PHARMACEUTICAL RELATED DEFINITIONS

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PHARM. D (SINDH UNI)
 PHARMACY
Pharmacy is the art & science of preparing and dispensing drugs for the
prevention and cure of disease.
 PHARMACIST
A personlicensed to prepare and dispense drugs and MEDICINES.
Definitions of subjects;
 PHARMACEUTICS
Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacythat deals with the process
of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a medicationto be
used safely and effectivelyby patients. It is also called the science of
dosage form design
 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is the chemistry discipline that is concerned with the
study of compoundscontaining carbon that is chemically bonded
tohydrogen. Organic chemistry encompasses the synthesis, identification,
modeling,and chemical reactions of such compounds.
 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistryis the study of the structure, composition,and chemical
reactions of substances in living systems
 PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functions and
processesof living organisms.
Physiology includes everything from how a single cell functions, to what
makes your nerve receptors work,how your pancreas releases insulin, and
what happens to your muscles when you exercise

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 ANATOMY
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans,
animals, and other living organisms,especiallyas revealed by dissection
and the separation of parts.
 HISTOLOGY
A branch of anatomy that deals with the minute structure of animal
and other living organism’s tissues as discernible with the microscope
 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiologyis the branch of science that deals with microorganisms.
Pharmaceutical Microbiologyis an applied branch of Microbiology.It
involves the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals eg. minimizing the number of microorganisms in a process
environment, excluding microorganisms and microbialby-products like
exotoxin and endotoxin from water and other starting materials
 PHARMACOLOGY
The science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects,and uses o
f drugs; it includes pharmocokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacothera
peutics, and toxicology.
 PHARMACOGNOSY
Pharmacognosyis the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals
and mineral and their constituents. The word ‘Pharmacognosy’is derived
from the Greek Pharmakon, ‘a drug’ and gignosco,‘to acquire knowledge’.
 DISPENSING PHARMACY
 PATHOLOGY

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Pathology is a branch of medicalscience primarily concerning the cause,
origin and nature of disease.It involves the examination of tissues,organs,
bodily fluids and autopsies in order to study and diagnose disease.
 COMMUNITY PHARMACY
Community pharmacy mean any place under the direct supervisionof a
pharmacist where the practice of pharmacy occurs or where prescription
orders are compoundedand dispensedother than a hospital pharmacy
Community pharmacy, also known as retail pharmacy, is the most common
type of pharmacy that allows the public access to their medications and
advice about their health
 HOSPITAL PHARMACY
It is department or service in a hospital under the supervision of qualified
pharmacist where all the medicines and related supplies are stocked,
dispensed,on valid prescriptionto inpt, outpt and nursing units.
 CLINICAL PHARMACY
Clinical pharmacy is a health science discipline in which pharmacists
provide patient care that optimizes medicationtherapy and promotes
health, and disease prevention. clinical pharmacy as an area of pharmacy
concerned with the science and practice of rational medicationuse.
 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY
It is discipline of medical science which concern with the development,
manufacturing, formulation, distribution, marketing and quality assurance of
the all process/stages.
 BIOPHARMACEUTICS
It is study of factors that affectthe bioavailability of drug and use of this
knowledge to optimize the therapeutic effect.

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 QUALITY MANANGMENT
Quality management is the act of overseeing all activities and tasks needed
to maintain a desired level of excellence.This includes the determination of
a quality policy, creating and implementing quality planning and assurance,
and quality control and quality improvement
 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
It includes methods,techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture,
preparation, compounding,dispensing,packaging, and storing of drugs and
other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures,and in
the treatment of patients.
 FORENSIC PHARMACY
Forensic pharmacyis the application of pharmaceutical knowledge to the
investigation of crime particularly in establishing the cause of injury or
death.
A
 ADSORPTION
The adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules (as of gases,
solutes, or liquids) to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which
they are in contact.
 ABSORPTION
Movement of drug from site of administration to systemic circulation.

