Pharmacogenetics is the study of influences of a gene on therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs.
Pharmacogenetics plays an important role in drug development and drug safety.
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics is an upcoming branch in therapeutics. Various pharmacogenomic tests are currently available to aid in actual clinical practice. It has shown to have promising results in personalized medicine It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles, and online journals. Please feel free to comment.
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics is an upcoming branch in therapeutics. Various pharmacogenomic tests are currently available to aid in actual clinical practice. It has shown to have promising results in personalized medicine It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles, and online journals. Please feel free to comment.
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects. The term pharmacogenetics is often used interchangeably with the term pharmacogenomics which also investigates the role of acquired and inherited genetic differences in relation to drug response and drug behavior through a systematic examination of genes, gene products, and inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and function.
The basic principles of pharmacogenetics and its potential to provide better care. For more information, visit: https://www.telushealth.co/page/thank-you-pharmacogenetics-webinar/
Drug Discovery: Target Identification and Validation Lindsay Rosenwald
For many years, pharmaceutical research companies have developed new drugs using a standard drug discovery process. The process usually begins with extensive medical research about a particular disease, which provides researchers with a better understanding of the disease and how it affects the body. The next step of the drug discovery process typically involves target identification and target validation.
NSARG Meeting Feb 18 2016 - Pharmacogenetics in Benefit Plans - Personalized ...Beneplan
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how medication responds to an individual's unique DNA. Personalized Prescribing Inc is a new employee benefit which provides coverage for pharmacogenetics testing at a cost of $1-$3 per employee, per month (depending upon the demographics). zahra@personalizedprescribing.com
pharmacogenomics helps to improve healthcare sector by providing information about variability among genes for a particular class of drug hence reduces adverse drug reactions.
Pharmacogenetics d and effect on determination of drug dosing in PharmacotherapyChiranjibBagchi1
Pharmacogenomics is a n upcoming issue in medicine and health which might be recognised as a future medicine.People might resort into genetic testing before being prescribed by a drug to optimise it,s efficacy and prevent toxicity.
Hence it definitely will have a personal, economical, societal, legal and ethical connotation and will not be restricted to merely a scientific and individual health related issue .So whole of the scientific fraternity and the medical and allied healthcareprofessional, legal system and political decision makers , drug manufacturers all should be held immensely responsible for future decision making to make decisions or creating guidelines and regulations to solicit the problems arising out of the application of new scientific discoveries based on Pharmacogenomics in future. Thus pharmacogenomics might come into a rescue for a particular group of persons benefitting out of the genetic testing in terms of successful drug therapy but others might deny testing for being marked to be a treatment orphan in the light of insurance providers. A mystereous and challenging situation might be awating for whigh the world human societyand community at large should get themselves prepared for.
Soal dan Pembahasan Farmakogenomik dan Personalized MedicineNesha Mutiara
Materi farmakologi molekular farmakogenomik dan personalized medicine :
- penjelasan farmakogenomik, farmakogenetik, dan personalized medicine
- mekanisme kerja molekular warfarin dan clopidogrel terkait farmakogenomik
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN DRUG METABOLISM.pptxAmeena Kadar
Genetic Polymorphism is one of the factors that affects the Drug metabolism. Cytochrome P - 450, one of the prominent group of metabolizing enzymes. In this ppt, genetic polymorphism of cytochrome p 450 is discussed.
pharmacogenomics is a new drug discovry approach. It is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, combining pharmacology and genomics
• Vorapoxar may interact with CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitors such as Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Clarithromycin, Nefazodone, Ritonavir, etc.
• Vorapoxar may also interact with CYP3A4 enzyme inducers like Rifampin.
• Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and it is an antiplatelet drug and a vasodilator.
• Cilostazol can interact with Omeprazole, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Aspirin, Ticlopidine, Ticagrelor, Nefazodone, Azole antifungals, Idelalisib, Amiodarone, Cobicistat, Piperaquine and Ginkgo.
Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors interact with Other Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Ticlopidine, Dipyridamole, etc.) and Ginkgo and increase the risk of bleeding.
Drug Interactions of Dipyridamole (Antiplatelt - Adenosine reuptake inhibitor)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Dipyridamole is used as an Antiplatelet drug by inhibiting the reuptake of adenosine. Dipyridamole can interact with many drugs including ADP blockers (Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticlopidine, Ticagrelor, etc), Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors (Abciximab, Tirofiban, etc.), Fibrinolytics (Reteplase, Tenecteplase, Streptokinase, etc.), Adenosine, Treprostinil, Sulfinpyrazone, Regadenoson, Distigmine and Ginkgo.
