This document discusses pharmacokinetics concepts related to drug absorption and distribution. It defines pharmacokinetics as what the body does to drugs and pharmacodynamics as what drugs do to the body. It describes factors that influence drug absorption like pharmaceutical form, gastrointestinal contents, and concurrent medications. It also explains distribution is determined by vascularization, lipid solubility, and protein binding. Drugs must cross membranes to reach systemic circulation unless administered intravenously.
The purpose of studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is to understand the drug action, therapy, design, development and evaluation.
PHARMACOKINETIC: It is a branch of Pharmacology which deals with the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion / Elimination.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of “What the body does to the drug”
PHARMACODYNAMIC:
Pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiologic effect of drug. It is the study of “What the drug does to the body”
1.0.bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy determinationsalummkata1
Bioavailability is a measure of the rate and fraction of the initial dose of a drug that successfully reaches either; the site of action or the bodily fluid domain from which the drug’s intended targets have unimpeded access.
For majority purposes, bioavailability is defined as the fraction of the active form of a drug that reaches systemic circulation unaltered. This definition assumes 100% of the active drug that enters systemic circulation will successfully reach the target site. However, it should be appreciated that this definition is not inclusive of drugs that do not require access to systemic circulation for function (i.e., certain topical drugs). The bioavailability of these drugs is measured by different parameters discussed elsewhere.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
The appropriate concentration needed to obtain the desired effect and the amount needed for a higher chance of adverse reactions is determined through laboratory testing. Using the equations given above, a clinician can easily estimate safe medication dosing over a period of time and how long it will take for a medication to leave a patient’s system. These are, however, statistically-based estimations, influenced by differences in the drug dosage form and patient pathophysiology. This is why a deep understanding of these concepts is essential in medical practice so that improvisation is possible when the clinical situation requires it.
GIT ABSORPTION FOR ORAL Administered DrugAli Mashwani
In this Lecture I have covered how the Drug is absorbed when it is administered orally, what is BCS classification system, Role of BCS and Importance of Biopharmaceutics Classification System. I have discussed how the Pharmakinetics process occur, what is Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion.
Pharmacokinetics of Drug_Pharmacology Course_Muhammad Kamal Hossain.pptxMuhammad Kamal Hossain
Pharmacokinetics is defined as the kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and their relationship with the pharmacological, therapeutic or toxicological response in man and animals.
The purpose of studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is to understand the drug action, therapy, design, development and evaluation.
PHARMACOKINETIC: It is a branch of Pharmacology which deals with the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion / Elimination.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of “What the body does to the drug”
PHARMACODYNAMIC:
Pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiologic effect of drug. It is the study of “What the drug does to the body”
1.0.bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy determinationsalummkata1
Bioavailability is a measure of the rate and fraction of the initial dose of a drug that successfully reaches either; the site of action or the bodily fluid domain from which the drug’s intended targets have unimpeded access.
For majority purposes, bioavailability is defined as the fraction of the active form of a drug that reaches systemic circulation unaltered. This definition assumes 100% of the active drug that enters systemic circulation will successfully reach the target site. However, it should be appreciated that this definition is not inclusive of drugs that do not require access to systemic circulation for function (i.e., certain topical drugs). The bioavailability of these drugs is measured by different parameters discussed elsewhere.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
The appropriate concentration needed to obtain the desired effect and the amount needed for a higher chance of adverse reactions is determined through laboratory testing. Using the equations given above, a clinician can easily estimate safe medication dosing over a period of time and how long it will take for a medication to leave a patient’s system. These are, however, statistically-based estimations, influenced by differences in the drug dosage form and patient pathophysiology. This is why a deep understanding of these concepts is essential in medical practice so that improvisation is possible when the clinical situation requires it.
GIT ABSORPTION FOR ORAL Administered DrugAli Mashwani
In this Lecture I have covered how the Drug is absorbed when it is administered orally, what is BCS classification system, Role of BCS and Importance of Biopharmaceutics Classification System. I have discussed how the Pharmakinetics process occur, what is Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion.
Pharmacokinetics of Drug_Pharmacology Course_Muhammad Kamal Hossain.pptxMuhammad Kamal Hossain
Pharmacokinetics is defined as the kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and their relationship with the pharmacological, therapeutic or toxicological response in man and animals.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
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is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. 2
Definitions
Pharmacokinetics is what the body does
to the drugs, for almost all drugs the
magnitude of pharmacological effect
depends on its concentration at its site of
action.
Pharmacodynamics is what the drug does
to the body, ideally including
the molecular mechanism (s)
by which the drug acts
3.
4. Once the drug is administered
Phamacokinetic phase or absorption begins
Drug disposition is divided into :
Absorption from the site of administration
Distribution within the body
Metabolism
Excretion
'ADME'
5. 5
Absorption
Process of drug movement from the administration site
to the systemic circulation.
The amount and rate of absorption are
determined by several factors:
Physical nature of the dosage form
Presence or absence of food in the stomach
Composition of the GI contents
Gastric or intestinal pH
Mesenteric blood flow
Concurrent administration with other drugs
7. Drugs must cross phospholipid membranes to
reach the systemic circulation, unless they are
administered intravenously.This is determined
by the lipid solubility of the drug and the area of
membrane available for absorption, which is
very large in the case of the ileum, because of
the villi and microvilli.
8. 1- Absorption
It is the process of entry of drug from site of administration into systemic
circulation.
Factors influencing absorption
A- Factors related to drug
a) Physicochemical properties:
1-Degree of ionization: highly ionized drugs are poorly absorbed.