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 AROMATIC WATER
Aromatic water or medicated water as defined by usp is a clear
saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile
substances.
 AEROSOL
An aerosolis a pressurized dosage forms containing one or more
therapeutic active ingredients which upon actuation emit a fine dispersion
of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium contain smaller than
50 um".
 ANTIGEN
A toxin or other foreignsubstance which induces an immune response in
the body, especiallythe production of antibodies.
 ANTIBODY
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific
antigen. Antibodies combine chemicallywith substances which the body
recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreignsubstances in
the blood.
 ALERGY
A damaging immune response by the bodyto a substance,especiallya
particular food,pollen, fur, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive.
 ANTIDOTE
A remedyto counteract the effects ofpoison.
 ABSORPTION RATE
The amount of time it takes after a drug is administered for it to enter the
bloodstream

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 APOTHECARY
Latin term for pharmacist
 AUXILIARY LABEL
An adhesive label that is attached to a container with specific instructions
or information pertaining to the medication inside
 ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
A method of preventing contamination by organisms
 ANAPHRODISIAC
Reduces capacity for sexual arousal
 ASEPSIS
Sterile, a condition free of germs,infection, and any form of life
 ASTRINGENT
Agent that constricts and binds by coagulation of proteins a cell surface
 ADVERSE REACTION
When the body has an undesired or negative response to a medication or
D-D interaction
 AGONIST
A drug that triggers a receptorto produce a physiological response.
 ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
The body reaction to anaphylaxis caused by your immune system

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 ANTAGONIST
Drug designto blocka receptor-mediated effectcreated by
neurotransmitters
 ANTITUSSIVE
Drug used to suppress or relieve cough
 ASSAY
A technique (test) for measuring a biologicalresponse orfordetermining
characteristics such as composition,purity, activity, and weight.
 AUTOIMMUNE
A disease in which the body produces an immunogenic response against
self-antigens.
 ANTIBIOTIC
A drug used to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics have no effecton viral
infections.Originally, an antibiotic was a substance produced by one
microorganism that selectivelyinhibits the growth of another
B
 BIOAVALABILITY
It is study of rate and extent of drug from dosage form to reach into
systemic circulation or site of action.
Rate = amount Extent = duration
 BRAND/TRADE NAME
Trademark of a drug or device created by the original manufacturer

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 BACTERICIDAL
Drug that destroyor kill bacteria
 BACTERIOSTATIC
Drug that slow down or inhibit bacterial growth
 BATCH NUMBER
A unique combination of numbers and/or letters which specificallyidentify a
batch or lot and from which the productionand distribution history can be
determined.
 BIOPSY
The gross and microscopicexamination of tissues or cells removed from a
living patient, for the purpose of diagnosis or prognosis of disease,or for
the confirmation of normal conditions.
 BROAD SPECTRUM
Over a wide range. A broad-spectrum disinfectantis effective against a
wide range of microorganisms including bacterial spores,mycobacteria,
non-lipid and lipid viruses, fungi, and vegetative bacteria
 BUFFER
A substance capable of neutralizing both acids and bases in solution,
C
 CRYSTALIZATION

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Crystallization is process offormationof solid crystals precipitating from a
solution , melt or rarely depositeddirectly from a gas, crystallization is also
a chemicalsolid-liquid separation technique
 CENTRIFUGATION
The process in which mixtures are separated using the centripetal force
generated by spinning in a centrifuge.
 CARBOHYDRATE
Any of a large group of organic compounds, including sugars, such a
ssucrose, and polysaccharides, such as cellulose, glycogen, and star
ch,that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formu
la Cm (H 2 O) n : an important source of food and energy for animals
 COLLOID
A type of homogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles do not
settle out.
 CREAM
Creams are semisolid dosageform containing one or more drug
substances dissolved or dispersed ina suitable base.
 COLLODION SOLUTION
A clear or slightly opalescent, highly flammable, syrupy liquid compounded
ofpyroxylin,etherandalcohol ,which dries toa transparent, tenacious film; us
ed as a topical protectant, applied to the skin to close small wounds, abrasi
ons, and cuts,to holdsurgical dressings in place, and to keep medications in
contact with the skin.
 CAPSULE
Solid dosage form of medicamentin which drug is enclosed in shell made
up of gelatin. There are 2 types of shell softshell and hard shell.

