Role of Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicineRamaiah Maddi
Role of Pharmacognosy in Allopathy (Modern medicine)
Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda
Role of Pharmacognosy in Unani System of Medicine
Role of Pharmacognosy in Siddha System of Medicine
Role of Pharmacognosy in Homeopathy
Role of Pharmacognosy in Chinese Medicine System
This practical manual is prepared for academic purpose only and contains introduction and detail methodology regarding determination of numbers of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method, along with dummy readings to facilitate understanding of calculations thereof.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Role of Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicineRamaiah Maddi
Role of Pharmacognosy in Allopathy (Modern medicine)
Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda
Role of Pharmacognosy in Unani System of Medicine
Role of Pharmacognosy in Siddha System of Medicine
Role of Pharmacognosy in Homeopathy
Role of Pharmacognosy in Chinese Medicine System
This practical manual is prepared for academic purpose only and contains introduction and detail methodology regarding determination of numbers of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method, along with dummy readings to facilitate understanding of calculations thereof.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Crude drugs and their classification. Crude drugs, organized and unorganized. Introduction to crude drugs and their classification. Classification of crude drugs. JNTUA, Crude drugs and their classification as per PCI syllabus. For B Pharmacy and Pharm D II year Students.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
GPAT
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evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Crude drugs and their classification. Crude drugs, organized and unorganized. Introduction to crude drugs and their classification. Classification of crude drugs. JNTUA, Crude drugs and their classification as per PCI syllabus. For B Pharmacy and Pharm D II year Students.
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
Whatsapp @ 8421773854 OR https://chat.whatsapp.com/FFVRcxiiqC91PvnEvmK2F1
Instagram @ https://www.instagram.com/p/COM-VYqJ3Xo/?igshid=1ac01ibq2sa2k
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Alternative system of medicine (ayurvedic, unani, homeopathy, sidhha, sujog, ...Ravish Yadav
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what is TSM?
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TYPES OF TSM (AYUSH)
A-AYURVEDA
Y-YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U-UNANI
S-SIDDHA
H-HOMEOPATHY
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Method of preparation of Ayurvedic formulations like: Arista, Asava, Gutika, Taila, Churna, Lehya and Bhasma.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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1. PHARMACOGNOSY IN
VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
DR. SIDDHI UPADHYAY
H.O.D. & ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Dept. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
SIGMA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
2. CONTENT
■ Ayurvedic system of medicines
■ Unani system of medicines
■ Siddha system of medicines
■ Homeopathic system of medicines.
■ Chinese system of medicines
4. AYURVEDA
Ayurveda is the dominant herbal tradition in
India. It still enjoys the faith of a large
number of people of our country though it is
perhaps , the oldest system of healing in the
world.
It is encouraged in many countries like
Japan, Germany etc
5. Definition
• The term “ Ayurveda” is derived from two
Sanskrit words ,Ayur and Veda .
• Ayur means life and Veda means knowledge
or science.
• Therefore Ayurveda means science of life or
way of life.
6. • Ayurveda incorporates science, religion and
philosophy in it.
• Besides, dealing with principles for
maintenance of health ,it hasalso developed
a wide range therapeutic measuresto
combat illness.
7. Principle
• The principle of Ayurveda is based on the
concept of five basic elements and tridoshas.
According to Ayurveda, the whole universe
made up of five basic elements ( Pancha
mahabuthas)
8. • The whole universe includes the material
world, plant kingdom and all other living
beings. In other words ,these five elements
together form the basis of all matter. The five
elements are – Akasha (ether), Vayu ( air),
Agni (fire), Jala (water), Prithvi (earth)
9. • There is a balanced condensation of these
elements in different proportions to suit the
needs and requirements of different
structures and functions of the body matrix
and its parts. The growth and development
of body matrix depends on its nutrition i.e..
on food. The food, in turn, is composed of
above elements.
10. • The health or sickness depends on the
presence or absence of a balanced state of
the total body matrix including the balance
between its different constituents .
• The properties , location and manifestations
of theseelements are as follows
11. • Ether is non resistance, it is located in the
body cavities like mouth, thorax, abdomen,
lung cavity, digestive tract.
• Air is related to movements, vibrations and
oscillations. They manifests movement of
muscles, pulsation of heart, expansion and
contraction of lungs, functioning of digestive
and nervous systems.
