Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with pharmacokinetics : concept of linear and non-linear compartment models.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
A Powerpoint presentation on drugs excretion and elimination suitable for UG medical students. This ppt is already presented to my students in one of the theory classes.
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with pharmacokinetics : concept of linear and non-linear compartment models.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
A Powerpoint presentation on drugs excretion and elimination suitable for UG medical students. This ppt is already presented to my students in one of the theory classes.
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
The purpose of studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is to understand the drug action, therapy, design, development and evaluation.
PHARMACOKINETIC: It is a branch of Pharmacology which deals with the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion / Elimination.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of “What the body does to the drug”
PHARMACODYNAMIC:
Pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiologic effect of drug. It is the study of “What the drug does to the body”
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
The appropriate concentration needed to obtain the desired effect and the amount needed for a higher chance of adverse reactions is determined through laboratory testing. Using the equations given above, a clinician can easily estimate safe medication dosing over a period of time and how long it will take for a medication to leave a patient’s system. These are, however, statistically-based estimations, influenced by differences in the drug dosage form and patient pathophysiology. This is why a deep understanding of these concepts is essential in medical practice so that improvisation is possible when the clinical situation requires it.
MYDRIATIC AND MIOTIC AGENTS AND DRUGS USED IN GLAUCOMA Rishabh Sharma
A brief Pathophysiology Presentation on the topic " MYDRIATIC AND MIOTIC AGENTS AND DRUGS USED IN GLAUCOMA "
Includes Both Open Angle and Closed Angle Glaucoma , their Mechanism Of Onset , Pathophysiology and Treatment ( Drugs Used In Glaucoma )
DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTEIN ESTIMATION - PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENTRishabh Sharma
A brief PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENT on the topic - " DIFFERENT METHODS OF PROTEIN ESTIMATION " . Includes Methods, Applications, Uses and different techniques of protein estimation and separation . Separation on the basis of charge
ACID PHOSPHATASE - PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENT Rishabh Sharma
A brief PROTEINS AND ENZYMES ASSIGNMENT on the topic - ACID PHOSPHATASE . Includes Properties, Reactions and Classification of Acid Phosphatases . Includes significance and functions of Aid Phosphatases as well.
(Monitoring Of Clinical Trial Assignment ) " Write about the factors that de...Rishabh Sharma
"Write about factors that determine the strategy of monitoring of Clinical Trials (Monitoring Of Clinical Trial Assignment )
Includes Extent and nature of monitoring , components of a monitoring plan , Documentation / Monitoring activities , Procedures of Monitoring , Importance of Monitoring Report , Factors to consider when developing a monitoring plan
Biopharmaceutics Presentation - A brief presentation on the topic- BCS Classification and it's role in formulation development . Includes uses of BCS Classification
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTATION ON HPLC- HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOG...Rishabh Sharma
A brief presentation of CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY on the topic HPLC- HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Includes :- Origin, Uses, Mechanism, Drawbacks,
A brief presentation of pharmacology on the topic " ANTICHOLINESTERASES " .
Includes Origin,USES, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SIDE EFFECTS , ADVERSE REACTIONS ,
A brief Presentation of Pharmacology on the Drug " Physostigmine " . Includes origin ,Indication, uses, treatment, trade name pharmacodynamics, side effects,
References -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physostigmine
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. “WHAT IS FIRST PASS METABOLISM ”
??
The first pass effect is a phenomenon in which a drug gets
metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a
reduced concentration of the active drug upon reaching its
site of action or the systemic circulation.
The first pass effect is often associated with the liver, as this is
a major site of drug metabolism.
3. HEPATIC FIRST PASS METABOLISM :-
Hepatic first pass occurs when drug absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract is metabolized by enzymes within the liver to
such an extent that most of the active agent does not exit the liver
and, therefore, does not reach the systemic circulation
Phase I metabolic reactions can occur during the absorptive
phase in the gut wall or liver before reaching the blood stream.
This results in a reduction in the concentration of the drug before
it reaches the circulation. In other words, there is a fraction of the
drug that is lost.