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 COMPOUNDING
Compounding is the art and science of preparing personalized medications
for patients. Compoundedmedications are made based on a practitioners
prescriptionin which individual ingredients are mixed together in the exact
strength and dosage form required by the patient.
 CONTRACEPTION
Contraception(birth control) prevents pregnancyby interfering with the nor
mal process of ovulation, fertilization, andimplantation. There are different k
inds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
 CATHARTIC
An active purgative, producing bowel movements
 COMMUNICABLE
Referto illness/ disease that is contagious or transmittable to other
 CANCER
The name given to a group of diseases that are characterized by
uncontrolled cellular growth
 CATALYST
A compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being
consumed or changed.
 CONTAMINANT
Any unwanted or undesired componentin a process fluid or controlled
environment.
D
 DISTILLATION

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The action of purifying a liquid by a processof heating and cooling
 DELIQUESCENCE
The process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere
until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution.
Deliquescence occurs when the vapour pressure of the solution that is
formed is less than the partial pressure of water vapour in the air. All
soluble salts will deliquesce if the air is sufficientlyhumid
 DECANTATION
Decanting is a processto separate mixtures. Decanting is just allowing a
mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible liquids to settle and separate
by gravity. Once the mixture components have separated, the lighter liquid
is poured off leaving the heavier liquid or solid behind
 DESICCATION
To remove the moisture from a thing that normally contains moisture, tO
dry out completely;to preserve by drying. The process ofdesiccating a
thing is called desiccation;an agent used to bring about desiccationis
called a desiccant or a desiccator.
 DOSAGE FORM
A term for the physical characteristics of a drug product—
e.g., tablet, capsule or solution
 DOSE
A specified quantity of a therapeutic agent, such as medicine, prescribedto
be taken at one time
 DIFFRENCE B/W DRUG & MEDICINE
Drug is any substance other than food which has a physiologicaleffect
when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

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Medicine refers to a substance that is used in treating disease or relieving
pain, and that is usually in the form of a pill or a liquid. Medicine has a
favorable effecton our health.
 DECOCTION
Decoctionis a method of extraction by boiling of dissolved chemicals from
herbal or plant material, which may include stems,roots, bark and
rhizomes. Decoction involves first mashing and then boiling in water to
extract oils, volatile organic compounds and other chemical substances.
 DISTRIBUTION
Movement of drug from systemic circulation to site of action
 DRUG ABUSE
The habitual taking of illegal drugs.
 DISSOLUTION
The transfer of molecules of loins form solute state in a solution is known
as dissolution.
 DISINTEGRATION
The USP definition of disintegration is 'that state in which any residue of
the unit, exceptfragments of insoluble coating or capsule shell, remaining
on the screenof the test apparatus is a softmass having no palpably firm
core'
 DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLITION
Decompositionof a solid by heating it in a closed container and collecting
the volatile constituents given o
 DENSITY
Density is defined as its mass per unit volume

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E
 ELUTRITION
To purify, separate, or remove by washing
 EXCRETION
When drug remove from body in intact form/ unchanged form.
 ELIMINITION
Movement of drug from one organ to other organ.
 EVAPORATION
The change of a liquid into a vapor at a temperature below the boiling point.
Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid, where molecules with the
highest kinetic energy are able to escape
 ENZYME
A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to
bring about a specific biochemicalreaction.
 EMULSION
A PharmaceuticalEmulsion is a two -phase liquid preparation consisting
of two or more immiscible liquids in which small globules of one liquid are
disperseduniformly throughout the other liquid
 EXTRACTION
Extraction involves the separation of medicinally active portion of animal or
plant tissue from the inactive components through use of selective solvent.
 ELIXER