12. • Fire concerned to radiation, it manifests
digestion, metabolism, temperature, vision
and intelligence.
• Water is related to force and cohesion.
Located in cytoplasm, blood, salivary glands,
gastric juice.
13. • Earth isconcerned to resistance and
solidarity. They manifests skin, nails, hairs and
bones.
• Theseelements manifest in the functioning of
our scenes.
• They are also closelyrelated to our ability to
perceive and interact with environment.
14. TRIDOSHAS
• The five elements combine to form “ Tri Doshas”
i.e Vata, Pitta, and Kappha. They are the “ Basic
Forces’’ and also known asthe “ Pillars ofLife”
• Vata (Air principle) the elements ether and air
• Pitta (Fire principle) the elements fire and water
• Kapha ( Water principle) the elements earth and
water
15. • According to the Ayurveda , sickness is due to
the imbalance of any one or more of the
three doshas.
• Eg Aggravation of Pitta leads to indigestion,
skin diseasesand liverproblems.
16. Factors
• Factors responsible for imbalance of doshas
are physical, mental, spiritual and
environmental may contribute for the
imbalance of doshas
17. Diagnosis
• In Ayurveda diagnosis is always done of the
patient aswhole.
• Diagnosis is carried out to find out which
dosha is aggravated. For this purpose , nadi
(Pulse),tongue , skin, physical features, stool,
urine etc are examined.
18. Treatment
• The importance of treatment is to restore the
balance and harmony of doshas with proper
diet and drugs
• Selection of the drugs –
• Based upon 1.Rasa(Taste), 2. Virya (Potency)
and Vipaka (Taste after digestion)
19. RASA
• Rasa indicates the composition, properties and
and probable action of the drugs . There are six
tastes. Each taste has one or more mahabuthas
(elements) and each taste has its own influence on
doshas.
• EgSweet ( earth and water) , influences on doshas
– Kapha increases, vata and pitta deceases and
promote antibiotic activities
20. • Sour - (Water and fire) – Pitta increases–
stimulates enzymes
• Saline-
• Bitter -
(Fire and earth)- Pitta increases
(Air and fire) – Pitta increases
• Pungent- (Air and ether)- Kapha and pitta
decreases
• Astringent- (Air and earth)- Pitta
decreasesand vatta increases
21. VIRYA
• On the basisof Virya, the drugs are classified
into hot and cold drugs
• Hot (Ushna) drugs – Aggravates pitta and
pacifies vata and kapha, garlic,drumstick
• Cold (Sita) drugs – Aggravates kapha and
vatta and pacifies pitta ,Jeera,amla
22. Vipaka
• Food and medicine undergoes various
changes during digestion (metabolism). The
taste after digestion is known as vipaka. The
three tastes described under vipaka, sweet,
sourand pungent.
23. • Sweet – Aggravates kapha and
alleviatespitta and vatha
• Sour – Aggravates pitha and
alleviates kapha and vatha
• Pungent – Aggravates vatha and alleviates
kapha
25. • The Unani System of Medicine has a long and
impressive record in India.
• It was introduced in India by the Arabs and
Persians sometime around the eleventh
century.
• Today, India is one of the leading countries in
as far as the practice of Unani medicine is
concerned.
• It has the largest number of
research and health
Unani
careeducational,
institutions.
26. Origin & Development of UnaniSystem
• Unani systemoriginated in Greece
• Hakim Ajmal Khan isUNANI physician and also
one of the foremost freedom fighters in the
country. He established an Ayurvedic and
Unani Tibbia College and Hindustani
Dawakhana – a pharmaceutical company –
for Ayurvedic and Unani medicine in Delhi in
1916.
27. • Today the Unani system of medicine with
hospitals and educational and research
institutions, forms an integral part of the
national health care delivery system.
28. • Principles & Concepts
• According to the basic principles of Unani the
body is made up of the four basic elements i.e
earth ,air, water, fire which have different
temperaments i.e. cold, hot, wet, dry. After
mixing and interaction of four elements a new
compound having new temperament existence.
i.e Hot wet, hot dry, cold wet, and cold dry.
29. • The body has the simple and compound
organs which got their nourishment ( The
substances necessary for growth, health, and
good condition ) through four humours i.e.
blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
30. • Thehumour (put into a good mood) isalso
assignedtemperament asblood ishot and
wet, Phlegm iscold and hot, Yellow bile is
hot and dry and Black bile iscold anddry.