Drug Interactions of ADP receptor Blockers (Antiplatelets)Naina Mohamed, PhD
· ADP receptor Blockers (Antiplatelets) include Thienopyridines (Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticlopidine) and Non-Thienopyridines (Ticagrelor, Cangrelor, Elinogrel ).
· The risk of adverse effects could be reduced by healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions.
Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug and it produces antiplatelet activity in lower doses (75-100 mg daily), while Higher dose of Aspirin (Up to 3600 mg daily in divided doses) is required for it’s analgesic effects.
§ Islamic fasting is similar to Alternate Day Fasting (ADF), since the feast and fast periods of Islamic fasting lasts 12 hours in average.
§ Though Islamic fasting is associated with some adverse effects, there was no detrimental effects on health attributed directly to them, in health individuals. And the adverse effects of fasting could be minimized very easily by following the preventive measures.
§ The chronic patients with Diabetes, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Cancer, Ulcer, Urolithiasis, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), etc. should consult the healthcare professionals before observing Fasting.
§ Moreover, Islam exempts the Sick, Travelers and Pregnant, Breast Feeding and Menstruating women from fasting.
§ Islamic Fasting can be good for health if it's done correctly.
Clinically Important Drug Interactions of FibrinolyticsNaina Mohamed, PhD
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
• Concurrent use of Streptokinase and Antiplatelet agents such as Aspirin, Dipyridamole and Clopidogrel results in elevated risk of Bleeding.
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
Drug Interactions of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activators (rtPA)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Drug Interactions of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activators (rtPA):
• The risk of Orolingual Angioedema is increased by the concomitant use of Alteplase and ACE inhibitors (Captopril, Lisinopril, Perindopril, etc).
• Concurrent use of Alteplase and Nitroglycerin (GTN) results in Less coronary artery reperfusion, Longer time to reperfusion, and more coronary artery Reocclusion
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
• Concomitant use of Dabigatran and Itraconazole or Ketoconazole is contraindicated.
• Drugs such as Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Bivalirudin, Lepirudin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Verapamil, Quinidine, Amiodarone, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Nelfinavir, Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine increase the risk of Dabigatran induced bleeding.
• Coadministration of Dabigatran with P-Glycoprotein Inducers like Carbamazepine, Rifampin or St. John's wort elevate the risk of Thrombosis.
Argatroban can interact majorly with drugs such as Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Bivalirudin, Lepirudin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, and Dabigatran.
Hirudins such as Bivalirudin, Desirudin, Lepirudin can interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Argatroban, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Danaparoid can interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Hirudins (Bivalirudin, Lepirudin) and Other Anticoagulants like Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Argatroban, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Drug interactions of Low Molecular weight Heparins (LMWHs)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Low Molecular weight Heparins (LMWHs) may interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Heparin and Other Anticoagulants like Danaparoid, Bivalirudin, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Dabigatran and Antiplatelet agents such as Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, etc.
Concomitant use of Heparin and Telavancin or Oritavancin is contraindicated. Heparin may also interact majorly with other Anticoagulants such as Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Bivalirudin, Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Introduction
Pharmacogenetics is the study of influences of a gene on therapeutic and
adverse effects of drugs.
Pharmacogenetics is also defined as the study of inherited variation in drug-
metabolizing enzymes and drug responses.
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmakon - Drug
Genetikos –
Generative (Origin)
3. Primaquine induced hemolysis in patients with G6PD (Glucose-
6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase ) deficiency, was the first
pharmacogenetic discovery.
The term Pharmacogenetics was coined by Vogel in 1959.
Currently, there are over 120 drugs including voriconazole,
warfarin, carbamazepine, atomoxetine, azathioprine, irinotecan,
trastuzumab, and cetuximab whose labeling includes
pharmacogenetic discoveries.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a guidance
document to facilitate the use of pharmacogenomic discoveries
in drug development.
http://www.ajhp.org/content/66/7/625.abstract
Introduction
4. The pharmacokinetics of a drug can be altered by sequence
variations in drug-disposition genes.
The pharmacodynamics of a drug can be changed by sequence
variations in drug-target genes.
http://www.ajhp.org/content/66/7/625.abstract
Divisions of Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics
Drug-disposition
Pharmacogenetics
Drug-target
Pharmacogenetics
5. A drug’s disposition includes its absorption, metabolism, distribution, and
excretion (ADME).
