Concomitant use of Heparin and Telavancin or Oritavancin is contraindicated. Heparin may also interact majorly with other Anticoagulants such as Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Bivalirudin, Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
The kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column, behind the peritoneum and below the diaphragm
The nephron consists of a tubule closed at one end, the other end opening into a collecting tubule
Continuing from the glomerular capsule the remainder of the nephron is about 3 cm long and is described in three parts:
the proximal convoluted tubule
the medullary loop (loop of Henle)
the distal convoluted tubule, leading into a collecting duct
High efficacy diuretics (Inhibitors of Na-+K+-2Cl¯ cotransport)
Sulphamoyl derivatives : Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torasemide
2. Medium efficacy diuretics (Inhibitors of Na+-Cl¯ symport)
Benzothiadiazines (thiazides) Hydrochlorothiazide, Benzthiazide, Hydroflumethiazide, Bendroflumethiazide
Thiazide like (related heterocyclics) Chlorthalidone, Metolazone, Xipamide, Indapamide, Clopamide
3. Weak or adjunctive diuretics
(a) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors : Acetazolamide
(b) Potassium sparing diuretics
Aldosterone antagonist: Spironolactone, Eplerenone
Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channel: Triamterene, Amiloride.
(c) Osmotic diuretics :Mannitol, Isosorbide, Glycerol
The kidneys lie on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column, behind the peritoneum and below the diaphragm
The nephron consists of a tubule closed at one end, the other end opening into a collecting tubule
Continuing from the glomerular capsule the remainder of the nephron is about 3 cm long and is described in three parts:
the proximal convoluted tubule
the medullary loop (loop of Henle)
the distal convoluted tubule, leading into a collecting duct
High efficacy diuretics (Inhibitors of Na-+K+-2Cl¯ cotransport)
Sulphamoyl derivatives : Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torasemide
2. Medium efficacy diuretics (Inhibitors of Na+-Cl¯ symport)
Benzothiadiazines (thiazides) Hydrochlorothiazide, Benzthiazide, Hydroflumethiazide, Bendroflumethiazide
Thiazide like (related heterocyclics) Chlorthalidone, Metolazone, Xipamide, Indapamide, Clopamide
3. Weak or adjunctive diuretics
(a) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors : Acetazolamide
(b) Potassium sparing diuretics
Aldosterone antagonist: Spironolactone, Eplerenone
Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channel: Triamterene, Amiloride.
(c) Osmotic diuretics :Mannitol, Isosorbide, Glycerol
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about antiepileptic drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
It is a anti- hypertensive drug. It is non-selective beta blocker drug. Hence it is beta blocker drug so it has many side effect.Not only Propranolol but also Timolol,Atenolol are beta blocker drugs.
Diuretics
Pharmacology
Katzung
Abnormalities in fluid volume and electrolyte composition are common and important clinical disorders. Drugs that block specific transport functions of the renal tubules are valuable clinical tools in the treatment of these disorders. Although various agents that increase urine volume (diuretics) have been described since antiquity, it was not until 1937 that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were first described and not until 1957 that a much more useful and powerful diuretic agent (chlorothiazide) became available. Technically, a “diuretic” is an agent that increases urine volume, whereas a “natriuretic” causes an increase in renal sodium excretion and an “aquaretic” increases excretion of solute-free water. Because natriuretics almost always also increase water excretion, they are usually called diuretics. Osmotic diuretics and antidiuretic hormone antagonists (see Agents That Alter Water Excretion) are aquaretics that are not directly natriuretic.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Hirudins such as Bivalirudin, Desirudin, Lepirudin can interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Argatroban, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Danaparoid can interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Hirudins (Bivalirudin, Lepirudin) and Other Anticoagulants like Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Argatroban, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about antiepileptic drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
It is a anti- hypertensive drug. It is non-selective beta blocker drug. Hence it is beta blocker drug so it has many side effect.Not only Propranolol but also Timolol,Atenolol are beta blocker drugs.
Diuretics
Pharmacology
Katzung
Abnormalities in fluid volume and electrolyte composition are common and important clinical disorders. Drugs that block specific transport functions of the renal tubules are valuable clinical tools in the treatment of these disorders. Although various agents that increase urine volume (diuretics) have been described since antiquity, it was not until 1937 that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were first described and not until 1957 that a much more useful and powerful diuretic agent (chlorothiazide) became available. Technically, a “diuretic” is an agent that increases urine volume, whereas a “natriuretic” causes an increase in renal sodium excretion and an “aquaretic” increases excretion of solute-free water. Because natriuretics almost always also increase water excretion, they are usually called diuretics. Osmotic diuretics and antidiuretic hormone antagonists (see Agents That Alter Water Excretion) are aquaretics that are not directly natriuretic.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
Hirudins such as Bivalirudin, Desirudin, Lepirudin can interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Argatroban, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Danaparoid can interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Hirudins (Bivalirudin, Lepirudin) and Other Anticoagulants like Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Argatroban, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban and Dabigatran.
