: Clofazimine
3. Antitubercular drugs: Rifampin,
Ethionamide
4. Other antibiotics: Ofloxacin,
Moxifloxacin,
Minocycline,
Clarithromycin

8. ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
1. Antibiotics
A. Polyenes: Amphotericin B (AMB),
Nystatin, Hamycin
B. Echinocandins:Caspofungin, Micafungin,
Anidulafungin
C. Heterocyclic benzofuran: Griseofulvin
2. Antimetabolite Flucytosine (5-FC)
3. Azoles: A. Imidazoles
Topical: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole,
Oxiconazole
Systemic: Ketoconazole
B. Triazoles: Fluconazole, (systemic)Itraconazole,
Voriconazole, Posaconazole
4. Allylamine: Terbinafine
5. Other topical agents: Tolnaftate, Undecylenic acid,
Benzoic acid, Quiniodochlor, Ciclopirox olamine,
Butenafine, Sod. thiosulfate.
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
1. Anti-Herpes virus: Idoxuridine, Trifluridine, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir,
Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir, Foscarnet,
Fomivirsen
2. Anti-Influenza virus: Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir,
Zanamivir
3. Anti-Hepatitis virus/Nonselective antiviral Drugs:
Primarily for hepatitis B: Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Tenofovir
Primarily for hepatitis C: Ribavirin, Interferon α
4. Anti-Retrovirus
(a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs): Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine, Stavudine,
Lamivudine, Abacavir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir (Nt RTI)
(b) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs):
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine
(c) Protease inhibitors: Ritonavir, Atazanavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir,
Saquinavir, Amprenavir, Lopinavir
(d) Entry (Fusion) inhibitor: Enfuvirtide
(e) CCR5 receptor inhibitor: Maraviroc
(f) Integrase inhibitor: Raltegravir

9. ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
1. 4-Aminoquinolines: Chloroquine (CQ), Amodiaquine (AQ), Piperaquine
2. Quinoline-methanol: Mefloquine
3. Cinchona alkaloid: Quinine, Quinidine
4. Biguanide: Proguanil (Chloroguanide)
5. Diaminopyrimidine: Pyrimethamine
6. 8-Aminoquinoline: Primaquine, Tafenoquine
7. Sulfonamides: Sulfadoxine and sulfone Sulfamethopyrazine, Dapsone
8. Antibiotics: Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Clindamycin
9. Sesquiterpine: Artesunate lactones, Artemether, Arteether, Arterolane
10. Amino alcohols: Halofantrine, Lumefantrine
11. Naphthyridine: Pyronaridine
12. Naphthoquinone: Atovaquone
ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
1. Tissue amoebicides:
(a) For both intestinal and extraintestinal
amoebiasis: Nitroimidazoles:
Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Secnidazole,
Ornidazole, Satranidazole
Alkaloids: Emetine, Dehydroemetine
(b) For extraintestinal amoebiasis only:
Chloroquine
2. Luminal amoebicides
(a) Amide : Diloxanide furoate, Nitazoxanide
(b) 8-Hydroxyquinolines: Quiniodochlor
(Iodochlorohydroxyquin, Clioquinol),
Diiodohydroxyquin (Iodoquinol)
(c) Antibiotics: Tetracyclines, Paromomycin

10. Worm First choice drugs Alternative drugs
1. ROUNDWORM Mebendazole, Albendazole, Piperazine, Levamisole
Ascaris lumbricoides Pyrantel Ivermectin
2. HOOKWORM
Ancylostoma Pyrantel, Mebendazole, Levamisole
duodenale Albendazole
Necator americanus Mebendazole, Albendazole Pyrantel
3. PIN WORM Pyrantel, Mebendazole, Piperazine
Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis Albendazole
4. THREAD WORM
Strongyloides stercoralis Ivermectin Albendazole
5. WHIPWORM
Trichuris trichiura Mebendazole Albendazole
6. Trichinella spiralis Albendazole Mebendazole
7. FILARIA Diethyl carbamazine, Albendazole
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi Ivermectin
8. GUINEAWORM Metronidazole Mebendazole
Dracunculus medinensis
9. TAPEWORMS
Taenia saginata Praziquantel, Niclosamide Albendazole
Taenia solium Praziquantel Niclosamide, Albendazole
Hymenolepis nana Praziquantel Niclosamide, Nitazoxanide
Neurocysticercosis Albendazole Praziquantel
10. HYDATID DISEASE
Echinococcus granulosus, Albendazole Mebendazole
E. multilocularis Albendazole