6. However, the first pass effect can also occur in the lungs, vasculature,
gastrointestinal tract, and other metabolically active tissues in the
body.
This effect can become augmented by various factors such as plasma
protein concentrations, enzymatic activity, and gastrointestinal
motility.
It is the fraction of drug lost during the process of absorption which is
generally related to the liver and gut wall.
Notable drugs that experience a significant first-pass effect are
imipramine, morphine, propranolol, buprenorphine, diazepam,
midazolam, pethidine, tetrahydrocannabinol, ethanol (drinking
alcohol), cimetidine, lidocaine, and nitroglycerin.
7. SOME EXCEPTIONS TO FIRST PASS METABOLISM
INCLUDE :-
In contrast some drugs are enhanced in potency:
for example, the effect of the most commonly considered active
ingredient in cannabis, THC, is enhanced by transformation of a
significant portion into 11-hydroxy-THC
that more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and thus
achieves greater potency than the original THC.
8.
9. SOME COMMON EXAMPLES :-
First pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol,
lidocaine, chloromethiasole and GTN) or in the gut (for
benzylpenicillin and insulin).
In drug design, drug candidates may have good druglikeness but
fail on first-pass metabolism because it is biochemically selective.
Alternative routes of administration like suppository, intravenous,
intramuscular, inhalational aerosol, transdermal, and sublingual
avoid the first-pass effect because they allow drugs to be absorbed
directly into the systemic circulation.
10. EFFECT OF FIRST PASS METABOLISM ON DRUGS :-
Drugs with high first pass effect typically have a considerably
higher oral dose than sublingual or parenteral dose. There is
marked individual variation in the oral dose due to differences in
the extent of first pass metabolism, frequently among several
other factors.
Oral bioavailability of many vulnerable drug appears to be
increased in patients with compromised liver function.
11. Bioavailability is also increased if another drug competing for
first pass metabolism enzymes is given concurrently e.g.
propranolol and chlorpromazine.
12. MECHANISM OF FIRST PASS METABOLISM:-
After a drug is swallowed, it is absorbed by the digestive system
and enters the hepatic portal system. It is carried through the
portal vein into the liver before it reaches the rest of the body.
The liver metabolizes many drugs, sometimes to such an extent
that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to
the rest of the circulatory system.
This first pass through the liver thus may greatly reduce the
bioavailability of the drug.
13.
14.
15. SYSTEMS THAT AFFECT THE FIRST PASS EFFECT OF A
DRUG :-
The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug
are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, gut wall enzymes,
bacterial enzymes, and hepatic enzymes.
16. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE :-
Some drugs that undergo considerable first-pass metabolism include
alprenolol, 5-fluorouracil, morphine, pentazocine, and
mercaptopurine.
When given orally, these drugs are quickly metabolized via the first-
pass effect, requiring their oral dosages to be much larger than their
intravenous dosages.
The first pass effect also has an impact on peak drug concentrations,
which may result in drug concentration peaks occurring much earlier
than they would in a parenteral dose.
It is critical to maintain proper serum concentrations of a drug that
experiences the first-pass effect; this allows for the maintenance of a
safe and effective dose of the drug.
17.
18.
19. THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS OF FIRST PASS METABOLISM
:-
One major therapeutic implication of extensive first-pass metabolism
is that much larger oral doses than intravenous doses are required
to achieve equivalent plasma concentrations.
For some drugs, extensive first-pass metabolism precludes their use
as oral agents (e. g. lignocaine, naloxone and glyceryl trinitrate).
Research has shown that monitoring blood levels of drugs that
experience the first-pass effect is the most viable way to maintain
therapeutic concentrations of these drugs.
20. NURSING, ALLIED HEALTH AND INTER-PROFESSIONAL TEAM
MONITORING :-
When monitoring patients that are taking drugs that experience the
first-pass effect, it is critical to monitor the blood levels of these
drugs to ensure that the patients' serum drug concentrations remain
within their therapeutic windows.
Doing so will maximize the efficacy of treatment and patient safety.