The plasma concentrations of the parent drug or its active metabolites may be
affected by a genetic polymorphism altering the function of a protein that is
involved in the disposition of a drug.
For example, if a genetic polymorphism leads to lower activity of a metabolizing
enzyme, the plasma concentrations of the parent drug may increase and plasma
concentrations of metabolites may decrease. If only the parent drug exhibits
pharmacologic activity, the genetic polymorphism will potentiate the drug
response, including adverse drug reactions. If only the metabolites have
pharmacologic activity, then the genetic polymorphism may reduce the drug
response.
Examples:
Warfarin and CYP2C9 polymorphisms
Tamoxifen and CYP2D6 polymorphisms
Thiopurine drugs and Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)
polymorphisms
Drug-disposition Pharmacogenetics
6. CYP2C9*2 allele results in a 30-40% reduction in
enzymatic activity for S-warfarin metabolism.
While CYP2C9*3 allele causes an almost complete loss
of S-warfarin metabolism.
The patients carrying CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 or both of
these two alleles would have higher serum
concentrations of S-warfarin at a given dosage.
A study in Caucasians found that patients carrying
either CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 required significantly
lower daily dosages of warfarin to maintain a
therapeutic INR compared with patients carrying
CYP2C9*1.
Warfarin and CYP2C9 Polymorphisms
7. Tamoxifen is commonly used for breast cancer treatment.
Endoxifen, a metabolite of tamoxifen, is 100 times more potent than the parent
drug as a selective estrogen receptor modulator and exhibits about 7 times
higher plasma concentrations than the other active metabolites at steady state.
CYP2D6 is involved in generating endoxifen from tamoxifen.
CYP2D6 genotype and phenotype have been associated with variability in plasma
concentrations of endoxifen among individuals.
The CYP2D6 phenotype traditionally classified as
Ultraextensive metabolizer (CYP2D6*1/*1XN (gene duplication))
Extensive metabolizer (CYP2D6*1/*1 )
Intermediate metabolizer (CYP2D6*3/*17) or
Poor metabolizer (CYP2D6*3/*3)
Extensive or ultraextensive metabolizers would have significantly higher serum
concentrations of endoxifen compared with intermediate and poor
metabolizers.
Tamoxifen and CYP2D6
Polymorphisms
8. Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase (TPMT) metabolizes
thiopurine drugs such as mercaptopurine and
azathioprine.
Reduced TPMT activity is associated with a higher
frequency of mercaptopurine-associated adverse
events, such as neutropenia.
Patients who do not carry TPMT*1, have extremely
low TPMT enzyme activity and almost always develop
neutropenia compared with patients with TPMT*1/*1.
FDA has recommended that clinicians consider a
reduction in the dosage of a thiopurine in patients
carrying a nonfunctional TPMT allele.
Thiopurines and Thiopurine S-
Methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms
9. Pharmacologic effects of drugs are exerted by
modulating activities of enzymes or receptors.
Genetic polymorphisms of drug-target enzyme or
receptor may alter the drug response.
Fewer genetic polymorphisms in pharmacodynamic
genes have been recognized by FDA, including…
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 gene
polymorphisms (VKORC1) and warfarin response
ß1-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms (ADRB1)
and ß-blocker response
Drug-target Pharmacogenetics
10. VKORC1 encodes vitamin K epoxide reductase, which is inhibited
by warfarin.
This inhibition interferes with carboxylation of vitamin K-
dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and
anticoagulation proteins C and S.
Two haplotypes (A and B) formed by five noncoding VKORC1
SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium.
The A haplotype has been shown to be associated with lower
levels of VKORC1 mRNA expression compared with B haplotype.
Patients with A haplotype may produce smaller amounts of
VKORC1 (the warfarin target protein) than do patients with B
haplotype.
This finding is true in Asian patients who require smaller warfarin
doses to maintain a therapeutic INR than other races since the
majority of Asians carry VKORC1 haplotype A.
VKORC1 and warfarin response
11. Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly are two common SNPs in ADRB1.
It is hypothesized that hypertensive patients carrying
Ser49 or Arg389 would have greater reduction in blood
pressure with ß-blocker therapy.
Several studies have found that hypertensive patients with
Ser49Arg389/Ser49Arg389 haplotype had the greatest
reduction in blood pressure with oral metoprolol.
Since the frequency of the Arg389 allele in ADRB1 is higher
in Caucasians (73%) than in African Americans (58%),
Caucasians are more likely to have a better blood pressure
response to a ß-blocker than do African Americans.