Argatroban can interact majorly with drugs such as Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Bivalirudin, Lepirudin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, and Dabigatran.
Drug interactions of Low Molecular weight Heparins (LMWHs)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Low Molecular weight Heparins (LMWHs) may interact majorly with drugs such as Warfarin, Heparin and Other Anticoagulants like Danaparoid, Bivalirudin, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Dabigatran and Antiplatelet agents such as Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, etc.
• Concomitant use of Dabigatran and Itraconazole or Ketoconazole is contraindicated.
• Drugs such as Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Tinzaparin, Bivalirudin, Lepirudin, Fondaparinux, Phenindione, Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Verapamil, Quinidine, Amiodarone, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Nelfinavir, Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine increase the risk of Dabigatran induced bleeding.
• Coadministration of Dabigatran with P-Glycoprotein Inducers like Carbamazepine, Rifampin or St. John's wort elevate the risk of Thrombosis.
Warfarin interacts majorly with drugs such as Tamoxifen, Simvastatin, Penicillins, cephalosporins, Macrolide antibiotics, Fluoroquinolones, Sulphonamides, Azole antifungals, Amiodarone, Enoxaparin, Danaparoid, Antiplatelets, Fish oil, Vitamin K rich foods, Green tea, Pomegranate etc.
Complementary and alternative therapies for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Dietary supplements used to treat Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) include Omega 3 fatty acids, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Fiber and Coenzyme Q10. And the Mind-Body approaches to treat CHD include Chelation therapy, Meditation, Acupuncture, Reflexology and Tai chi.
Complementary and alternative therapies for hypertensionNaina Mohamed, PhD
To treat hypertension many CAM approaches are useful including Mind and Body Practices such as Dynamic Aerobic (Endurance) Exercise, Dynamic Resistance Exercise, Device-Guided Slow Breathing, Transcendental Meditation (TM), Biofeedback Techniques and Acupuncture, Herbal Supplements such as Garlic, Black cumin, Cinnamon, Flaxseed, Sour Tea, Ginger, Cardamom, Green Tea, Sweet basil, Celery, Ginseng, Saffron, Goldthread, Oats, Chinese hawthorn, Carrot, Tomato, Pomegranate, Radish and Sesame and Dietary Supplements like Coenzyme Q10, Omega 3 FAs, Melatonin and Vitamin D.
Huy Tran is a lab and clinical haematologist at Peninsula Health. He has research interests in haemostasis and thrombosis and is a member of the Australasian committee for anticoagulation reversal. Here he presents on the new oral anticoagulants and what can be done when they cause critical bleeding
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
Clinically Important Drug Interactions of FibrinolyticsNaina Mohamed, PhD
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
Drug Interactions of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activators (rtPA)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Drug Interactions of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activators (rtPA):
• The risk of Orolingual Angioedema is increased by the concomitant use of Alteplase and ACE inhibitors (Captopril, Lisinopril, Perindopril, etc).
• Concurrent use of Alteplase and Nitroglycerin (GTN) results in Less coronary artery reperfusion, Longer time to reperfusion, and more coronary artery Reocclusion
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug and it produces antiplatelet activity in lower doses (75-100 mg daily), while Higher dose of Aspirin (Up to 3600 mg daily in divided doses) is required for it’s analgesic effects.
Oral Surgery in Patients on Anticoagulant TherapyVarun Mittal
Management of patients on Anticoagulant Therapy in Surgical Practice with special emphasis on Oral Surgical Procedures; along with Guidelines drawn from various Text Books and Journals
Drug Interactions of Dipyridamole (Antiplatelt - Adenosine reuptake inhibitor)Naina Mohamed, PhD
Dipyridamole is used as an Antiplatelet drug by inhibiting the reuptake of adenosine. Dipyridamole can interact with many drugs including ADP blockers (Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticlopidine, Ticagrelor, etc), Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors (Abciximab, Tirofiban, etc.), Fibrinolytics (Reteplase, Tenecteplase, Streptokinase, etc.), Adenosine, Treprostinil, Sulfinpyrazone, Regadenoson, Distigmine and Ginkgo.
• Concurrent use of Streptokinase and Antiplatelet agents such as Aspirin, Dipyridamole and Clopidogrel results in elevated risk of Bleeding.