31. • Phlegm is cold and hot ( Thick, sticky, stringy
mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of
the respiratory tract, as during a cold or other
respiratory infection).
• Yellow bile is hot and dry (A yellow, or
greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in
reaction, secreted by the liver. It passesinto the
intestines, where it aids in the digestive)
32. • Black bile iscold anddry
• (a humor that was once believed to be
secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to
cause sadness)
33. • Unani medicine believes in promotion of
health, prevention of diseasesandcure.
• Health of human isbased on the sixessentials
• Atmospheric air
• Physical activity and rest
• Drinks and foods
• Sleepand wakefulness
• Excretion and retention
• Mental activity and rest
34. • The human body is considered to be made
up of the following sevencomponents are:
• i. Elements (Arkan)
• ii. Temperament (Mizaj)
• iii.Humors (Akhlat)
• iv. Organs (Aaza)
• v. Spirits (Arwah)
• vi. Faculties (Quwa)
• vii. Functions (Afaal)
35. Elements (Arkan)
• The human body contains
(earth ,air, water, fire)
four elements.
• Each of the four elements has its own
temperament asfollows:
• Element Temperament Air Hot and Moist
Earth Cold and Dry, Fire Hot and Dry, Water
Cold and Moist
36. Temperament (Mizaj)
• In the Unani system, the temperament of the
individual is very important as it is considered
to be unique. The individual’s temperament
is believed to be the result of the interaction
of thesefour elements.
37. Humors (Akhlat)
• Humours are those moist and fluid parts of the
body which are produced after transformation
and metabolism of the aliments; they serve the
function of nutrition, growth and repair; and
produce energy, for the preservation of
individual and hisspecies.
38. • The humors are responsible for maintaining
moisture of different organs of the body and
also provide nutrition to the body.
39. Organs (Aaza)
• These are the various organs of the human
body. The health or disease of each individual
organ affects the state of health of the whole
body.
40. Spirits (Arwah)
• Ruh (Spirit) is a gaseous substance, obtained
from the inspired air, it helps in all the
metabolic activities of the body. It is the source
of vitality for all the organs of thebody.
• These are considered to be the life force and
are, therefore, important in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease.
41. • These are the carriers of different powers,
which make the whole body system and its
parts functional.
42. Faculties (Quwa)
• Theseare of threekinds:
• Natural power (Quwa Tabiyah)
• Natural power is the power of metabolism and
reproduction. Liver is the seat of this power and
the process is carried on in every tissue of the
body. Metabolism is concerned with the
processesof nutrition and growth of human
43. • Nutrition comes from the food and is carried
to all parts of the body, while growth power
is responsible for the construction and growth
of human organism.
44. • Psychic power refers to nervous and psychic
power. It is located in side the brain and is
responsible for perceptive and motive power.
Perceptive power conveys impressions or
sensation and motive power brings about
movements asa responseto sensation.
45. • Vital power (Quwa Haywaniyah)
• Vital power is responsible for maintaining life
and enables all the organs to accept the
effect of psychic power. This power is located
in the heart. It Keeps life running in the
tissues.
46. Functions (Afaal)
• This component refers to the movements and
functions of all the organs of the body.
• In case of a healthy body the various organs are
not only in proper shape but are also performing
their respective functions.
• This makes it necessary to have full knowledge
of the functions of the human body in full detail
47. Diagnosis
• The Diagnostic process in Unani system is
dependent on observation and physical
examination.
• Diagnosis involves investigating the causes of
disease thoroughly and in detail. For this, the
physicians depend mainly on pulse reading
and examination of urine and stool.
48. • The ten conditions of pulse observed during
the diagnosis are:
• i. Quantity
• ii. Force
• iii. Duration of movement
• iv. Condition of the vesselwall
• v. Volume
49. • vi. Duration of the restperiod
• vii. Palpitation of the pulse
• viii. Equality and inequality
• ix. Balance of the pulse
• x. Rhythm
50. • Physical examination
• Is carried out by the diagnosis of urinogenital
disorders, pathogenesis of blood and other
humors, metabolic disorders and liver
diseases.