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A clear, sweetened,hydroalcoholic (mean contain water + alcohol)
preparation intended for oral use; elixirs contain flavoring substances and
are used either as vehicle or for therapeutic effectof active medicinal
agents.
 ENEMA
Enema or clyster, is a fluid injected into the lower bowel by way of the
rectum. The mostfrequent use of an enema is to relieve constipation or for
bowel cleansing before a medical examination or procedure.
 EPIDEMEOLOGY
The branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of
disease in large populations and with detectionof the source and cause
of epidemic of infectious disease.
 EPI
Routine immunizationin progress.The Expanded
Program on Immunization(EPI)was launched in Pakistan 1978 to protect
children by immunizingthem against childhood tuberculosis,poliomyelitis,
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measels.
 EFFERVESCENT TABLET
Effervescent or carbon tablets are tablets which are designed to break in
contact with water or another liquid, releasing carbon dioxide in the
process.Rapid breakdown often may cause the tablet to dissolve into a
solution, and is also often followed by a froth.
F
 FUSION
The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single
entity

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 FERMENTATION
An anaerobic (without oxygen) cellular processin which organic foods are
converted into simplercompounds,and chemical energy ( ATP)is
produced.
 PHARMACEUTICAL INCOMPATABILITIES
Incompatibility refers to interactions between two or more substances
which lead to changes in chemical, physical,therapeutic properties of
the pharmaceutical dosage form.
 FORMULARY
A drug formulary is a list of prescriptiondrugs, both generic and brand
name used by practitioners to identify drugs that offerthe greatest overall
value.
 FRIABILITY
Friability is defined as a percent(%) reduction in the mass of the tablets,
occurring when the tablets are subjected to mechanical strain during
handling
 FREEZ DRYING
To preserve a substance, such as food,by freezing it rapidly and placing it
in a vacuum chamber, where the water frozen in the substance evaporates
through sublimation.
G
 GLYCOLYSIS

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A metabolic process that occurs in nearly all living cells in which glucose is
converted in a series of steps to pyruvic acid and during which energy is
released in the form of ATP.
 GLYCOGENOLLYSIS
Process bywhich glycogen,the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver
and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide
immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting
 GLUCONEOGENESIS
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino aci
ds and glycerol. It occurs primarily in the liverand kidneys whenever the su
pply of carbohydrates is insufficient to meetthe body's energy needs. Gluc
oneogenesis isstimulated by cortisol and other GLUCOCORTICOIDS.
 GLUCAGON
A hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of
glycogento glucose in the liver.
 GEL
A gel is a solid or semisolid preparation of at least two constituents,
consisting of a condensedmass enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid
 GMP
A GMP is a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced
and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the
risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated
through testing the final product.
 GRANULATION
Granulation refers to the act or process in which primary powder particles
are made to adhere to form larger, multiparticle entities called granules

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 GENERIC NAME
Name assigned to a medication by the FDA
 FAMILY PLANNING
The practice of controlling the number of children one has and the intervals
between their births, particularly by means of contraceptionor voluntary
sterilization.
H
 HYDROLYSIS
The chemical break down of a compound due to reaction with water.
 HORMONE
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the
activity of certain cells or organs. Many hormones are secreted by special
glands, such as thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Hormones
are essential for every activity of life, including the processes ofdigestion,
metabolism,growth, reproduction,and mood control.
 HYPERSENSENSITIVITY
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reactionor intolerance) is a
set of undesirable reactions produced bythe normal immune system,
including allergies and autoimmunity.
 HOSPITAL
he definition given by the World Health Organization (WHO) is quite
exhaustive and exclusive, in which a hospital is defined as ‘an integral part
of the medicaland social organization which is to provide for the population
complete health care, both curative and preventive; and whose out-patient
services reach out into the family in its home environment

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 HYPERALIMENTATION
The administration of nutrients by intravenous feeding especially to patients
who cannot ingest food through the digestive tract.
 HYGROSCOPIC
Hygroscopyis the ability of a substance to attract and hold water
molecules from the surrounding environment. This is achieved through
either absorptionor adsorption with the absorbing or adsorbing substance
becoming physically changed somewhat.
I
 IGNITION
The action of setting something on fire or starting to burn.
 INSULIN
A hormone produced inthe pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which
regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.
 IMMUNITY
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the
action of specificantibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
 IV ADMIXTURE
A compounded IV admixtureis a solution of sterile substances prepared
by a certified pharmacy technician for the purpose of administration to a
patient through an intravenous route.
 INVENTORY
A complete listof items such as property, goods in hand.