11. ANTICANCER DRUGS
A. Cytotoxic Drugs
1. Alkylating agents Mechlorethamine
Nitrogen mustards (Mustine HCl)
Cyclophosphamide,
Ifosfamide,
Chlorambucil,
Melphalan
Ethylenimine Thio-TEPA
Alkyl sulfonate Busulfan
Nitrosoureas Carmustine (BCNU),
Lomustine (CCNU)
Triazine Dacarbazine (DTIC),
Temozolomide
Methylhydrazine Procarbazine
2. Platinum Cisplatin,
coordination Carboplatin,
complexes Oxaliplatin
3. Antimetabolites
Folate Methotrexate (Mtx)
antagonist Pemetrexed
Purine 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP),
antagonist 6-Thioguanine (6-TG),
Azathioprine, Fludarabine
Pyrimidine 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU),
antagonist Capecitabine, Cytarabine
(cytosine arabinoside)
4. Microtubule Vincristine (Oncovin),
damaging Vinblastine, Vinorelbine
agents Paclitaxel, Docetaxel
Estramustine
5. Topoisomerase-2 Etoposide
inhibitors
6. Topoisomerase-1 Topotecan,
inhibitors Irinotecan
7. Antibiotics Actinomycin D
(Dactinomycin),
Doxorubicin,
Daunorubicin
(Rubidomycin),
Epirubicin,
Mitoxantrone,
Bleomycins,
Mitomycin C
8. Miscellaneous Hydroxyurea,
L-Asparaginase,
Tretinoin,
Arsenic trioxide

12. B. Targeted drugs
1. Tyrosine protein- Imatinib,
kinase inhibitors Nilotinib
2. EGF receptor Gefitinib,
Erlotinib
inhibitors Cetuximab
3. Angiogenesis Bevacizumab
inhibitors Sunitinib
4. Proteasome Bortezomib
inhibitor
5. Unarmed Rituximab,
monoclonal Trastuzumab
antibody
C. Hormonal drugs
1. Glucocorticoids Prednisolone and
others
2. Estrogens Fosfestrol,
Ethinylestradiol
3. Selective estrogen Tamoxifen,
receptor modulators Toremifene
4. Selective estrogen Fulvestrant
receptor down
regulators
5. Aromatase Letrozole,
inhibitors Anastrozole,
Exemestane
6. Antiandrogen Flutamide,
Bicalutamide
7. 5-α reductase Finasteride,
inhibitor Dutasteride
8. GnRH analogues Nafarelin, Leuprorelin
Triptorelin
9. Progestins Hydroxyprogesterone
acetate, etc.

13. IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS
1. Calcineurin inhibitors
(Specific T-cell inhibitors)
Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin), Tacrolimus
2. m-TOR inhibitors
Sirolimus, Everolimus
3. Antiproliferative drugs (Cytotoxic drugs)
Azathioprine, Methotrexate,
Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil,
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
4. Glucocorticoids
Prednisolone and others
5. Biological agents
(a) TNFα inhibitors: Etanercept,
Infliximab, Adalimumab
(b) IL-1 receptor antagonist: Anakinra
(c) IL-2 receptor antagonists: Daclizumab,
(anti CD-25 antibodies) Basiliximab
(d) Anti CD-3 antibody: Muromonab CD3
(e) Polyclonal antibodies: Antithymocyte
antibody (ATG), Rho (D) immune globulin.
ANTISEPTICS, DISINFECTANTS AND ECTOPARASITICIDES
1. Phenol derivatives: Phenol, Cresol,
Hexylresorcinol, Chloroxylenol,
Hexachlorophene.
2. Oxidizing agents: Pot. permangnate,
Hydrogen peroxide, Benzoyl peroxide.
3. Halogens: Iodine, Iodophores, Chlorine,
Chlorophores.
4. Biguanide: Chlorhexidine.
5. Quaternary ammonium (Cationic): Cetrimide,
Benzalkonium chloride, Dequalinium
chloride.
6. Soaps: of Sod. and Pot.
7. Alcohols: Ethanol, Isopropanol.
8. Aldehydes: Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde.
9. Acids: Boric acid, Acetic acid.
10. Metallic salts: Silver nitrate, Silver
sulfadiazine, Mild silver protein, Zinc
sulfate, Calamine, Zinc oxide.
11. Dyes: Gentian violet, Acriflavine, Proflavine.
12. Furan derivative: Nitrofurazone.

14. ECTOPARASITICIDES
Drugs used are:
Permethrin
Sulfur
Lindane (BHC)
Dicophane (DDT)
Benzyl benzoate
Ivermectin
Crotamiton
CHELATING AGENTS
Chelating agents useful as drugs are:
Dimercaprol (BAL)
Calcium disodium DTPA
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer)
Penicillamine
Desferrioxamine
Disodium edetate
Deferiprone
Calcium disodium
edetate