• Thefollowing observations of urine are made:
• Colour
• Consistency
• Clearnessand turbidity
• Odour
• Foam or froth
• Precipitates
• Quantity
51. • The examination of stool, its colour, quantity,
consistency and the presence of foreign body help
very much in the diagnosis of various diseases.
• Besides the means of pulse reading and physical
examination of urine and stool, other conventional
means such as inspection, palpitation, percussion
and occultation are also used for diagnosis
purposes.
52. Strenght of Unani
• Unani systemof Medicine hasvery
remarkable strength in the following
disorders:
• Skin disorders
• Digestive disorders
• Mental disorders
• Sexual disorders
• Gynecological disorders
• Neurological disorders
54. Introductio
nGod Shiva who unfolded the knowledge of
Siddha system of medicine to his concert
Parvati who handed it down to Nandi Deva & he
the Siddhars.
Siddhars adopted principles of Shaiva
Siddhantham.
Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the
principles for preparing all medicines like
herbal, minerals and metals
55. Developed in preayurvedic period with civilization
of Mohenzo-daro and Harappa in Indus river
valley, 6000-7000 years ago.
It was transplated in Southern India by Dravidian
people about 2500 years ago.
Siddhars classified diseases in different
categories and accounted for total 4448 diseases
in human body.
56. They mentioned about the curable and incurable
diseases along with the symptoms of the body
and predicted the concerned, proper medicines
also.
Thousands of herbs & minerals were included in
siddha sys. which are effective in managing
chronic, degenerative diseases, viral diseases and
heart diseases
57. Very simple herbal processes are advised by the
Siddhars
migraine,
for
Sinusitis,
diseases
Hypertension,
like
Diabetes
Mellitus, Gynaecological disturbances, leucoderma
and psoriasis, Asthmatic attacks, piles and
pistula, Rheumatisms, Dental problems etc.
It has proven its promise to improve the
Hemoglobin as well as immunization of AIDS
patients without any side effects
58. Agathiyar was considered the prominent
leader with his later Lord Subramaniyar
Agastya & Aryan Sages were also
contributed to development "Agattiyar
Charakku“, imp. Tamil work described to them
Turumullar was founder various siddha
schools in India
Bogar, a taoist chinese worked extensively
on medicine and alchemy
Pullpari was another chinese settled in
Tamilnadu
59. Theory & Basic Principles
This principles and doctrines of this
system, both fundamental and applied,
have a close similarity to Ayurveda,
with specialization in Iatro- chemistry.
According to this system the human
body is the replica of the universe and
so are the food and drugs irrespective
of their origin.
60. The five major
Panchmahabhutas, are
concept of
named as
Nilam, Neer, Neruppu, Kattru and
Veli, which are respectively in hands
known as Prithivi (Earth), Appu (water,),
Theyu (fire), Vayu(air ), and Akash
(sky)
Imbalanced ratio of panchamahabhutas
may cause disease
61. As in Ayurveda, this system also considers
the human body as a conglomeration of
three humors, basic tissues and the waste
products of the body such as feces, urine
and sweat. The food is considered to be
basic building material of human body
which gets processed into humors, body
tissues and waste products.
Equilibrium –> health
Disturbance or imbalance -> disease or
sickness.
62. Based on principles of Triguna
Vata, pitta and Kapha
Believed as its origin itsellf in foetal
dvpt. stages in mothers womb
These imbalanced due to
nutritional, physical and environmental
conditions
63. Predominance of triguna according to
time in a day is as below-
6.00 am to 10.00 am-Vata
10.00 am to 2.00 pm- Pitta
2.00 pm to 6.oo pm- Kapha
Same order of time followed by body in
night
65. Pitta Guna:
Characteristics : lean, wheatish
complexion, hot personality
Increased pitta results in early
greying of hairs, reddish eyes & more
sexual desire
Individuals suffer from
anemia, burning chest, mental
derangement, etc.
66. Kapha Guna:
Characteristics : well build, good
complexion, good behaved personality
More afiinity towards sweet food &
sex
Incresed Kapha develops diseases like
jaundice, heart
attack, fever, anemia,etc.
67. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of diseases involve
identifying it causes.
Physician generally identifies of
causative factors through exam. of Nadi
(pulse), Dhwani (speech/voice), Twaka
(tongue), Deiham (Body), Malam (Feaces
and the status of digestive system),
Mutram (urine), Vizhi (Eyes color)
68. The system has worked out details
procedure of urine examination which
includes study of its
color, smell, density, quantity and oil
drop spreading pattern.