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L
 LYOPHILIZATION
A processby which material is rapidly frozen and dehydrated under high
vacuum
 LEVIGATION
To make into a smooth, fine powderor paste, as by grinding when moist.
OR
Levigation is the process of grinding an insoluble substance to a fine
powder, while wet. The material is introduced into the mill togetherwith
water, in which the powdered substance remains suspended,and flows
from the mill as a turbid liquid or thin paste
 LIPID
Any of a large group of organic compoundsthat are estersof fatty acids ( si
mple lipids, such as fats and waxes) or closelyrelated substances ( comp
ound lipids, such as phospholipids):usually insoluble in water but soluble i
n alcohol and other organicsolvents. They are important structural materials
in living organism.
 LOTION
A liquid, usually aqueous or sometimesalcoholic preparation containing
insoluble material in the form of a suspensionor emulsion, intended for
external application without rubbing, in such skin conditions as itching,
infection, allergy, pain.
 LINIMENTS
Liniments are solutions or mixture of various substances in oil, alcoholic
solution of soap, or emulsions intended for external application. They are

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supplied with rubbing to the affectedareas and that is why they were once
called embrocation
 LIQUEFACTION
Liquefactionis a term used in materials sciences to refer to any process
which either generates a liquid from a solid or a gas, or generates a non-
liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.
 LAMINAR FLOW HOOD
Environment for preparation of sterile products within a streamline flow
near a solid boundary
M
 MICROMERITICS
Micromeritics is the science of small particles. It is the study of a
number of characteristics, including particle size and size distribution,
shape, angle of repose,porosity,true volume, apparent density.
 METABOLISM
It is chemically conversionof one form of molecule to another form.OR
The process involving a set of chemical reactions that modifies
a molecule into another for storage (ANABOLISM)orfor immediate use in
another reaction (CATABOISM)oras a by product.
 MACERATION
An act or the process of maceratingsomething;especially:the extraction
of a drug by allowing it to stand in contact with a solvent.
 MAGMA

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A paste or suspensionconsisting of a finely divided solid dispersed ina
liquid
 MONOGRAPH
The descriptionof a drug, including side effects,dosage forms,indications,
and the pertinent information
N
 NARCOTIC
Drug that induce various stages of narcosis to dull the senses,typically
used to treat pain
O
 OINTMENT
Are semisolid oil based preparation meant for external application to skin.
 OPHHELMIC SOLUTION
Sterile solutions , free from foreignparticles and suitably
compoundedand dispensed forinstillation into the eye.
 OTC
Over-the-counter medications that do not require a prescription
 ORS
A solution used to prevent or correct dehydration due to diarrheal illnesse
s. The World Health Organization recommendsthatthe solution contain 3.
5 g sodium chloride; 2.9 g potassium chloride; 2.9 g trisodium citrate; and
1.5 g glucose dissolvedineach liter of drinking water
P

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 PHARMACODYNAMIC
The branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the
mechanism of their action OR how drug act with body.
 PHARMACOKINETIC
It defined as the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution,
metabolism,and excretion. mean how bodyact with drug.
 PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIVALENT
Drug products are considered pharmaceuticalequivalents if they contain
the same active ingredient(s), are of the same dosage form,route of
administration and are same in strength or concentration but change in
color.
 PHARMACEUTICAL ALTERNATIVE
Drug having same active ingredient but differentsalt, ester, concentration
and route of administration. E.g tetracycline hcl alternative tetracycline
phosphate .
 PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTITUSTION
The process of dispensing pharmaceutical alternative is called
pharmaceutical substitution.
 PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical
reaction.
When the chemical reaction occur the solid formed is called, precipitate.
This can occur when an insoluble substance, the precipitate, is formed in
the solution due to a reaction or when the solution has beensupersaturated
by a compound