ADRB1 and ß-blocker response
12. Both approaches can be used for gene-disease and
gene-drug response association studies.
http://www.ajhp.org/content/66/7/625.abstract
Pharmacogenetic Studies
Pharmacogenetic
Studies
Candidate-gene studies
Genome-wide
association study
(GWAS)
13. In patients who have a better (or worse) drug response, the candidate-
gene approach tests how frequent an allele or a set of alleles.
Genes are selected based on their known physiological or
pharmacologic effect on disease or drug response.
CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms had previously been shown to
change the function of the CYP2C9 enzyme and were chosen to study
the association with warfarin requirements.
The discovery of the association of VKORC1 haplotypes with warfarin
dosage requirements shows how the candidate-gene approach is used.
The candidate-gene approach is a useful tool to study a genetic
association with drug response if there is a plausible link between the
gene and the drug response.
The candidate-gene approach is less expensive and requires a smaller
sample size than GWAS.
A major disadvantage of the candidate-gene approach is that it requires
prior knowledge of the function of the gene regarding the drug
response.
Candidate-Gene Studies
14. The role of common genetic variations in disease or drug
response surveyed by Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS).
GWAS done by genotyping large sets of SNPs across the
genome.
Most GWASs have been conducted as a case-control, cohort, or
family study.
The goal is to determine whether a particular allele or a set of
alleles is more common in patients with a certain disease or a
better (worse) drug response.
GWAS is a great tool to discover new functions of a gene or to
identify a new genetic biomarker used to evaluate drug
response.
GWASs can be used to identify new biomarkers that could
explain the underlying mechanisms of adverse drug reactions.
GWAS helps to understand the complex disease development
and identify the factors that affect variable drug responses.
Genome-Wide Association Study
(GWAS)
15. Pharmacogenetics has a threefold role in the
pharmaceutical industry including…
Studying drug metabolism and
pharmacological effects
Predicting genetically determined adverse
reactions (ADRs)
Drug discovery and development and as an aid
to planning clinical trials
Role of Pharmacogenetics in
Pharmaceutical Industry
16. Pharmacists may play a key role in applying pharmacogenetic
discoveries to patient care.
Pharmacists can take a lead in application of pharmacogenetics in
clinical practice, since they are experts in pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics.
Some experts have suggested that pharmacists need access to
patients' genetic information in order to provide individualized
pharmaceutical care before they fill prescriptions.
Pharmacists’ responsibilities for pharmacogenomics include…
Promoting the optimal use and timing of pharmacogenomic
tests
Interpreting clinical pharmacogenomic test results
Educating other pharmacists, fellow health care professionals,
patients, and the public about the field of pharmacogenomics.
http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/HOD/StPharmacogenomicsPre
press.aspx
Roles of Pharmacists
17. The drug response is probably affected by multiple
genes.
Drug response might be predicted from a certain
pattern of polymorphisms rather than only a single
polymorphism.
Holding sensitive information on someone’s genetic
make up raises questions of privacy and security and
ethical dilemmas in disease prognosis and treatment
choices.
Limitations of Pharmacogenetics
18. •Focused on Patient variability
•One drug in different patients with inherited
gene variants
•Predicts drug toxicity
•Useful in Patient/disease-specific healthcare
Pharmacogenetics
•Focused on drug variability
•Many drugs and one genome
•Predicts drug efficacy
•Useful in Drug discovery and development or
drug selection
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics Vs
Pharmacogenomics
19. Pharmacogenetics plays an important role in drug development and drug safety.
Pharmacogenetics focuses on the effect of a single gene on drug response.
Pharmacogenomics deals with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.
Pharmacogenetic studies have provided strong evidence for the genetic basis of
drug response and tolerability.
The translation of pharmacogenetic research into clinical practice is time
consuming, labour intensive and expensive.
In future all pharmacists, not just those involved in a clinical or research setting,
will probably need to understand pharmacogenetic information for better drug
selection.
ASHP believes that pharmacists have a responsibility to take a prominent role in
the clinical application of pharmacogenomics.
Health-care providers will increasingly need to take pharmacogenetics into
consideration when prescribing medications.
Each patient’s history, physical condition, gender, and ethnicity must be
considered when prescribing drugs.
Conclusion
20. Pharmacogenetics, 2e
Wendell W Weber
Pharmacogenetics and Individualized Therapy
Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee, Ann K. Daly
New Research on Pharmacogenetics
Linda P. Barnes
Principles of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
Russ B. Altman, David Flockhart, David B. Goldstein
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
Nadine Cohen
References