• It is Contraindicated to use Fibrinolytics and Defibrotide concomitantly.
• Drugs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Anticoagulants (Warfarin, Heparin, Enoxaparin, Dabigatran, etc)
o Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, etc)
o Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
• Herbs increasing the risk of Fibrinolytics associated Bleeding include…
o Fenugreek
o Garlic
o Ginkgo
o Evening Primrose Oil
o Clove Oil
o Anise
o Turmeric (Curcumin)
o Licorice
o Asafetida
o Capsicum (Capsaicin)
o Celery
o Kava
o Cat's claw
o Medowsweet
o Feverfew
o Tan-shen
• Vorapoxar may interact with CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitors such as Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Clarithromycin, Nefazodone, Ritonavir, etc.
• Vorapoxar may also interact with CYP3A4 enzyme inducers like Rifampin.
• Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and it is an antiplatelet drug and a vasodilator.
• Cilostazol can interact with Omeprazole, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Aspirin, Ticlopidine, Ticagrelor, Nefazodone, Azole antifungals, Idelalisib, Amiodarone, Cobicistat, Piperaquine and Ginkgo.
Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors interact with Other Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Ticlopidine, Dipyridamole, etc.) and Ginkgo and increase the risk of bleeding.
Drug Interactions of ADP receptor Blockers (Antiplatelets)Naina Mohamed, PhD
· ADP receptor Blockers (Antiplatelets) include Thienopyridines (Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticlopidine) and Non-Thienopyridines (Ticagrelor, Cangrelor, Elinogrel ).
· The risk of adverse effects could be reduced by healthcare professionals through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug interactions.
§ Islamic fasting is similar to Alternate Day Fasting (ADF), since the feast and fast periods of Islamic fasting lasts 12 hours in average.
§ Though Islamic fasting is associated with some adverse effects, there was no detrimental effects on health attributed directly to them, in health individuals. And the adverse effects of fasting could be minimized very easily by following the preventive measures.
§ The chronic patients with Diabetes, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Cancer, Ulcer, Urolithiasis, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), etc. should consult the healthcare professionals before observing Fasting.
§ Moreover, Islam exempts the Sick, Travelers and Pregnant, Breast Feeding and Menstruating women from fasting.
§ Islamic Fasting can be good for health if it's done correctly.
Complementary and alternative therapies for hyperlipidemiaNaina Mohamed, PhD
CAM for Hyperlipidemia includes Dietary Supplements (Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Plant sterols and stanols, Soy protein, Flax seed, Red yeast rice), Herbal Supplements (Ginger, Garlic, Ginseng) and Mind – Body Practices (Transcendental Meditation and Yoga).
¢ The imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure might result in to Overweight or Obesity.
¢ An US study reported that the Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use is high and continues to increase.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Introduction
Anticoagulants are the drugs used to prevent harmful blood clots which
can cause serious conditions like Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), Pulmonary
Embolism (PE), or a Stroke, by affecting blood coagulation factors.
Interaction between one or more coadministered medications leading to
change in their effectiveness or toxicity, is termed as “Adverse drug
interaction”.
Anticoagulants can interact with prescription drugs, Over-the-counter
(OTC) medications, Herbal products, Dietary supplements, Vitamins,
Foods, Diseases, and Genetics (family history).
4. Defibrotide &
Antithrombotics
Concomitant use of defibrotide and a systemic antithrombotic agent is
contraindicated.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/120/21/3411?sso-checked=true
Antithrombotics
+ Defibrotide
Additive
antithrombotic
effects
Increased risk
bleeding
Contraindicated
5. Heparin & Telavancin or
Oritavancin
If coadministration is required, collect blood samples prior to the next dose of
Telavancin or Oritavancin.
http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ucm429767.htm
Heparin + Telavancin or
Oritavancin
Telavancin or Oritavancin bind to the
artificial phospholipid surfaces added to
common anticoagulation tests
Artificial prolongation of activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) test results
Contraindicated
6. Heparin &
Other Anticoagulants
If coadministration is required, closely monitor the patient for signs and
symptoms of bleeding.
Heparin + Other Anticoagulants
(Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, Bivalirudin,
Danaparoid, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban,
Dabigatran)
Additive anticoagulation Increased risk of bleeding
7. Anticoagulants &
Fibrinolytics
Observe patients for external bleeding and be alert for signs and symptoms of
internal bleeding, if concomitant use of an anticoagulant and a fibrinolytic agent
is required.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11085346
Anticoagulants +
Fibrinolytics (Alteplase,
Retaplase, Tenecteplase,
Streptokinase, Urokinase)
Additive
anticoagulation
Increased risk of
bleeding
8. Anticoagulants &
Antiplatelet agents
Concomitant use warrants close monitoring.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/3/305
Anticoagulants +
Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin,
Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, etc)
Additive anticoagulation Increased risk of bleeding
9. Anticoagulants &
Fenofibrate
Reduce the dose of the anticoagulant by about one-third at the start of
treatment, if concomitant use is required.