For any diseases due to infection or
otherwise, the treatment is
individualistic on examination of that
particular patient
69. Pulse reading is imp. & helpful in
diagnosis. Pulse changes with balance of
triguna.
Full nadi indicates asthama & ½ or ¼ nadi
denotes pain, arthritis & swelling, etc.
Abnormal intense pulse shows T.B.
70. If pulse propagates to left side it
denotes loss of self control while
propagation to right side shows sign of
death.
Voice with high sound shows piita & low
sound denotes low B.P.
Tounge with boils shows imbalance of
vata, sense of bitterness denotes pitta
& white slimy tongue shows low B.P.
71. Body with vibration shows vatta. Hot &
cold body is indicative of pitta & kapha
respectively.
Study of color of fecal matter, urine &
eyes gives idea of imbalance of triguna.
Darker color indicates vata,
Greenish/ reddish color indicates pitta &
Whitish color shows kapha.
72. Treatmen
t
Treatment based on all diagnostic
characteristics of patient
Treatment also takes into account
environment, age, sex, race, habits,
mental status, habitat, diet, appetite,
physical condition, physiological
constitution, etc.
Vaidya (Physician) has knowledge of
herbs & their effectiveness in specific
diseases
73. Siddha formulary extensively
incorporates drugs of vegetable, animal
and mineral origin.
It described the drugs made from the
metals and nonmetals. Use of
mercury, gold, silver, sulphur,
copper sulphate, alum, borax,
the
zinc,
mica,
asbestos and arsenic is widespread.
74. It also mentions the drugs from animal
secretions like Civet and musk, shells
and bones of aquatic animals, deer homs
and animal flesh
75. Siddha system also prescribes medicines for
■ menarche and post menopausal states to strenthen
reproductive system and to deals with harmonal imbalances
respectively.
■ Siddha System believes in the principle of “Food itself is
medicine” and during this nursing period, lactating mothers are
advised to take the food rich in iron, protein and fibre so as to
prevent any nutritional disorders both to the child as well as the
mothers.
76. Diet duringTreatment
“Patthya" - some restrictions on the diet
during treatment. Avoiding certain food
types which otherwise aggravate the
balance of triguna and disturb the
curative abilities of medicine.
No restrictions for
wheat, milk, ghee, pulse, tender
vegetables, goat meat, sugar
turmeric, black pepper etc. and the
patients may take the food prepared
using these things.
81. HOMEOPATHYSYSTEMOFMEDICINE
• Homeopathy is relatively a recent system of
medicine. The word “ Homeopathy” is
derived from two Greek words ,
• Homois meaning similar and pathos meaning
suffering.
82. • Homeopathy simply means treating diseases
with remedies, prescribed in minute doses,
which are capable of producing symptoms
similar to the disease when they taken by the
healthy people. It is based on the natural law
of healing. “Similia Similibus Curantur ” which
means “Likes are cured by likes”
83. ORIGINAND DEVELOPMENT
• Homoeopathy is a system of medical
Dr.Christiantreatment introduced by
Friedrich Samual Hahnenann, a German
physician. he had spread a long and useful
life of 88 years during which he benefited the
suffering humanity immense by introducing
this new systemof medicine.
84. DIFINATION & MEANNING
• Homoeopathy is a system of treatment
(branch of medical science) works on the
principle of ‘‘Similia similibus curenter’’.
• Means like cures like , further explanation is
that patient & medicine symptoms are
similar, it also called LAW OF SIMILA
85. ABOUTTHEFOUNDER DR.HAHNEMANN
TheFounder of homoeopathy wasborn on
10th
April, 1755 at Meissen in saxony of
Germany.
He wasbasically a M.D Medicine allopathic
doctor who turned in to Homoeopath.
He Died on 2ndjuly 1843.
86. DISCOVERYOFHOMOEOPATHY
• Because some dissatisfaction on that time
about there practicing way of treatment i.e.
allopathy, he relinquished ( to give up) the
medical practice and devoted himself in
translating the books, because Hahnemann
had knowledge about the various language.