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 PROTEIN
Any of a group of complexorganic macromolecules that contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composedof one or
more chains of amino acids. Proteins are fundamental components of all
living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones,
and antibodies, that are necessary for the properfunctioning of an
organism
 PASTE
Contain high percentage of insoluble solid (usually 50% or more). Pastes
are usually prepared by incorporating solids directly into a congealed
system by levigation with a portion of base to form paste like mass. They
have good adhesionon skin and less greasy.
 POULTICE
A soft,moist mass of material, typically consisting of bran, flour, herbs, etc.,
applied to the body to relieve soreness and inflammation and kept in place
with a cloth.
 PLASTER
An adhesive substance spread on fabric or other suitable backing material,
for application to the skin, often containingsome medication, such as an an
algesic or local vasodilator.
 POWDER
Pharmaceuticalpowder is a solid dosage form comprising of a large
number of finely divided solid particles of drugs ormixture of drugs and
excipients.
 PESSARIES

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Asmall soluble blockthat is inserted into the vagina to treat infection or as a
contraceptive.Anelastic or rigid device that is inserted into the vagina to
supportthe uterus.
 PATIENT ASSESMENT
Patient assessmentis the term used to describethe process of identification
of the condition, needs, abilities and preferences of a patient.
 PHARMACY TECHNICIAN
Personwho assists the pharmacist by filling prescriptions and performing
other nondispensing tasks
 PROTOCOL
Set of standards written by a hospital or insurance company for patient
treatment
R
 RHEOLOGY
The branch of science/physicsthat deals with the deformationand flow of
matter, especially the non-Newtonian flow of liquids and the plastic flow of
solids
 RADIO-PHARMACY
Radio-pharmacy is the branch of the professionthat involves the
manufacture and supply of safe and effective radiopharmaceuticals
(radioactive products)for the diagnosis and therapeutic

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 RUBEFACIENT
Agent which reddens skin, dilates the vessels,and increases blood supply
locally treatment of patients with cancer. It also involves providing advice
and support on the use of radiopharmaceuticals
S
 SUBLIMATION
When any solid turns into a gas without first becoming liquid, that's
sublimation.Whenthe surface layer of snow or ice turns into fog or steam
without melting, this is an example of sublimation.
 SUSPENSION
A Pharmaceutical Suspension is a two- phase system with uniform
dispersionof finely divided solid drug particles in a continuous phase of
solid, liquid or gas in which the drug has minimum solubility.
Here in suspensions,the finely divided solid drug particles are called as
dispersedphase or external phase or discontinuous phase and the phase
in which they are dispersedis called as dispersionmedium or internal
phase or continuous phase.
 SOLUTION
A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed mo
lecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent).
 SYRUPS
Syrups consist of sugar in water.These are highly concentrated,obviously
viscous preparations. And they may or may not contain therapeutic agent.

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In simple syrup sucrose at the concentration of 85% is dissolved in water.
These are sometimes used as a coating on to the surface of the tablets.
If some therapeutic agent is present,then it is called as medicatedsyrup.
 SPIRIT
An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of a volatile material. which is
mostly used in the preparation of differentpharmaceutical products.
 SUPPOSITORY
A suppository is a solid dosage form that is inserted into the rectum
(rectal suppository),vagina (vaginal suppository)or urethra
(urethral suppository),where it dissolves or melts and exerts local or
systemic effects.They are used to deliver both systemically and locally
acting medications.
 STERILIZATION
Sterilization referring to any processthat eliminates (removes)or kills
(deactivates) all forms of life and other biologicalagents (such as
prions as well as viruses which some do not considerto be alive but
are biologicalpathogens nonetheless),including transmissible agents
(such as fungi bacteria ,viruses),
 S.O.P
S.O.P (standardoperating procedure):established or prescribed
methods to be followed routinely for the performance of designated
operations or in designated situations
 SOLUBILITY
Solubility may bedefined as the maximum concentration of a substance
that may be completelydissolvedin a given solvent at a given temperature
and pressure

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 SURFACTANT
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial
tension) betweentwo liquids or betweena liquid and a
solid. Surfactants may act as detergents,wetting agents, emulsifiers,
foaming agents, and dispersants
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The ratio of the density of any substance to the density of some other
substance taken as standard, water being the standard for liquids and
solids,and hydrogen or air being the standard for gases.
 SPRAY
A jet of fine particles of liquid, as medicine,insecticide,paint, perfume,etc.,
discharged from an atomizer or other device for directapplication to a
surface.
 SUTURE
Thread-like material used to sew tissue together OR To stitch a wound
closed.
T
 THERAPEUTIC EFFECT
Any desirable/beneficialeffectof medicine is called therapeutic effect.
 THERAPEUTICAL EQUIVALENT
A therapeuticequivalent is a drug that is chemically identical to a
nonpreferred drug and is expected to have the same efficacyand toxicity
when given in the same doses.

