ADME is a very important term used in pharmacology. "A" means absorption, "D" is for distribution, "M" is for metabolism and "E" is for excretion of drug in our body.
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, it's a detail description about how drug is made available in market it's development and discovery of drug The Hole Study is given in This Topic.
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, it's a detail description about how drug is made available in market it's development and discovery of drug The Hole Study is given in This Topic.
This is the material for the 2nd week meeting on Food and Drugs Interaction for Nutrition students. This topic will cover the drug metabolism, looking at the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics of Drug_Pharmacology Course_Muhammad Kamal Hossain.pptxMuhammad Kamal Hossain
Pharmacokinetics is defined as the kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and their relationship with the pharmacological, therapeutic or toxicological response in man and animals.
The purpose of studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is to understand the drug action, therapy, design, development and evaluation.
PHARMACOKINETIC: It is a branch of Pharmacology which deals with the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion / Elimination.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of “What the body does to the drug”
PHARMACODYNAMIC:
Pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiologic effect of drug. It is the study of “What the drug does to the body”
Objectives for this present are to define:
terminology
explain principles of drug action
describe pharmacokinetic functions
principles of pharmacodynamics
identify adverse drug reactions
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
ADME
1. ADME
Presented by
Md. Ashfaq Aziz
ID: 1925486670
Course title: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Course code: BBT 695
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology
North South University
2. Introduction
■ ADME is an abbreviation in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for
"absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion", and describes
the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within a body.
■ The four criteria all influence the drug levels and kinetics of drug
exposure to the tissues and hence influence the performance and
pharmacological activity of the compound as a drug.
3. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
■ Pharmacokinetics: How the drug concentration change as it moves through
the different compartments of our body.
■ Pharmacodynamics: How does the drug exert its effect on our body.
■ Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a body affects a drug, whereas
pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism.
Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in
PK/PD models.
4. ADME
The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME
scheme:
1. Absorption – the process of a substance entering the blood circulation.
2. Distribution – the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of
the body.
3. Metabolism (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the irreversible transformation of parent
compounds into daughter metabolites.
4. Excretion – the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly
accumulate in body tissue.
5. 1. Absorption
■ For a drug compound to reach a tissue, it usually must be taken into the bloodstream -
often via mucous surfaces like the digestive tract (intestinal absorption) - before being
taken up by the target cells.
6. Routes of Drug Administration
Routes of Drug
Administration
Enteral Parenteral Topical
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Intradermal
Eye
Nose
Ears
Lungs
Vagina
Urethra
Colon
7. Different Mechanism of Drug Absorption
• Passive transport
– Diffusion
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
– Osmosis: Aquaporins
• Active transport
– Energy is required for this process
– Primary & secondary active transport mechanism
• Vesicular transport
– Endocytosis
• Receptor mediated endocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Bulk phase endocytosis (pinocytosis)
– Exocytosis
– Transcytosis: Placental circulation of antibody from mother to fetus
8.
9. 2. Distribution
■ The drug compound needs to be carried to its effector site, most often
via the bloodstream. From there, the compound may distribute into
muscle and organs, usually to differing extents. After entry into the
systemic circulation, either by intravascular injection or by absorption
from any of the various extracellular sites, the drug is subjected to
numerous distribution processes that tend to lower its plasma
concentration.
10. Volume of Distribution (V)
■ Definition: Apparent Volume of distribution is defined as the volume that would
accommodate all the drugs in the body, if the concentration was the same as in
plasma.
■ Expressed as: in Liters
Dose administered IV
V =
Plasma concentration
12. 3. Metabolism
■ Drugs begin to break down as soon as they enter the body. The majority of small-molecule drug
metabolism is carried out in the liver by redox enzymes, termed cytochrome P450 enzymes. As
metabolism occurs, the initial (parent) compound is converted to new compounds called
metabolites. When metabolites are pharmacologically inert, metabolism deactivates the
administered dose of parent drug and this usually reduces the effects on the body. Metabolites
may also be pharmacologically active, sometimes more so than the parent drug.
■ Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism:
• Age
• Disease
• Species Differences
• Heredity/ Genetics
• Sex; Pregnancy
• Environmental Factors
• Drug Dose
• Enzyme Induction
• Enzyme Inhibition
• Diet
13. Phases of Drug Metabolism
Metabolism
Phase I metabolism
It produces more
hydrophilic molecule to
be easily removed from
the body
Phase II metabolism
It makes the drug less
lipid soluble and more
easily excreted
Oxidation
Makes drug electrophilic
Reduction
Makes drug nucleophilic
Hydrolysis
Makes drug nucleophilic
Glucuronide conjugation
Acetylation
Methylation
Sulfate conjugation
Glycine conjugation
Glutathione conjugation
Ribonucleoside/nucleotide synthesis
14. 4. Excretion
■ Drugs and their metabolites need to be removed from the body via excretion,
usually through the kidneys (urine) or in the feces. Unless excretion is complete,
accumulation of foreign substances can adversely affect normal metabolism.
■ There are three main sites where drug excretion occurs.
-(1) The kidney is the most important site and it is where products are excreted
through urine.
-(2) Biliary excretion or fecal excretion is the process that initiates in the liver and
passes through to the gut until the products are finally excreted along with waste
products or feces.
-(3) The last main method of excretion is through the lungs (e.g. anesthetic gases)
15. Mechanisms of Excretion
■ Excretion of drugs by the kidney involves 3 main mechanisms:
1. Glomerular filtration of unbound drug.
2. Active secretion of (free & protein-bound) drug by transporters (e.g. anions
such as urate, penicillin, glucuronide, sulfate conjugates) or cations such as
choline, histamine.
3. Filtrate 100-fold concentrated in tubules for a favorable concentration
gradient so that it may be secreted by passive diffusion and passed out
through the urine.