87. • In 1790, when Hahnemann was engaged in
translating Cullen’s materia medica his
attention was arrested by the remark of
author that cinchona bark cured malaria
because of its bitterness and tonic effects of
stomach. This explanation appeared
unsatisfactory to him. Hahnemann himself
ingested cinchona juice,
88. • He was attacked by symptoms very similar to
malarial fever. This unexpected result set up
in his mind a new train of thoughts and he
conducted similar experiments on himself and
other individuals with other medicines whose
curative action in certain diseases had been
well established.
89. • He found that in the healthy persons the
medicine produce symptoms very similar to
what they cure in diseasesindividuals.
• So he had led to the inference that medicine
cure disease only because they can produce
similar symptoms in healthy individuals. The
whole of homoeopathy derives from this Law.
90. FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPALOFHOMOEOPATHY
• 1. Law of Similia
• 2.Law of Simplex
• 3.Law of Minimum
• 4. Doctrine of Drug proving
• 5.Theory of Chronic disease
• 6.Theory of Vital force
• 7.Doctrine of Drug-dynamization
91. Principle
• The cause of the disease itself can be its
treatment i.e. Law of similar. This is the basic
principle of homeopathy.
• According to Hahnemann, diseases are
congenital and causedby genemutations.
• Toxic or poisonous substances are called
Miasmsare responsiblefor gene mutation
92. • Miasmsare of three types
• Psora
• Psychosis
• Syphilis
• These exist in a suppressed or sleeping state in
a person. As long as they are in that state, the
person does not suffer from diseases due to
resistance power.
93. • If any one of them stimulated , then the
person loses his resistance power and suffers
from diseases related to it. Therefore ,
Homeopathy iscalled a Geneticmedicine
94. Discovery of drugs
• The drugs are discovered by testing on
humans but not on animals . A drug is
administered on healthy person to induce
any one of the miasms and the symptoms of
the drugs are discovered
95. Treatment
• The treatment is based on he concept of
proving and prover
• Prover – Thehealthy person
• Proving – The symptoms (Physical, mental,
emotional changes) that are caused by the
various potencies of medicines in prover.
96. • For the treatment , the symptoms of the drug
are compared with the symptoms of the
patient. In other words the selection of the
drug depends upon the symptoms of the
drug and patient condition.
98. • Traditional forms of medicine have been used in China
since the 3rd Century. Traditional Chinese Medicine
(TCM) system consist three parts.
Treatmen
t
Preventio
n
Theor
yYin-Yang
and Five
elements
Herbalism/
Acupuncture
Moxibustion /Cupping
Massage Therapy
Qi gong / tai-ji /
Meditation /
massage
99.
100. •Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a unique, complete
medical system, that spans at least 2,000 years.
•In the earliest times, the Chinese, as most human
communities, often attributed major illness to evil spirits or
angry ancestors (family).
•As Chinese medicine began to take shape, the idea grew that
the body was composed of different organs, that each organ
performed different functions to ensure our health, and that
disease was a breakdown of these functions for a variety of
reasons.
•In Chinese medicine system, description of human
physiological and pathological processes differs markedly from
that of biomedicine.
101. Chinese physicians never
understood the role of bacteria and viruses as a cause
of disease. They attributed certain diseases to
environ- mental conditions, such as - wind, heat, cold,
and damp-ness(humidity), but they never developed the
technology to observe the microorganisms.
102. Yin-Yang and
Qi
• Traditional medicine revolves around the principles of Yin and
Yang, which are the opposites found in everything, such as
day (Yang) or night. (Yin)
• Practitioners believe that every person has a life force known as
“Qi.”
• The purpose of medicine is to establish a balance of the body’s
Qi.
Principles and Theory
103. Five elements
Theory
• The five vital organs (the heart,
liver, spleen, lungs, and
kidneys) are each seen as
corresponding to one of the
five elements of earth, wood,
metal, fire and water.)
• The five organs function in
an interlocked and
interconnected relationship.
• It is believed a pathological
change in any of the vital
organs will affect the health of
104. •The doctrines of yīn - yáng and the five phases make sense
of the universe by identifying correspondences between
different things. They are the product of “correlative
thinking,” that is, a kind of thinking that spots similarities
and connections between the many different aspects of our
world.
•“Yīn” and “yáng” originally referred to topographical
inclines. “Yīn” was defined as the north face of a mountain.