28
ADNAN CHAUDHRY
 THERAPEUTICAL ALTERNATIVE
The drug which have differentactive ingredient but have same therapeutic
effect.
 THERAPEUTIC SUBSTITUTION
Process ofdispensing therapeutical alternative drug.
 TRITURATION
The act of triturating, or reducing to a fine powderby grinding. Trituration is
a dry process,and thus distinguished from levigation.
 TINCTURE
An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable materials
or from chemical substances;most tinctures are prepared by percolationor
by maceration
 TABET
Tablets maybe defined as the solid unit dosage form of medicamentor
medicaments with or without suitable excipients and prepared either by
molding or by compression.It comprisesa mixture of active substances
and excipients, usually in powderform, pressed orcompacted from a
powderinto a solid dose
 T.P.N
Totalparenteralnutrition (TPN)is a method of feeding that bypasses the
gastrointestinal tract. Fluids are given into a vein to provide most of the
nutrients the body needs.The method is used when a personcannot or
should not receive feedings orfluids by mouth.
 TEMPERATURE
A specific degreeof heat intensity

29
ADNAN CHAUDHRY
 TOXOID
An antigenic toxin. Example is tetanus toxoid that is a bacterial vaccine
 TRANSDERMAL PATCH
A medicated adhesive pad that is placed on the skin to deliver a timed-
release dose of medicationthrough the skin into the bloodstream
U
 URACIL
A pyrimidine base important as a componentof ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Uracil is capable of forming a base pair with adenine.
 UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
A fatty acid containing one or more double bonds
 U/V RADIATION
Light in the wavelength region 200-300 nm, used to detectRNA or DNA
that has the fluorescentdye, ethidium bromide,bound to it.
V
 VITAMINS
Vitamins are nutrients your bodyneeds to function and fight off disease.
Your bodycannot produce vitamins itself, so you must get them through
food you eat or in some cases supplements.There are 13 vitamins that are
essential to your body working well.
 VACCINE

30
ADNAN CHAUDHRY
Any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to conferimmunityagainst
a specificdisease, usually employing an innocuous form of thedisease age
nt, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate
antibody production.
 VACCINATION
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine)to
stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a
pathogen.
 VERTICAL FLOW HOOD
Environment for preparation of chemotherapy treatments that uses air
originating from the roof of the hood moving downward and captured in a
vent on the floorof the hood
 VALIDATION
A documented program that provides a high degree of assurance that a
specificprocess,method,or system will consistently produce a result
meeting pre-determinedacceptance criteria.
 VIAL
A final container for a parenteral or diagnostic product. Sealed with a
rubber closure and over-seal. Generally required to be class I borosilicate
glass.
 VISCOCITY
The tendency of a fluid to resist flowing because of molecular attraction
(cohesion)
 VACUUM DISTILLATION
Distillation of a liquid under reduced pressure,enabling it to boil at a lower
temperature than normal.

31
ADNAN CHAUDHRY
W
 WFI (WATER FORM INJECTION)
WFI is water purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis,it contains no
added substance. WFI meets the purity requirements under Purified Water
X
 XENOBIOTIC
Industrial chemicals that have a chemical structure not found in natural
compounds that may resistdegradation by microorganisms.
Z
 ZETA POTENTIAL
The charge or potential existing at the surface of a particle. It is the positive
charge measured at the surface of the membrane across the pH range
REFERENCE;
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/home_pharmacy/glossary_em.htm
http://www.pharmacy-tech-test.com/medical-terms-definitions.html
http://www.dictionary.com/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.medicinenet.com/

PHARMACEUTICAL RELATED DEFINITIONS

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