Then gradually adjust the dose based on the results of INR monitoring.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12549950
Anticoagulants +
Fenofibrate
Additive effects on
anticoagulation
Enhanced bleeding
risk
10. Anticoagulants &
Orlistat
Caution should be exercised when Anticoagulants and Orlistat are used
concurrently.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659605
Anticoagulants + Orlistat
Orlistat may reduce the
absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins, including vitamin
K
Increased risk of bleeding
11. Heparin & Alprostadil
Careful monitoring of antithrombolytic control is recommended in patients
receiving Heparin and Alprostadil concurrently.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9671370
Heparin + Alprostadil
(Prostaglandin E1)
Inhibition of platelet
reactivity
Increased risk of
bleeding
12. Anticoagulants & SSRIs
Serotonin is essential in initiating the hemostatic response of platelets to vascular injury.
Monitor patient for signs of increased bleeding When SSRIs and an anticoagulant are given
concurrently.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728939/
Anticoagulants + Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
(Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine,
Vortioxetine, Escitalopram,
Sertraline, Nefazodone, vilazodone)
SSRIs block the uptake of
serotonin by platelets
Decreased function of plateletsIncreased risk of Bleeding
13. Anticoagulants & SNRIs
Serotonin is essential in initiating the hemostatic response of platelets to vascular injury.
Monitor patient for signs of increased bleeding When SNRIs and an anticoagulant are given
concurrently.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728939/
Anticoagulants + Selective Serotonin and
Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
(SNRIs)
(Venlafaxine, Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine,
Milnacipran, Levomilnacipran,
Sibutramine)
SNRIs block uptake of
by platelets
Decreased function of
platelets
Increased risk of Bleeding
14. Anticoagulants &
NSAIDs
If used concomitantly, monitor for signs of bleeding.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/1215/p1371.html
Anticoagulants + NSAIDs
(Ibuprofen, Diclofenac,
Naproxen, etc)
NSAIDs possess antiplatelet
effects
Increased risk of bleeding
15. Anticoagulants &
St. John's Wort
Prothrombin time should be monitored closely.
Patients should not discontinue St. John's Wort without notifying their health
care provider.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4917631/
Anticoagulants + St.John's Wort
St. John's Wort induce CYP3A4 and
CYP1A2 mediated metabolism of R-
warfarin and CYP2C9 mediated S-
warfarin metabolism
Decreased warfarin plasma
concentrations leading to Reduced
anticoagulant effectiveness
16. Anticoagulants &
Ginkgo
Extreme caution is advised, due to the severity of the bleeding cases reported.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700098/epdf
Anticoagulants + Ginkgo
Ginkgolide B of Ginkgo may
inhibit Platelet Activating
Factor (PAF) induced
aggregation
Increased risk of bleeding
17. Anticoagulants & Garlic
Monitor bleeding time and signs and symptoms of excessive bleeding, if
garlic is taken with an anticoagulant.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700072/epdf
Anticoagulants + Garlic
Garlic has Anti-platelet,
Antithrombotic and
Fibrinolytic activities
Increased risk of bleeding
18. Anticoagulants +
Papaya
The patient should be monitored closely for symptoms of bleeding and
the INR should be closely monitored, if taken concomitantly.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025393/
Anticoagulants + Papaya
Papain of Papaya may
damage the mucous
membranes of the
gastrointestinal tract
Increased bleeding risk
19. Anticoagulants &
Chamomile
Patients should be educated about the potential risk of using chamomile
products, while being treated with warfarin.
Monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of excessive bleeding.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1435958/
Anticoagulants +
Chamomile (Matricaria
chamomilla)
Coumarins present in
chamomile may potentiate
the effect of anticoagulants
Increased risk of bleeding
20. Anticoagulants &
Coenzyme Q10
Caution is advised if coenzyme Q10 and Anticoagulants are taken together.
