The document discusses pharmacokinetics and its four main processes - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It defines pharmacokinetics as the study of how the body affects a drug. The key processes of absorption discussed are diffusion, transporters, and factors affecting absorption like solubility, dosage form properties, and physiological conditions. Distribution and excretion involve transfer of drugs between blood, tissues, and elimination routes like the kidneys, lungs, and bile.

1. Pharmacokinetics
Miss. Rani S. Dhole
Assistant Professor
Annasaheb Dange College of D
Pharmacy, Ashta.8/29/2020

2. Pharmacokinetics
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
You will be able to:
1. Understand pharmacokinetics & ADME
processes
2. Apply the knowledge for movement of drug
as well as food in body

3. Pharmacokinetics
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Defnition:
•Study of drug movement through the body.
“What body does to drug”
body drug

4. Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacokinetics involves four processes –
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

5. Pharmacokinetics
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Drug Absorption:
It is the process of drug
movement from site of
administration to systemic
circulation.
Tablet
Disirntegration
Dissolution

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7. Pharmacokinetics
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Processes of drug absorption:
 Passive Diffusion
 Active Transport
 Carrier mediated / facilitated diffusion
 Ion pair transport
 Pore transport
 Endocytosis

8. Absorption processes
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9. Passive Diffusion
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10. Facilitated transport
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13. Ion Pair Transport
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14. Endocytosis
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16. Pore Transport
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18. Factors affecting drug
absorption
A. Depending on nature of drug
1. Physical State
2.Solubility
B. Depending on nature of dosage form
1. Particle Size
2. Disintegration rate & dissolution rate
3. Formulation
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19. C. Physiological factors
1. GIT state
2. pH & ionisation
3. Presence of other agents
4. Presence of disease
5. Surface area
6. Concentration of drug
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20. • Liquid preparations are more soluble than
the solid
• Crystalline drug gets better absorbed than
colloidal or amorphous
• Eg. Soluble insulin suspension better
absorbed than protamine zinc suspension
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A. Depending on nature of drug
1. Physical State

21. 2. Solubility
• Unionized drug gets fastly absorbed from GIT
than the water soluble drug
• Eg. Bile salt can absorbed from fat soluble
vitamins
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22. B. Depending on nature of dosage form
1. Particle Size
Smaller the drug particle, greater the surface area.
surface area
absolute surface area effective surface area
total surface area of
solid surface of particle
area of solid surface exposed to
dissolution medium

23. Smaller the particle size (by micronization) greater is the
effective surface area more intimate contact b/w solid surface and
aq solvent higher is the dissolution rate increase in absorption
efficiency.
Particle size reduction has been used to increase the absorption
of a large number of poorly soluble drugs, such as
bishydroxycoumarin, digoxin, griseofulvin, nitrofurantoin,and
tolbutamide.
Griseofulvin has extremely low aqueous solubility, and material
of normal particle size gave rise to poor and erratic absorption.
Microsize particles improve absorption, but it is improved even
more when it is formulated in ultramicrosize particles as a
monomolecular dispersion in polyethylene glycol.

24. 2.Disintegration and dissolution rate :
solid dosage form
disintegration
solid drug particles
dissolution (RLS for lipophilic drugs)
drug in solution at absorption site
permeation (RLS for hydrophilic drugs)
drug in the body
Higher the DR More will be absorption

25. 3. Formulation
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26. C. Physiological factors
GIT state
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 Gastric emptying: apart from the dissolution of
drug and its permeation through the bio membrane,the
passage from stomach to small intestine, called as
gastric emptying,can also be a rate limiting step in
absorption because the major site of drug absorption is
intestine.
• It is advisable where:
 Rapid onset of drug is desired eg:sedatives
 Drug not stable in gastric fluids eg:pencillin G
 Dissolution occuring in intestine eg:enteric coated
forms
Gastric emptying: apart from the dissolution of
drug and its permeation through the bio
membrane,the passage from stomach to small
intestine, called as gastric emptying,can also be a
rate limiting step in absorption because the major
site of drug absorption is intestine.
It is advisable where:
 Rapid onset of drug is desired eg:sedatives
 Drug not stable in gastric fluids eg:pencillin G
Dissolution occuring in intestine eg:enteric coated
forms

27. Delay in gastric emptying is recommended in particular
where:
Food promotes drug dissolution and absorption
eg: griseofulvin.
The drugs dissolve slowly. Disintegration and dissolution of
dosage form is promoted by gastric fluids.
Gastric emptying is first order process. Several
parameters used to quantify are:
Gastric emptying rate: speed at which stomach contents
empties into intestine.
Gastric emptying time: time required for gastric contents
to empty into small intestine
Gastric emptying t1/2 : time taken for half of the stomach
contents to empty

28. Intestinal transit:
Since small intestine is the major site for absorption of most
drugs, long intestinal transit time is desirable for complete
drug absorption.
Intestinal region Transit time
Duodenum 5 min
Jejunum 2 hrs
Ileum 3to 6 hrs
Caecum 0.5 to 1hr
Colon 6 to 12 hrs

29. Gastro intestinal pH:
The GI ph generally increases as one moves down the stomach
to the colon and rectum.GI ph influence absorption in several
ways.
Disintegration:
coat dissolvesEnteric coated formulations:
only in intestine followed by disintegration.
Dissolution:
weakly acidic drugs: dissolve rapidly in alkaline ph of
intestine
Weakly basic drugs: dissolve in acidic ph of stomach

30. Absorption: depends on drug pKa and whether its an acidic or
basic drug, GI ph influences drug absorption by determining
amount of drug that would exist in unionised form at the site of
absorption.
Stability: acidic stomach ph- affect degradation of pencillin G
and erythromycin
Can be overcome by preparing prodrugs of such drugs .
eg: carindacillin and erythromycin estolate.

31. Presence of other agents
• Presence of other agents like drug or food
can alter the rate of drug absorption
• Eg. Absorption of iron is required for Vit. C
production & phytate retards its absorption
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32. Presence of diseases:
Altered GI motility:
Gastrointestinal diseases and infections:
 Two of the intestinal disorders related with
malabsorption syndrome that influence drug availability
are celiac disease and Crohn’s disease.
 Crohn’s disease that can alter absorption pattern are
altered gut wall microbial flora, decreased gut surface
area and intestinal transit rate.
 GI infections like shigellosis, gastroenteritis, cholera
and food poisoning also result in malabsorption.

33. Gastrointestinal surgery:
Gastrectomy can result in drug dumping in the intestine,
osmotic diarrhea and reduced intestinal transit time.
Cardiovascular diseases:
Several changes associated with congestive cardiac failure
influence bioavailability of a drug.
Hepatic diseases:
Disorders such as hepatic cirrhosis influence bioavailability
mainly of drugs that undergo considerable first-pass hepatic
metabolism.
e.g. propranolol.

34. Concentration of drug
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35. Pharmacokinetics
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Drug Distribution:
Reversible transfer of a drug between the
blood and the extra vascular fluids and
tissues of the body

36. Pharmacokinetics
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Drug Metabolism:
• Chemical alteration of drug within body
• Breaks the drug complex to simpler form

37. Pharmacokinetics
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Drug Excretion:
Process of elimination of drug from the
body

38. Pharmacokinetics
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Channels of Drug Distribution & Excretion:
Distribution
 Blood, Body fluids, Tissue
Excretion
Kidney, Lungs, Intestine, Skin, Saliva,
Milk, Bile

39. Pharmacokinetics
Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics
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40. Be miserable.
Or motivate yourself.
Whatever has to be
done, it's always your
choice.