Similarly, “Yáng”
mountain.
was defined as the south face of a
Doctrine of Yīn and Yáng
105. It is used to describe function and relationship of these aspects
as part of a continuous process of transformation and change
in the universe. Applied to medicine, yin yang theory is used
to compare and contrast, and thus differentiate,
physiological and pathological phenomena.
106. •Yīn and yáng are applied to medicine in numerous ways. For
example, they classify partsof the
body.
yáng, while the lower body is yīn.
The upper body is
•When a person is healthy, these yīn and yáng aspects of
the body are “in harmony”. (syncronization)
•Diseaseisattributed to many different causes, but is
almost invariably linked to a disturbance of the body’s
normal yīn- yáng relationship. This may take different forms,
depending on the nature and location of the disease.
108. Dept of Pharmacognosy 11
Yīn and
Yáng in
Nature
Yīn (lower) Yáng (upper)
Night Day
Dark Light
Cold Heat
Earth Heaven
109. Yīn and
Yáng in
Body
Dept of Pharmacognosy 12
Yīn Yáng
Lower body Upper body
Chest & abdomen Shoulders & back
Interior Exterior
Viscera (internal organ) Bowels (intestine)
Fluids Qì (Gas)
111. Treatment: Herbalism
• Chinese herbal medicine has been used by Chinese people to treat
diseases for over 4,000 years.
• Herbs consists mainly of natural medicinal materials such as
plants,
■ animal parts, and minerals of medicinal value.
• Each ingredient has unique characteristics.
• The ingredients work in harmony to help a person’sbody.
• It is believed that herbs can help boost Qi and balanceYin/Yang.
112. Making Chinese Medicine
and Cooking food with
herbs
Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine --
mixing different kinds of herb to make
medicine that will cure diseases.
Chinese patent medicine (simplified Chinese;
traditional Chinese) are herbal medicines
generally consist of extracted condensed pills
called tea pills, which are usually small,
spherical, and black, appearing like black pearls.
113. Treatment: Acupuncture
• Acupuncture involves the stimulation of anatomical points on
the body with thin needled.
• Acupuncture patients usually feel little to no pain.
• Acupuncture needles are hair-thin and are manipulated
either by hand or electricity.
114. Treatment: Moxibustion
• Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that
involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to
facilitate healing.
• The purpose is to strengthen
the blood and improve Qi flow.
• Direct and indirect methods.
• Traditionally used to treat colds.
• But it is not for everyone.
• Because it is used specifically for patients suffering from cold
or stagnant constitutions, it should not be used on anyone
diagnosed with too much heat.
115. Treatment: Cupping
• Cupping therapy is a form of CTM in which cups are
placed on the skin to create suction.
• The cups can be made of a variety of materials,
including:
• Glass
• Bamboo
• Earthenware
• The suction of the cups mobilizes blood flow to promote
the healing of a broad range of medical ailments.
116. Treatment: Massage
• Chinese massage is known as Tui Na
• Uses wave-like motions to loosen joints and nourish
muscles.
• Brings awareness back to a person’s body, making it
a first step in the healing process.
• Stimulates the flow of Qi, blood and body fluids
• Can be used to treat pain, stress or digestion
problems.
117. Prevention and
Maintenance
• TCM attaches great importance to the prevention of
diseases, and Chinese people believe prevention is
better than cure.
•Nutritional Balance,
•Eating the right type of food,
•Massage,
•Qi-Gong, Tai Chi and
•Meditation.
118. Qigong
• Qigong is a Chinese form of exercise.
• It regulates the mind and breathing to promote the flow
of Qi.
• Qigong is often used to treat
diseases.
• External Qigong is performed on a person by a Qigong
master
• Internal Qigong is practiced by oneself.
119. Tai-ji quan
• Tai-ji quanis an internal Chinese martial art
practiced for both its defense training and its
health benefits.
• The study of Tai-ji quan primarily involves
three aspects:
• Health
• Meditation
• Martial art
120. Meditation
• Meditation has been practiced for thousands of years.
• It involves focusing on one thing, such
as breathing patterns, while clearing all other thoughts from the mind.
• Meditation is used to replenish the
flow of Qi, which helps to ward off illnesses.
• People may experience various
feelings during meditation. Some
people may begin to feel overjoyed,
while others may experience extreme
sadness, and even cry.
• Meditation is also popularly practiced
in western countries as a means of stress relief.