Monitor the INR to determine continued therapeutic effect.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9621803
Anticoagulants +
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is
chemically similar to
Vitamin K2
Reduced
anticoagulant
effectiveness
21. Anticoagulants &
Ginger
Caution is advised if ginger and an anticoagulant are taken concomitantly.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11144706
Anticoagulants + Ginger
Ginger may inhibit
thromboxane B2 formation
& may increase
levels
Increased risk of bleeding
22. Anticoagulants &
Fenugreek
Monitor bleeding time and signs and symptoms of excessive bleeding, if
fenugreek and anticoagulants are used concomitantly.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1592/phco.21.5.509.34492/epdf
Anticoagulants +
Fenugreek
Coumarin content
of fenugreek may
add to the effect of
anticoagulants
Increased risk of
bleeding
23. Anticoagulants & Anise
Caution is advised if anise is taken with an anticoagulant. Monitor for signs and
symptoms of increased excessive bleeding.
http://www.ajhp.org/content/57/13/1221.long
Anticoagulants +
Anise
Coumarin content of
Anise may add to
the effect of
anticoagulants
Increased risk of
bleeding
24. Anticoagulants & Clove
Oil
Monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding, if both are
taken together.
http://www.ajhp.org/content/57/13/1221.long
Anticoagulants + Clove Oil
Eugenol and Acetyl
in clove oil inhibit platelet
aggregation
Increased risk of bleeding
25. Anticoagulants &
Asafetida
Monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding.
http://www.ajhp.org/content/57/13/1221.long
Anticoagulants +
Asafetida
Asafetida contains
free ferulic acid and
coumarin
Increased risk of
bleeding
26. Anticoagulants &
Capsaicin
Signs and symptoms of excessive bleeding should be monitored closely if
capsaicin (or large amounts of red pepper) and anticoagulants are taken
concomitantly.
http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cmr.20140305.17.pdf
Anticoagulants + Capsaicin
Capsaicin may inhibit
platelet aggregation and
enhance fibrinolytic activity
Increased risk of bleeding
27. Anticoagulants &
Evening primrose oil
Monitor for signs and symptoms of excessive bleeding.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783511
Anticoagulants + Evening primrose
oil
Gamma-linolenic acid from
primrose oil may inhibit
thromboxane B2 production and
increase prostacyclin production
Increased risk of bleeding
28. Anticoagulants &
Licorice
Monitor for signs and symptoms of excessive bleeding, if licorice is taken with an
anticoagulant.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671711
Anticoagulant
+ Licorice
Inhibition of thrombin and
platelet aggregation by
licorice
Increased risk
of bleeding
29. Anticoagulants & Celery
Monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding, if both are taken
together.
http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/PrintVersion.aspx?id=882&AspxAuto
DetectCookieSupport=1
Anticoagulants +
Celery
Apigenin content of Celery, may inhibit
thromboxane A2 formation leading to
reduced platelet aggregation & Celery
contains coumarin derivatives, which
may produce additional anticoagulant
effects
Increased risk of
bleeding
30. TIPS for Patients on
Anticoagulants
Do not double the dose to compensate a missed one.
Do not forget to discuss with your surgeon or dentist about the regular use of
Anticoagulant prior to any surgery.
Talk to your Physician or Pharmacist before taking any other medications, including
prescription and OTC (Over-The-Counter) medicines.
Contact your doctor if you develop severe diarrhea, an infection or a fever.
Seek immediate medical advice if there is signs of bleeding such as blood in your stools
or urine, nose-bleeds, bleeding gums, excessive menstrual bleeding or excessive
bruising.
Be careful with knives and try to minimize the risk of falling.
Always adhere to the prescribed dosage schedule.
Wear or carry an identification stating that You are on Anticoagulant.
31. Conclusion
Drug interactions can result in significant morbidity and mortality and thus
minimizing the risk for drug interactions should be a goal in drug therapy.
The patients with clotting disorders should bring a list of all of the drugs they
are taking including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and any
supplements, herbal or otherwise, during their visit to the doctor or
pharmacist.
The risk of adverse effects could be reduced by healthcare professionals
through the screening, education, and follow up on suspected drug
interactions.
If possible, the patients are recommended to fill all their prescriptions at one
pharmacy.
Pharmacists can play a crucial role in identifying possible drug interactions by
asking Warfarin patients about their herbal and other alternative medicine
product use.
32. References
Stockley’s Drug Interactions, 9e
Karen Baxter
Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,
12e
Laurence L. Brunton, Bruce A. Chabner, Björn C. Knollmann
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 12e
Bertram G. Katzung, Susan B. Masters, Anthony J. Trevor
A Manual of Adverse Drug Interactions
J.P. Griffin, P.F. D'Arcy
Clinical Manual of Drug Interaction Principles for Medical Practice
Gary H. Wynn, Jessica R. Oesterheld, Kelly L. Cozza, Scott C.
Armstrong