2-Degree of solubility: High lipid/water partition coefficient increases
absorption.
3-Chemical nature: inorganic iron is better absorbed than organic iron.
4-Valency: ferrous salts are more absorbed than ferric,
-so vitamin C increases absorption of iron.
b) Pharmaceutical form of drug:
Absorption of solutions is better than suspensions or tablets.
9. 1- Absorption
B- Factors related to the patient:
1-Route of administration:
absorption is faster from i.v. > inhaled > i.m. > oral > dermal administration
2-Area and vascularity of absorbing surface:
absorption is directly proportional to both area and vascularity. Thus
absorption of the drug across the intestine is more efficient than across the
stomach, as intestine has more blood flow and much bigger surface area
than those of the stomach
3-State of absorbing surface: e.g. atrophic gastritis and mal-absorption
syndrome decrease rate of absorption of drugs.
4-Rate of general circulation: e.g., in shock, peripheral circulation is reduced
and I.V. route is used.
5-Specific factors and presence of other drugs: e.g. intrinsic factor of the
stomach is essential for vitamin B12 absorption from lower ileum and
adrenaline induces vasoconstriction so delay absorption of local anesthetics.
seconds minutes hours
10. most drugs are absorbed
incompletely … Why ???
1. the drug is inactivated
within the gut lumen by
gastric acid, digestive
enzymes or bacteria;
2. absorption is incomplete;
and
3. presystemic (‘first-pass’)
metabolism occurs in the
gut wall and liver.
12. 12
Effect of Food
Bioavailability of some drugs is affected by
the presence of food. E.g penicillin's,
erythromycin, rifampicin, thyroxine
Some drugs are taken before meals to allow
time for drug to act before food is taken
Gastric irritation can be caused by drugs
taken on an empty stomach
Effect of food on the absorption of drugs
13. 13
First Pass Effect
Drugs that are absorbed via the GIT are
circulated to the liver first via
the hepatic portal vein
Liver then acts as a filter
Only part of the drug is
circulated systemically
The combination of
processes is termed
the ‘First Pass’ effect
14. Prodrug ???
Prodrugs are metabolized to
pharmacologically active products
improving absorption and distribution
18. Other factors that influence
absorption include:
surgical interference with gastric function
disease of the gastro-intestinal tract
the presence of food
drug metabolism by intestinal flora
drug metabolism by enzymes in the gastro-
intestinal epithelium
drug efflux back into the gut lumen by drug
transport proteins (e.g. P-glycoprotein (P-gp),
ABCB1).
40. DEFINISI
Proses suatu obat yg secara reversibel meninggalkan aliran
darah dan masuk ke intersitium (cairan ekstrasel) dan/atau
ke sel-sel jaringan
TEMPAT KERJA
(RESEPTOR)
Terikat Bebas
DEPOT JARINGAN
Terikat Bebas
SIRKULASI
SISTEMIK
Obat Bebas
Obat terikat Metabolit
ABSORPSI EKSKRESI
METABOLISME/
BIOTRANSFORMASI
41. FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI DISTRIBUSI
OBAT DLM TUBUH
Vaskularisasi & kecepatan aliran darah di jaringan
Sifat fisika-kimia obat
ex: lipofilitas
Permeabilitas kapiler
Ikatan obat oleh
protein
Reversible/
irreversible
Lipid-soluble
transport
Basement
membrane
Cell nucleus
(a) Typical capillary (b) Brain capillary
Intercellular
cleft
Pinocytotic
vesicle
Fenestra
Lipid-soluble
transport
Carrier-mediated
transport
Tight
junction
Astrocytic
process
42. DRUG BINDING ON PLASMA PROTEINS
Over-the-counter and
bound drugs are in
equilibrium in the blood
Only pharmacologically
active over-the-counter
drugs
43. large protein bonds
ikatan protein kecil
Over-the-counter drug
concentration <<
Acidic & hydrophobic drugs
(mostly drugs). Example:
Tolbutamid (>96%)
Active pharmacology scra is
only 4%;
warfarin,
phenytoin, etc.
The effect will be significantly
affected if:
There are competitions with other
drugs
Decrease in plasma protein levels
in pathological conditions
Concentration of over-the-
counter drugs >>
The existence of competition
with other drugs & a decrease
in plasma protein levels is not
clinically meaningful
44. Effect of a change in plasma
protein binding
DRUGSWITH
SMALL PROTEIN
BONDS
LARGE PROTEIN
BOND DG DRUGS
90mg unbound
10mg bound
10mg unbound
90mg bound
If plasma protein level drop 50%
95mg unbound
5mg bound
55mg unbound
45mg bound
NEGLIGIBLE SIGNIFICANT
45. Vd (Distribution Volume)
The volume of hypothetical fluid with the drug
dispersed into it / the volume by which the drug
is dissolved
Fluid compartment in the body
(assuming BB = 70kg)
CAIRANTUBUHTOTAL
(60% BB atau 42 L)
CAIRAN EKSTRASELULER
(20% BB atau 14 L)
INTERSTISIAL
( 10L)
PLASMA
(6% atau 4L)
CAIRAN INTRASELULER
(40% BB atau 28 L)
46. Explanation....
Compartments in the body.
Plasma compartment
Large BM ---- drugs --- strongly bound to plasma
proteins ---- the drug is trapped in the vascular.
Extracellular Fluid
Low BM ---- drugs --- are hydrophilic --- can penetrate
the narrow gaps of the capillary endothelium ------ into
the interstitial fluid.
Total body fluids
Low BM & hydrophobic --- drugs - intracellular fluid
Other places.
Fetus ------ pregnancy.
See video